Abstract: A structure comprising a composite laminate having an edge; and an impact indicator which is carried by the edge and comprises a resin which fractures upon impact. The fracture provides permanent visible evidence of impact damage, for instance by cracking or by one or more pieces breaking off from the impact indicator. As well as providing such visible evidence of impact damage, the impact indicator may also provide an element of impact protection. Typically the impact indicator is formed from a resin which is more brittle and less strong than the material forming the composite laminate. For instance the material forming the composite laminate may be reinforced, and the resin forming the impact indicator may be un-reinforced.

Abstract: A modular scoreboard and a method of assembling a modular scoreboard. A modular scoreboard includes a plurality of panels coupled to one another and attachable to a substrate, and at least one panel of the plurality of panels includes an attachment portion configured to attach the at least one panel to the substrate; an offset portion coupled to the attachment portion and configured to be spaced apart from the substrate to provide a conduit between the offset portion and the substrate when the at least one panel is attached to the substrate; and a coupling portion coupled to the offset portion and coupling the at least one panel to another panel of the plurality of panels.

Abstract: A ?-shape bookmark is made from a sheet of transparent, flexible and resilient materials, or from a combination of such materials and non-transparent materials. A body plate V goes in a book. A hook I is for hanging the bookmark on the top end against the spine of the book. A margin area A above the body plate V is for displaying texts and/or images. A transparent page-holder S allows secure holding of an opened page without blocking the reader's view of the texts. The outer edge J of the page-holder S may be slanted inward, while the inner edge Z outward. The edge P of the plate V may either have teeth Xn, Yn, etc., or may be sandwiched by two narrow strips of high friction material. Holes Rn allow the bookmark to be installed in a binder. A barcode, mosaic code or IC chip allows electronic data processing.

Abstract: A motion system includes a semi-rigid actuator member movable along a pre-determined path, an indicator coupled to the actuator member, a rigid guide device disposed adjacent the actuator member to direct the actuator member along the pre-determined path, and a drive device for engaging the actuator member to selectively cause the indicator to move along the pre-determined path.

Abstract: A device used with a traffic cone to support caution tape includes at least one head extending from a body. The head is received in the opening defined at the top of a typical traffic cone to support the device in an upright position with respect to the cone. The body of the device is adapted to support a section of caution tape. The body may define a slot that allows the tape to be supported in an unfolded condition.

Abstract: A method of growing a single crystal of gallium oxide at a lower temperature than the melting point (1900° C.) of gallium oxide is provided. A compound film (hereinafter referred to as “gallium oxide compound film”) containing Ga atoms, O atoms, and atoms or molecules that easily sublimate, is heated to sublimate the atoms or molecules that easily sublimate from inside the gallium oxide compound film, thereby growing a single crystal of gallium oxide with a heat energy that is lower than a binding energy of gallium oxide.

Abstract: A crystal growth apparatus includes a crucible arranged on a support mechanism, and at least two plates formed below the support mechanism and movable in a coordinated manner to form a symmetrical aperture centered with respect to an ingot being formed in the crucible, and a drive mechanism for driving the plates with one degree of freedom. The plates open in a plurality of discrete positions to form an aperture that is load centered with respect to the ingot being formed, in order to promote directional solidification of the ingot being formed, and thus achieve a desired convex profile of the ingot.

Abstract: Reactor designs for use in ammonothermal growth of group-III nitride crystals. Internal heating is used to enhance and/or engineer fluid motion, gas mixing, and the ability to create solubility gradients within a vessel used for the ammonothermal growth of group-III nitride crystals. Novel baffle designs are used for control and improvement of continuous fluid motion within a vessel used for the ammonothermal growth of group-III nitride crystals.

Abstract: An apparatus for dusting printed sheets with powder contains at least one powder nozzle, an actuating element which is mounted such that it can be adjusted into a position, in which the actuating element is situated in the jet path of the powder nozzle and the powder bounces off the actuating element, and an extraction device for extracting the powder which has bounced off the actuating element. An air-conducting connection exists permanently between the powder nozzle and the surroundings of the apparatus.

