Abstract: An engine has a cylinder block mounted on a crankcase and a cylinder head mounted on the cylinder block. The cylinder head has one side forming an intake port and an intake valve and another side forming an exhaust port and an exhaust valve. A camshaft includes an intake cam assembly and an the exhaust cam assembly, which respectively drive an intake valve driving member and an exhaust valve driving member. The intake cam assembly includes a first intake cam and a second intake cam. The intake valve driving member includes a low lift driving member corresponding to the first intake cam and a high lift driving member corresponding to the second intake cam. The low lift driving member and the high lift driving member form a hydraulic cylinder, which receives therein hydraulically operable pistons.

Abstract: A valve-timing control apparatus includes a drive rotator configured to receive a rotation from a crankshaft; a driven rotator fixed to a cam shaft; and an electric motor. The electric motor includes a stator fixed to the driven rotator, a rotor that rotates relative to the stator, a coil provided to at least one of the stator and the rotor, and a motor output shaft fixed to the rotor.

Abstract: An adjusting system for camshafts of an internal combustion engine having an emergency running function, comprising a phase shifter gearing with an input drive element driven by a crankshaft of an internal combustion engine, an output drive element which drives a camshaft of the internal combustion engine, and an actuating element, by means of which a relative rotation between the drive input element and the drive output element can be realized by means of a device for imparting a braking torque, which is variable for normal operation, to the actuating element. In the event of failure of the device and/or control thereof, an emergency running setting of the camshaft can be attained and maintained as a result of braking or respectively, arresting the actuating element.

Abstract: A valve timing control apparatus includes a locking mechanism having a locking member disposed in an accommodating portion formed in one of a drive-side rotor and a driven-side rotor and projectable into and retractable from the other rotor than the one rotor having the accommodating portion and a locking groove defined in the other rotor for receiving and retaining the locking member projecting therein, the locking mechanism for restraining a relative rotational phase when the locking member is retained within the locking groove.

Abstract: A structural unit for a gas exchange valve train of an internal combustion engine is provided. The structural unit includes a support element (8) having a joint head (7) and a valve lever (1) having a joint socket (6) which, together with the joint head, forms a joint for a pivotal mounting of the valve lever on the support element. The structural unit further includes an anti-loss device arranged on the joint, with the anti-loss device having one or more projections (11) extending from the opening of the joint socket while being directed toward the center of the joint socket, which projections retain the valve lever secure against loss on the support element through a positive-engagement behind a recess situated axially adjacent to the joint head. The invention further provides that the projections are configured in one piece with the joint socket.

Abstract: The invention relates to an HF ignition device for igniting a fuel in an internal combustion engine with a corona discharge, comprising an ignition electrode, an insulating body on which the ignition electrode is mounted, the insulating body having a continuous channel in which an inner conductor leading to the ignition electrode is disposed, and an outer conductor which encloses the insulating body and, in combination with a section of the inner conductor, forms a capacitor, wherein the channel is filled with an electrically conductive filling material which encloses at least one conductor piece that forms at least one section of the inner conductor.

Abstract: An intake system is provided for an internal combustion engine, which includes, but is not limited to an air purifier/resonator configuration, in which a resonator element is situated in the purified air area of the intake system as an integral component in the air outlet of the air purifier, coaxially to the air outlet.

Abstract: An engine balancer system is provided in which a balancer housing (17) disposed so as to face an oil pan beneath a crankshaft is formed by joining an upper housing (29) and a lower housing (30) via mating faces (P), and the height of the mating faces (P) is lower on a vehicle front side than on a vehicle rear side. Oil discharge holes (45a, 46) for discharging oil that is within the balancer housing (17) are formed in the mating faces (P) on the higher side of the balancer housing (17) and in the upper housing (29) above the mating faces (P) on the lower side of the balancer housing (17). This enables the position of the oil discharge hole (45a) on the lower side to be as high as possible, thereby suppressing penetration of oil into the interior of the balancer housing (17) through the oil discharge hole (45a).

Abstract: A system and method are provided for increasing heating of engine oil during a cold start. In one example, engine oil is returned directly to the oil pump inlet, thus bypassing the sump. In this way, a smaller volume of oil receives more heat and is used for lubricating engine components during a cold start, thus providing reduced friction earlier than otherwise possible.