Abstract: A seamless capsule manufacturing apparatus (1) manufactures a seamless capsule by means of nozzles (2a-2d). A core liquid (5) and a coating liquid (6) are supplied to each of the nozzles (2a-2d) from pumps (16, 18) through distributors (21, 22). The distributors (21, 22) and the nozzles (2a-2d) are connected to each other by core liquid distributing tubes (23a-23d) and coating liquid distributing tubes (25a-25d), and each of the core liquid distributing tubes (23a-23d) and each of the coating liquid distributing tubes (25a-25d) have the same length. A vibrator (24) is mounted to the distributor (21), and the core liquid (5) is supplied to the nozzles (2a-2d) while being vibrated. Each of the distributors (21, 22) is provided with an air vent device (35), and air vent is performed appropriately.

Abstract: An overspray shield device, which is suitable for use with a material application apparatus, said overspray shield device includes a shield member and a collar member. The shield member includes a body wall having an outer surface and an inner surface defining a cavity, wherein the body wall includes a throughhole. The collar member is mounted adjacent the throughhole, said collar member configured to moveably connect the shield member to a material application apparatus.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image forming unit for forming an image on a medium; and an application device for applying a treatment liquid to the medium. The application device includes a conveying roller; an application roller for applying the liquid; a squeeze roller for reducing the thickness of the liquid on the application roller; and a tray for supplying the liquid to the squeeze roller. In the application operation, the application and squeeze rollers come in contact, and a valley formed by these rollers faces upward. In the standby condition, at least one of the application and squeeze rollers is moved to such a position that the valley faces laterally. The tray always covers the lower side of the application and squeeze rollers in regions near the longitudinal end portions of the application roller, which end portions do not come in contact with the conveying roller.

Abstract: The invention discloses a device (10) for clamping particularly an eye glass lens blocked on a block piece for processing and/or coating said eye glass lens, comprising a receiving space (34) having a center line (M) for a clamping section of the block piece, and a plurality of clamping surfaces (36) provided in a boundary region of the receiving space, which may optionally be engaged in the clamping section of the block piece in order to clamp the block piece. In order to avoid excessive deformation of the clamped block piece, the clamping surfaces are positioned opposite of each other in pairs at a radial distance to the center line and can be displaced optionally toward or away from each other by a clamping piece (38) in order to clamp the clamping section of the block piece by way of clamping forces (F), which are substantially oriented in a tangential direction at a radial distance to the center line, or in order to release the block piece.

Abstract: A mask frame assembly for thin film deposition, the mask frame assembly including a frame having an opening; a plurality of masks having deposition patterns, the masks being fixed to the frame such that the deposition patterns extend over the opening; and a balance stick being fixed to the frame such that the balance stick is between two of the plurality of masks, the balance stick made from an elastically tensile material.

Abstract: An apparatus for plating a magnetic film on a substrate includes: a track including a plurality of stopping points along the track; a permanent magnet placed on the track such that the permanent magnet can be moved along the track towards and away from the stopping points; at least one plating tank positioned on the stopping point; and a removable high permeability iron flux concentrator inserted into gaps between the substrate and inside walls of the plating tank, substantially surrounding the substrate and extending around and under the substrate.

Abstract: This invention discloses apparatus for processing one or more of a Lens Precursor, a Lens Precursor Form and an ophthalmic Lens. The apparatus provides for vapor phase processing of the subject Lens Precursor, a Lens Precursor Form and an ophthalmic Lens.

Abstract: A thin film deposition apparatus includes: a deposition source that discharges a deposition material; a deposition source nozzle unit disposed at a side of the deposition source and including a plurality of deposition source nozzles arranged in a first direction; a patterning slit sheet disposed opposite to the deposition source nozzle unit and including a plurality of patterning slits arranged in the first direction; a position detection member that detects a relative position of the substrate to the patterning slit sheet; and an alignment control member that controls a relative position of the patterning slit sheet to the substrate by using the relative position of the substrate detected by the position detection member, wherein the thin film deposition apparatus and the substrate are separated from each other, and the thin film deposition apparatus and the substrate are moved relative to each other.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a nitrogen gas injection apparatus for semiconductor fabrication equipment or LCD fabrication equipment, which can be simply manufactured and which thus reduces manufacturing costs, and which enables a nitrogen gas injection direction to correspond to the flow direction of reaction by-products, to thereby inject nitrogen gas in an effective manner without disturbing the flow of reaction by-products. The nitrogen gas injection apparatus comprises: a pair of flanged pipes having flanges; a ring-shaped injection nozzle coupled along the inner wall of one of the flanged pipes coupled together, to supply nitrogen gas into the flanged pipes; and a nitrogen supply line connected to the injection nozzle to supply nitrogen gas. The interior of the injection nozzle has a hole to enable the nitrogen gas supplied in a circumferential direction to flow, and a plurality of injection holes communicating with the hole to inject the supplied nitrogen gas into the flanged pipes.

Abstract: A device for vapor deposition of chemical species on support grains of spherical or similar shape disposed in a fluidized bed. The device includes a first chamber including a fluidized bed in which a funnel-shaped fluidizer element is housed to receive support grains of spherical or similar shape; a second chamber in fluid flow connection with the first chamber to deliver precursors in a vapor phase of chemical species to be deposited on the support grains and to convey a fluidizing gas towards the first chamber; and a flute at an inlet to the fluidizer element to control distribution of the vapor phase precursors and the fluidizing gas within the fluidizer element. The distributor flute includes one or more outer grooves, each groove including a first portion oriented along the longitudinal axis of the flute and a second portion winding helically around the axis to generate a fluidizing gas vortex within the first chamber.

Abstract: The present invention is related to a metal organic chemical vapor deposition apparatus, which is equipped with multiple numbers of n-type doping satellite chambers and a p-type doping satellite chamber in addition to a main growth chamber, and methods for minimizing the contamination of the epitaxial layers by residual doping reactants and maximizing the productivity of wafers. The separate n-type doping, p-type doping, and main growth chambers minimize the contamination of the growing epitaxial layer by the reactants used for doping the layer in the previous growth steps and deposited inside of the chamber. The multiple n-type doping satellite chambers make it possible to schedule the start of growth in each chamber in a way that the growth finishes at a regular time interval so that the wafers can be transferred to the main chamber at a regular time interval.

Abstract: A plasma processing device according to the present invention includes a plasma processing chamber consisting of a vacuum container, a pair of substrate holders standing opposite each other in the plasma processing chamber, a plurality of first reaction gas tubes provided between the two substrate holders, and a plurality of second reaction gas tubes provided between the plurality of first reaction gas tubes and each of the two substrate holders. The first reaction gas tubes, which are made of an electrically conductive material, are electrically connected to a first radio-frequency power source or second radio-frequency power source. The first reaction gas tubes double as a radio-frequency antenna, while the second reaction gas tubes double as an electrode.

Abstract: The invention relates to a multi-nozzle, tubular plasma deposition burner (1) for producing preforms as semi-finished products for optical fibers, wherein a media stream containing glass starting material and a carrier gas is fed to the burner (1), means for feeding at least one dopant using at least one precursor gas and a substantially perpendicular orientation of the burner gas longitudinal axis relative to the center axis of the substrate (4). According to the invention, a first partial stream of a first gas or gas mixture, in particular a precursor gas, is fed to the plasma and to the substrate (4) by way of at least one nozzle running in the burner longitudinal axis and a second partial stream of the first gas or of another gas or gas mixture, in particular a precursor gas, is fed to the plasma and the substrate by way of another nozzle (5); said gases or gas mixtures are fed in such a way that said partial streams combine in the vicinity of the substrate.