Abstract: A general-purpose engine equipped with a rollover detection device for a general-purpose engine is used for driving a driving unit such as a rammer. An oil pan is provided in a crankcase of an engine main body, and lubricating oil is supplied to a lubrication part of the engine main body by an oil pump. A suction port of a lubricating oil intake part that guides the lubricating oil to an intake port of the oil pump is provided in a substantially central part in front-rear and left-right directions of the oil pan. Therefore, even when the general-purpose engine rolls over in the front-rear or left-right direction, the lubricating oil does not enter the lubricating oil intake part. Detecting whether or not the lubricating oil is discharged from the oil pump allows detection of a rollover of the general-purpose engine.

Abstract: A piston for a direct injection engine is provided, the piston having a bowl at an upper end, the bowl forming a portion of a combustion chamber. The bowl includes an inner surface that defines a volume configured to receive a fuel-air mixture, the inner surface of the bowl including at least one surface feature that forms at least one edge portion as a target for the fuel spray, the edge portion defined by two or more surface portions. The surface feature may protrude from the inner surface of the bowl or may be recessed into the inner surface. Such surface features may reduce soot and improve fuel-air mixing.

Abstract: A piston for a direct injection engine is provided, the piston having a bowl at an upper end, the bowl forming a portion of a combustion chamber. The bowl includes an inner surface that defines a volume configured to receive a fuel-air mixture, the inner surface of the bowl including at least one surface feature as a target for the fuel spray, the surface feature angled 20° to 80° from the piston face. The surface feature may protrude from the inner surface of the bowl or may be recessed into the inner surface. Such surface features may reduce soot and improve fuel-air mixing.

Abstract: A piston for a compression ignition internal combustion engine includes a piston body having a combustion face defining a combustion bowl, and the combustion face including a compound bowl surface and a compound rim surface. The combustion face is profiled to balance a combustion efficiency property of the piston with emissions properties of the piston, and includes a profile of rotation defining a convex curve segment bisected by the longitudinal axis, and a plurality of concave curve segments outboard of the convex curve segment. The profile of rotation further includes a compound rim profile defining a plurality of convex curve segments corresponding to an inner rim surface. The convex curve segment of the compound bowl profile defines a relatively small radius of curvature, and the plurality of convex curve segments corresponding to the inner rim surface define a relatively large radius of curvature.

Abstract: A system and a method of facilitating fuel vaporization in a directly injected internal combustion engine are provided. As one example, the method comprises: closing an exhaust valve of the cylinder; opening an intake valve after the exhaust valve has closed; moving a piston of the cylinder away from top dead center between the closing of the exhaust valve and the opening of the intake valve to expand the cylinder volume and reduce a pressure within the cylinder to below a pressure of an air intake manifold of the cylinder; and initiating an injection of fuel directly into the cylinder via an in-cylinder injector after the exhaust valve has closed.

Abstract: A method for providing air to a combustion chamber of an engine, the engine including a compressor and a boost tank selectably coupled to an intake manifold. The method comprises admitting air from the compressor to the intake manifold via a main throttle valve, storing some air from the compressor in a boost tank, and discharging some of the air stored in the boost tank to the intake manifold via an auxiliary throttle valve distinct from the main throttle valve.

Abstract: A method is provided for controlling engine stop position in a vehicle having an engine with auto stop/auto start functionality. The method includes automatically ramping down engine speed upon initiation of an auto stop event, executing closed-loop speed control of the engine when the engine speed begins to ramp down, and for as long as the engine speed remains above a threshold engine speed while ramping down the engine speed; executing closed-loop position control of the engine while ramping down the engine speed once the engine speed is less than the threshold engine speed and greater than zero; and stopping the crankshaft to within a calibrated range of a targeted engine stop position. A controller is also provided that includes a hardware module and an algorithm adapted for executing the foregoing method, and a vehicle is provided having an engine with auto stop/start functionality and the controller noted above.

Abstract: An engine control system includes a disturbance module, a torque correction module, a torque-to-spark module, and a spark correction module. The disturbance module determines a disturbance value for a past combustion stroke of a cylinder of an engine based on rotation of a crankshaft. The torque correction module selectively determines a torque correction for a future combustion stroke of the cylinder based on the disturbance value. The torque-to-spark module determines a spark correction based on the torque correction and determines an uncorrected spark timing based on a torque request. The spark correction module determines a corrected spark timing based on the uncorrected spark timing and the spark correction and generates spark during the future combustion stroke based on the corrected spark timing.

Abstract: An engine control system includes a disturbance module, a misfire threshold determination module, a disturbance ratio module, and a spark control module. The disturbance module determines a disturbance value for a past combustion stroke of a cylinder based on rotation of a crankshaft. The misfire threshold determination module determines a jerk value indicative of a misfire within the cylinder. The disturbance ratio module determines a disturbance ratio for the past combustion stroke based on the disturbance value and the jerk value. The spark control module determines a spark timing for a future combustion stroke of the cylinder, determines a spark timing correction for the future combustion stroke based on the disturbance ratio, determines a corrected spark timing based on the spark timing and the spark timing correction, and generates spark during the future combustion stroke based on the corrected spark timing.

Abstract: Supply of supplementary fuel is controlled by activation of a valve in response to certain engine operating conditions or parameters. For example, the supplementary fuel may be supplied to facilitate starting and warming up a cold engine, or to cool and/or slow down an engine operating above a threshold speed.

Abstract: A tug boat diesel engine emissions control suite includes modified fuel injectors including a fuel injection timing retard feature, and diesel fuel heating. Tug boats are now required to comply with USEPA emission standards under 40 CFR Part 94 regulations. Retarding the fuel injection timing reduces peak temperatures during combustion which in turn reduces production of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) but also increases emissions of particulate matter (PM), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Hydrocarbons (HC) in the exhaust. Heating the diesel fuel provides a reduction in increased PM, CO, and HC to acceptable levels. Experiments showed that a novel modification to a plunger in the fuel injectors providing up to six degrees of fuel injection timing retarding, and fuel heated to 120 to 140 degrees Fahrenheit, resulted in meeting the 40 CFR Part 94 regulations.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to injectors with integrated igniters providing efficient injection, ignition, and complete combustion of various types of fuels. These integrated injectors/igniters can include, for example, multiple drivers used to shape charges, controllers used to modify operations based on ionization parameters, and so on.

Abstract: A common rail single fluid injection system includes fuel injectors ramp shaped injection curves at both the front and back ends of an injection event. This is accomplished by including a check speed control device fixed in position within the check control chamber of a fuel injector. The check speed control device controls the speed of a check by restricting fuel flowing into and out of the check control chamber.

Abstract: The present application relates to a fuel injection system of an internal combustion engine having an automatic stop-start system, the fuel injection system comprising a high pressure fuel pump, which via a fuel pump line delivers fuel towards a common fuel rail, to which a fuel return line is connected. It is proposed that the fuel return line comprise a control element system, which firstly discharges a fuel pressure to a fuel tank, when a first predefined pressure limit is reached in the fuel return line, and which secondly prevents a further flow of fuel from the return line into the fuel tank, but allows a flow of fuel from the fuel tank into the fuel return line, so that the return line is designed as a fuel pressure accumulator.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and to a system for injecting fuel into internal combustion engines, the injection taking place by way of an injection system and the fuel to be injected having an increased amount of fatty acids or fatty acid esters, particularly biodiesel. According to the invention, the components of the injection system coming into contact with the fuel are at least partially provided with a coating that has a low tendency for the agglomeration of fuel components, particularly fatty acids and fatty acid esters.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine wherein a variable compression ratio mechanism which can change the mechanical compression ratio and a detection sensor for detecting the mechanical compression ratio are provided and wherein the mechanical compression ratio is controlled based on the mechanical compression ratio detected by the detection sensor. When a signal line of the detection sensor breaks, the mechanical compression ratio is lowered to the minimum mechanical compression ratio.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to accurately position a cylinder of a high-pressure fuel pump with respect to an attachment fitting hole provided in an engine block of an internal combustion engine in mounting the pump on the engine block. The high-pressure fuel pump of the invention is provided with a holder including: an outer cylindrical surface portion fitted to a high-pressure fuel pump attachment fitting hole installed on an engine block of the internal combustion engine; and a cylindrical fitting portion fitted to an outer circumference of the cylinder of the pump. The holder is configured such that the outer cylindrical surface portion and the cylindrical fitting portion are formed in a single piece resulting from machining one and the same member. Such a configuration can achieve the above-mentioned object.