Abstract: A teat cup has a nozzle in a head portion of a flexible liner of the teat cup for delivering fluid internally of the teat cup. The nozzle is directed so as to discharge fluid towards the discharge end of the teat cup. When milking is terminated, treatment fluid is injected through the nozzle into the head portion of the liner just prior to and/or as the teat cup is being withdrawn from the teat and, the teat cup wipes the fluid down the teat so as substantially to coat the teat. When the teat cup falls into an inverted rest position, after take-off, the interior of the liner may be flushed and dried with disinfectant, water and compressed air discharged upwardly into the liner by the nozzle. The discharge end of the teat cup may be fitted with a shut-off valve which can be actuated to prevent ingress of treatment and cleansing fluids into the milk tubes during the treatment and cleansing cycle.

Abstract: A wild bird feeder configured with perches and seed openings that are positioned to encourage certain sizes and species of birds and/or discourage certain sizes and species of birds. A wild bird feeder including a watering station and a feeding station. A wild bird feeder with a seed holder and a plurality of feeding stations vertically spaced apart on the seed holder. A diffuser mounted within the seed holder to define a seed collection point corresponding to at least one of the feeding stations.

Abstract: A connector for connecting multiple receptacles is provided. The connector has at least one midline support having a base at its bottom end, wherein the base comprises a left flange and a right flange, and wherein the right flange has a lip extending in an upward direction from its end, and the left flange has a lip extending in an upward direction from its end. A right side of the midline support, the right flange and right lip form a right channel at the base, and a left side of the midline support, left flange and left lip for a left channel at the base. The connector also has a top cover at the top of the midline support, wherein the top cover extends laterally in both the left and the right directions from the midline support.

Abstract: An animal litter mixture comprising pine wood and silica gel is provided. The pinewood is preferably a sawdust form, although the pinewood may be in the form of fine shavings or compressed pellets. The silica gel may have one porosity or a mixture of porosity. In one embodiment of the animal litter mixture, the silica gel may be an indicator gel that changes colors when the silica is saturated with water.

Abstract: The invention relates to an aquaculture basket (10) including a top basket part (20), a bottom basket part (30) and at least one door (40). The top and bottom basket pans (20, 30) include connection means (22, 24) for connecting the top and bottom basket parts (20, 30) together. The top and bottom basket parts (20, 30) are interchangeable so as to reduce manufacture costs and to make assembly of the basket (10) easier. The top basket part (10), bottom basket part (20) and the at least one door (40) form an enclosure for housing an aquaculture product. The basket (10) typically includes a door (40) at either end of the basket (10). The top and bottom basket parts (20, 30) are typically identical in construction. The invention also relates to an aquaculture basket attachment system. The attachment system including a connection area (32) integrally formed with or connectable to the basket (10) and a connection member (50) arranged for attachment to the connection area (32).

Abstract: A pet crate broadly includes a crate housing. The crate housing includes first and second connector sections and a support wall extending between and interconnecting the sections. The connector sections and wall extend between opposite housing ends of the crate housing to cooperatively present an enclosed pet space. The crate housing presents a crate opening at a corresponding housing end. The crate opening permits pet ingress and egress relative to the enclosed pet space.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a remote-receiving circuit (1) for providing and controlling an electric stimulus applied to an animal, the circuit (1) comprising: an isolated DC/DC converter (4) having a low voltage input powered by an energy source (3) and a high voltage output connected to a storage capacitor (8) suitable to be charged with stimulus energy by said converter (4); a first electrode (5) and a second electrode (6) configured to be in contact with the animal for delivering to it high voltage stimulus current and connected to the respective ends of said storage capacitor (8); a current-limiting circuit (9) connected in series with the storage capacitor (8) to control the stimulus current delivered to the animal through the electrodes (5, 6).

Abstract: The present invention provides a device to restrain an animal when performing routine procedures such as administering eye drops, brushing the animal's teeth or completing other hygiene or medical procedures. Similar in appearance to a duffle bag or comparable tote, the device is manufactured of heavy duty, soft canvas or comparable synthetic material, produced in a range of sizes for various breeds dogs and cats. The device features raised side walls and a semi rigid base. The front and back panel of the unit comprise soft mesh netting, facilitating easy access to the animal. The interior is lined with soft polyester or wool material and features a series of three, adjustable restraining straps boasting self affixing hook and loop fasteners for use in safely and securely restraining the animal placed within. Notably, the base of the unit features a series of reinforced, round shaped openings, through which the animal's legs are fed.

Abstract: An apparatus, a system and a method have a speed-limiting braking mechanism. The apparatus may use a leash to limit a velocity of movement of a pet relative to a velocity of movement of a user of the apparatus. The speed-limiting braking mechanism within the apparatus may prevent the relative velocity from exceeding a predetermined threshold without abruptly stopping unwinding of the leash. The speed-limiting braking mechanism may have a rotatable pinion component connected to one or more brake shoes. The leash may be connected to a spool. Unwinding of the leash may rotate the spool, and rotation of the spool may rotate the pinion component. If the relative velocity exceeds the predetermined threshold, the one or more brake shoes may engage a braking liner to maintain the relative velocity at the predetermined threshold.

Abstract: Systems and methods for exhaust gas recirculation in which at least a desired effective oxygen concentration is maintained for stable combustion at increased recirculation rates. Oxygen-enriched gas is injected into the recirculated exhaust gas to achieve the desired effective oxygen concentration.

Abstract: A circulating fluidized bed boiler includes a furnace for combusting carbonaceous fuel, at least one outlet channel connected to the upper portion of the furnace for removing flue gas and solid particles generated in the combustion of the fuel, each outlet channel provided with a particle separator attached with a flue gas channel for transferring cleaned flue gas and a return duct for transferring separated solid particles to the lower portion of the furnace. The return duct is provided with a gas seal, a heat exchange chamber, a lift channel and an overflow conduit, in which solid particles exiting the gas seal are guided to the upper portion of the heat exchange chamber and from the lower portion of the heat exchange chamber through the lift channel to the furnace, or directly from the upper portion of the heat exchange chamber through the overflow conduit to the furnace.

Abstract: Internal combustion engines operate by igniting a mixture of liquid fuel and air inside its combustion chamber. The energy from the ignition is converted to mechanical energy that is used to power a vehicle. Research indicates that adding hydrogen gas into the combustion chamber improves the efficiency of the engine. The present invention is an electrolysis system that produces hydrogen and oxygen gases and injects them into the fuel line of the engine to create a mixture of the gases and the liquid fuel that is subsequently introduced into the combustion chamber for ignition. The operating temperature of the engine is lower if the gases are injected into the fuel line rather than directly into the combustion chamber.

Abstract: Coupled thermal chemical reactors and engines, and associated systems and methods. A system in accordance with a particular embodiment includes a reactor vessel having a reaction zone, a hydrogen donor source coupled in fluid communication with the reaction zone, and an engine having a combustion region. The system can further include a transfer passage coupled between the combustion region and the reaction zone to transfer a reactant and/or radiate energy to the reaction zone. The system can further include a product passage coupled between the reaction zone and the combustion region of the engine to deliver to the combustion region at least a portion of a constituent removed from the reaction zone.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine has cylinder wall cavities located near the top dead center stroke end to allow optimizing the compression ratio in first stage compression, as function of fuel octane number used. The volume of the cylinder wall cavities is designed to be adjustable, even when the engine is operating. Using a conventional piston motion, the second stage compression becomes accelerated as soon the upper piston ring seals-off the cylinder wall cavities. This is due to the sudden significant reduction in volume. During the power stroke, after the upper piston ring opens the cylinder wall cavities; their fuel content is ignited by second stage combustion products. Because the torque required during accelerated compression is no greater than during first stage compression, stresses in the crankshaft are no more than in conventional spark ignition engines. This allows small displacement engines to be of light weight and to be hand cranked.