Abstract: A vaporized fuel processing device includes a discharging passage having a canister and connected to a fuel tank, the discharging passage being provided with a stop valve and a relief valve that is opened when the pressure in a fuel tank is out of a first pressure range. A vaporized fuel processing device performs a purge flow detection process when the pressure in the fuel tank is within a second pressure range included in the first pressure range. On the other hand, the vaporized fuel processing device opens the stop valve when a purge is being performed, the frequency of performing the purge flow detection process is small, and the pressure in the fuel tank is out of the second pressure range.

Abstract: A method for providing air to a combustion chamber of an engine, the engine including an intake manifold selectably coupled to a boost tank. The method comprises pressurizing and storing air in the boost tank, discharging some of the air stored in the boost tank to the intake manifold, and releasing condensate from the boost tank.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine is disclosed, comprising at least one first compression device and at least one second compression device which is connected in series relative to the first compression device. At least one bypass pipe bypasses at least one compression device. At least one controllable valve is arranged in the at least one bypass pipe such that the amount of fluid which can be recirculated around the compression device can be controlled.

Abstract: Various methods and systems are provided for operating an internal combustion engine, the engine having a plurality of cylinders including one or more donor cylinders and one or more non-donor cylinders. In one example, a method includes, during an exhaust gas recirculation cooler heating mode, operating at least one of the donor cylinders at a cylinder load sufficient to increase an exhaust temperature for regenerating an exhaust gas recirculation cooler, and operating at least one of the non-donor cylinders in a low- or no-fuel mode.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for igniting a fuel/air mixture in a cyclically operating internal combustion engine comprising one or more combustion chambers (1) which are delimited by walls (2, 3, 4) that are at ground potential, using an igniter, wherein an electrical transformer (12) having a baseline impedance (ZBaseline) that is characteristic for the selected ignition system on the primary side thereof is used to excite an electric oscillating circuit (7), which is connected to a secondary winding (17) of the transformer (12) and in which an ignition electrode (5), which extends through one of the walls (2, 3, 4) delimiting the combustion chamber (1) in an electrically insulated manner, constitutes a capacitance together with the walls (2, 3, 4) of the combustion chamber (1) that are at ground potential, and wherein the excitation of the oscillating circuit (7) is controlled such that a corona discharge (22) igniting the fuel/air mixture is created in the combustion chamber (1) at the ignition elec

Abstract: To provide a plasma ignition system that can prevent damage on an internal combustion engine due to erroneous ejection of a plasma jet, and further, even when the required voltage of an ignition plug becomes lower, can prevent erroneous ignition by the charged voltage of a PJ capacitor. A plasma power supply circuit of the plasma ignition system includes a voltage-limiting circuit having a first set voltage having an absolute value lower relative to the discharge voltage of the ignition coil, and a second set voltage having an absolute value higher relative to the discharge voltage of the ignition coil, and the first set voltage and the second set voltage are selectively switched according to an operation condition of the internal combustion engine.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine control apparatus includes means that detects an inlet temperature that is a temperature in a vicinity of an inlet of a purification catalyst disposed in an exhaust path and means that detects a turbine temperature that is a temperature in a vicinity of an exhaust turbine of a turbo-supercharger disposed in the exhaust path, and also includes means that controls a valve overlap that is a state in which an intake valve and an exhaust valve of the internal combustion engine are open simultaneously. When the inlet temperature is lower than an inlet high temperature reference value, and the turbine temperature is higher than a turbine high temperature reference value that is higher than the inlet high temperature reference value, the valve overlap amount is increased so as to be greater than a turbine high temperature time reference amount.

Abstract: A method adjusts fuel injection to account for fuel puddling in the engine intake. The fuel is adjusted based on the ethanol content of the fuel in the puddle, and the make-up of the various fuel components in the puddle. In this way, it is possible to better account for the effects of these parameters on puddle evaporation.

Abstract: A trigger assembly for a crossbow or other weapon system. The trigger assembly includes a trigger arm coupled between a trigger and a sear. The trigger arm is not parallel to the line of fire, thereby allowing for increased mechanical advantage and a smoother, safer trigger pull. The trigger assembly incorporates various safety measures, including a dry fire mechanism which prevents the unintentional damaging and potentially dangerous release of the bowstring before an arrow is positioned on the rail of the crossbow. The trigger assembly allows for various adjustments to vary the trigger length and pull, while maintaining smoothness and preventing the unintentional or inadvertent release of the bowstring.

Abstract: A paint ball arraying device, especially used in a paint-ball gun to feed in spherical paint balls, keeps the paint balls intact and feeds the paint balls in a bore successfully. The arraying device utilizes a flexible loop-shape advancing belt, which is formed with an upright advancing side perpendicular to the bore after being assembled, and is spaced equally with multiple toggle rods, with a receiving slot being defined between every two toggle rods. By the upright advancing side, a space for feeding the external paint balls can be extended to load the paint balls in a large quantity. Furthermore, using the receiving slot, the paint ball contained can be maintained intact independently; the advancing side is upright and perpendicular to the bore that advancing force will not be divided into a component of force explicitly, thus, the paint balls can be successfully fed into the bore.

Abstract: The making of carbon steel recurve bow limbs involves a number of procedures. Strips of annealed or softer carbon steel 18 to 20 inches long and 1.5 inches wide have a hole drilled at one end of each strip for attaching the limb to the bow, and grooves made at the other end for attaching the bowstring. After forming the limbs into the curvature shown in FIGS. 1. and 3. they are heated in a furnace for 45 minutes at about 1550 degrees F. and then quenched (cooled quickly) in oil which makes the steel hard and brittle. The hardened limbs are then reheated for two hours at about 700 degrees F. depending on the steel percent carbon content and then air cooled. This tempering makes the steel strong, tough, and elastic; the finished limbs act as cantilever springs when used on a bow. This is a new application of the art and science heat treating to make the limbs of very effective sporting recurve style archery bows.

Abstract: There is provided a method of cutting or drilling workpiece including stone such as marble and granite, brick, concrete and asphalt, using a frame gang saw. There are provided a workpiece cut by a frame gang saw that includes one or a plurality of blades having multiple cutting tips or that includes a blade without including a cutting tip; a method of cutting the workpiece by using a frame gang saw; and a product provided by the cutting method. The workpiece is provided to include one or more grooves into which at least a portion of at least one cutting tip among the multiple cutting tips or at least a portion of the blade without a cutting tip is inserted and which is formed in a surface thereof. Here, an initial cutting time on a workpiece may be shortened to greatly improve productivity and the quality of a product and a lifespan of a frame gang saw blade may be improved by significantly decreasing deflection in the blade.

Abstract: Saws (1) for cutting or sawing harder materials, such as concrete, concrete structures, brick and stone, have an endless cutting member (4) that is driven through a transmission assembly (11, 20) being supported in the saw and having a drive member and that is guidingly supported on a cutting member supporting portion (3). In such a saw a clamping member is provided that for providing a friction drive contact between the drive member, the clamping member and the cutting member is biased in a direction towards the drive member with driven parts (7) of the cutting member introduced there between, whereby an essentially reduced load on the actual saw, its parts and the cutting member is obtained as well as an improved functionality in the form of an increased flexibility and safety during operation of the saw. The invention also relates to a transmission assembly as well as a cutting member for such a saw.

Abstract: A cooking appliance including an interior, a fan mechanism having at least one fan wheel in the interior, at least one first flow directing member for subdividing the interior into a pressure chamber that houses the fan wheel and a cooking chamber, in which the first flow directing member includes at least one suction port for sucking atmosphere from the cooking chamber into the pressure chamber when the fan wheel is in operation and at least one blow-off port for blowing atmosphere from the pressure chamber into the cooking chamber when the fan wheel is in operation; and at least one second flow directing member that is included with the fan mechanism in the area of the suction port of the first flow directing member in order to improve the flow from the cooking chamber into the pressure chamber by forcing an axial main flow H in the suction zone of the fan mechanism, where the second flow directing member performs a nozzle function, extends from the fan mechanism into the cooking chamber, and overlaps the e

Abstract: A material feed system for melter kettles which provides an area for a tender to load material to be charged into a melter kettle at a location which is safely remote from a flame conductor assembly that allows any flames or gasses that build up in melter kettle to be released. The material feed system also includes an air intake duct through which free air is allowed to enter into the melter kettle so as to equalize pressure with the atmosphere and/or burn off any superheated material.