Abstract: A cooling apparatus for a water-cooled engine includes a radiator that cools coolant that has been circulated in the engine; a radiator fan that delivers air to the radiator; a determination portion that determines whether the engine is operated under a high load; and a setting portion. If the determination portion determines that the engine is operated under a high load, the setting portion sets an operation rate of the radiator fan at a time point at which the determination portion determines that the engine is operated under a high load, to a value higher than a normal operation rate at the same coolant temperature as a coolant temperature at the time point.

Abstract: A cylinder head of an internal combustion engine in which a cooling circuit is arranged, suited for a coolant circulation, includes a peripheral duct surrounding an exhaust valve seat and a peripheral duct surrounding an inlet valve seat communicating by means of a connecting duct; the cylinder head including a first coolant inlet, a second coolant inlet, and an outlet for heated coolant, the second inlet communicating with the connecting duct.

Abstract: A camshaft assembly may include a assembly and a shaft. The cam assembly may include a hollow structure with an interior surface and an exterior surface. A plurality of projections may be located on the exterior surface of the hollow structure. The interior surface of the cam assembly may define a recess axially aligned with at least one of the plurality of projections. At least one of the plurality of projections may define an undercut portion. The cam assembly may be coupled with the shaft.

Abstract: A variable valve device has a hydraulic actuator that implements discharge of operating oil in a pressure chamber and a hydraulic control valve that controls supply and discharge of the operating oil to and from the hydraulic actuator by opening and closing, thereby preventing the closing movement of the intake valve. After a signal that closes the hydraulic control valve in a current engine control cycle is output at a prescribed crank angle, the crank angle of a crankshaft, when surge pressure in the pressure chamber has exceeded a prescribed threshold value resulting from closing of the hydraulic control valve, is determined, and at least either an output crank angle or a waveform of the signal that closes the hydraulic control valve is corrected based on the operation start crank angle, and the corrected signal is output to the hydraulic control valve in a next control cycle.

Abstract: A cam shaft phase setter including a control valve for controlling the feeding and draining of a hydraulic fluid into and out of a pressure chamber which serves to adjust the rotational angular position of a cam shaft relative to a crankshaft of an internal combustion engine. The control valve includes a valve housing with an operating port to the pressure chamber and a reservoir port to a reservoir for the fluid. A valve piston is axially adjustable back and forth in the valve housing between a first position and a second position and includes an axial hollow space, a piston inlet for introducing the fluid into the hollow space, and a piston outlet which leads out of the hollow space and is connected to the operating port in the first position of the valve piston and separated from the operating port in the second position of the valve piston. An actuating unit is coupled to the valve piston for axially adjusting the valve piston.

Abstract: A cam phaser assembly may include a first stator, a first rotor, a second stator and a second rotor. The first stator may be driven by an engine crankshaft. The first rotor may be coupled to a first end of a concentric camshaft and located within the first stator. The first rotor and the first stator may cooperate to define a first set of fluid chambers. The second stator may be fixed for rotation with the first rotor and the first shaft. The second rotor may be coupled to the first end of the concentric camshaft and fixed for rotation with the second shaft and located within the second stator. The second rotor and the second stator may cooperate to define a second set of fluid chambers.

Abstract: A camshaft system includes a number of cam lobes locked upon a cylindrical shaft. Bearings configured with one-piece bores and are engaged with the cylindrical shaft. The bearings are captured upon the shaft by the locked-on cam lobes.

Abstract: An engine assembly may include a cylinder head defining a first bearing surface supporting a camshaft, a bearing cap fixed to the cylinder head and a lubrication rail. The first bearing surface may have a first oil inlet extending therethrough. The camshaft may define an axial bore, a first radial passage and a second radial passage. The first radial passage may extend from the axial bore through an outer circumference of the camshaft and may be in communication with the first oil inlet. The second radial passage may extend from the axial bore through an outer circumference of the camshaft. The bearing cap may be fixed to the cylinder head and include a first oil outlet in communication with the second radial passage. The lubrication rail may include a second oil inlet in communication with the first oil outlet and a first lubrication supply passage aligned with a camshaft lobe.

Abstract: A switchable finger lever for a valve train of an internal combustion engine is provided, with the finger lever having an inner lever which cooperates at a valve-side end region with a gas exchange valve of the internal combustion engine and is connected at a support-side end region turned away from the valve-side end region pivotally to a support. Outer levers (1a, 1b) connected pivotally to the inner lever are arranged on both sides of the inner lever while being urged against the inner lever in a pivoting direction through a spring and being capable of being coupled to the inner lever through a coupling element. The outer levers (1a, 1b) are configured with an identical structure and each outer lever (1a, 1b) is configured symmetrically to the longitudinal lever axis (2).

Abstract: Disclosed is a push rod retainer for retaining an extremity of a push rod and a first end of a rocker arm in proximity of each other, comprising a base section accommodating at least a part of a junction space wherein the extremity of the push rod and a connection member of the rocker arm are joinable; and at least two resilient projections extending from the base section and at least partly in a direction towards each other, said resilient projections bounding a first entrance to the junction space. Also disclosed is a rocker arm having a connection member that is provided with a circumferential constriction configured for engagement by the resilient projections of the disclosed push rod retainer, and a method of retaining together a push rod and a rocker arm.

Abstract: An internal combustion piston engine based on a four-stroke process, having a crankcase in which at least one cylinder/piston assembly is arranged, the piston being guided by a connecting rod connected to a crankshaft. At least one cylinder head (1) closes the cylinder, each of whose intake and exhaust channels are controlled by at least one intake valve and at least one exhaust valve (2, 2a). The intake and exhaust valves are actuable by a finger lever or a rocker arm driven by a camshaft (12) through intake and exhaust cams. The finger levers or rocker arms are guided on at least one axle (10).

Abstract: Gasoline fuel formulation containing (i) tricyclene, which is suitably biologically derived, and (ii) a gasoline base fuel. The formulation may contain one or more additional biofuel components or oxygenates: it may for example include ethanol, or ethanol together with one or more additional biofuels. The invention also provides a method for preparing the formulation, its use in a spark ignition engine, and the use of tricyclene in a gasoline fuel formulation for various purposes, including to enhance lubricity.

Abstract: A fluid flow valve in a cylinder head comprises a first valve end and an axially disposed second shaft end connected by a valve shaft. A first valve member is located at the first valve end and a second valve member is located axially from, and in fixed relationship to, the first valve member along the valve shaft. A valve support extends axially between and connects the first valve member and the second valve member; the valve support including an axially extending wall portion having circumferentially spaced support struts extending radially between the valve shaft and the wall portion. Fluid flow passages extend axially through the wall portion, between the circumferentially spaced support struts, wherein fluid flows simultaneously about the exterior of the wall portion and through the fluid flow passages in the wall portion when the valve member is biased to an open position.

Abstract: An engine assembly may include a cylinder head and a fluid control assembly. The cylinder head may include first and second walls opposite one another and extending from a base region defining a cavity. The cylinder head may define a first oil passage extending through an interior surface defining the cavity. The fluid control assembly may include a first oil control valve and a first conduit. The first oil control valve may be fixed to the base region and may define a first port in fluid communication with the first oil passage and a second port in fluid communication with a second oil passage in the cylinder head. The first conduit may extend from the first oil control valve toward the first wall and may provide the fluid communication between the first port of the oil control valve and the first oil passage in the cylinder head.