Abstract: A sun tracking system includes a reduction device of a servo motor, multiple shafts, multiple couplers, and at least two rows of cylinders and each row having at least two cylinders, a solar panel, multiple pivotal connection units and multiple sliding units. The reduction device of a servo motor drives the cylinders of the first and second rows of cylinders which drive other cylinders. The cylinders of the first row of cylinders are pivotably connected to the solar panel and the cylinders of the second row of cylinders are movably connected to the solar panel. By the cylinders of the same row moving upward or downward while the cylinders of the other row moving downward or upward, the panel is controlled to aim the sun.

Abstract: Net zero energy building systems are disclosed. In some embodiments, the systems include the following: roofing panels positioned on a roof of a building, the roofing panels being made of an array of horizontal elliptic glass vacuum tube solar collectors attached upon a reinforced light weight concrete panel; electricity generators; an insulated fluid storage tank; and a fluid circulation sub-system joined with the panels, generators, and tank.

Abstract: A high-efficiency solar radiation collection and conversion system is described. An array of evacuated collector tubes each includes two or more inner heat pipes that capture the solar energy and conduct it as heat through a condenser portion into a manifold that operates as part of a closed-loop circulation system. In another part of the loop, a heat exchanger transfers the heat into a hot-water holding tank or otherwise applies the heat energy in the circulating fluid.

Abstract: A light receiving plate floating on the surface of tin, i.e., a low-melting-point heating medium and receiving solar beams is made of solid carbon material entirely coated with a silicon carbide film. Due to the silicon carbide film, the surface of the light receiving plate is black to realize a high absorption ratio of the solar beams. In addition, the light receiving plate is made of the silicon carbide film at least at the surface thereof, to demonstrate excellent heat resistance.

Abstract: An apparatus for conditioning a space under an array of solar collectors has a conditioner for conditioning the space under the array, a condensation surface for condensing water vapor in the space, a drip surface for collecting the condensed water vapor, a radiant barrier for insulating the space under the array from a heat radiating from above the radiant barrier, a wall member for enclosing the space under the array, and a cover member for covering a gap between adjacent solar collectors of the array. The apparatus can be adapted for use with a single solar collector or an array of solar collectors.

Abstract: The Bikers Lap Belt, hereafter known as the belt, was road tested for two (2) years. It was found that when wearing the belt on long motorcycle trips (200 miles or more), the experienced motorcycle rider of about fifty four (54) years of age, found the following to be true: The rider had less muscle fatigue in the upper and lower back, no pain in the hips, and no fatigue in the legs. The motorcycle was easier to control in windy conditions at high speeds, especially when passing large trucks requiring less muscle movement of the legs. Muscle tension was less in all conditions. When riding without the belt, the rider experienced upper back pain and fatigue, substantial hip pain at the end of several hours of riding, and severe overall body fatigue. The belt gives riders the ability to ride longer with more comfort and less joint or muscle pain.

Abstract: An apparatus (10) is described for the administration of pharmaceutical products in the form of an aerosol, comprising means for generating a constant flow (11) of air; means for generating a pre-established flow of air (14); means for conveying the air flow (15) to the aerial tracts of a patient, means for containing the pharmaceutical product to be nebulized (12), wherein said apparatus (10) envisages means for generating a pre-established flow of air during all expiration phases of the respiratory cycle, said means for generating a pre-established air flow being pneumatically connected with the means for conveying the air flow (15).

Abstract: A nozzle comprising a thin, flexible substantially planar polymeric film having a plurality of pores with structures allowing for generation of an aerosol at reduced extrusion pressure is disclosed. The pores can comprise at least two sections, or steps, in which the thickness of the membrane is reduced in stepwise fashion, or the pores can be tapered. Nozzles formed comprising pores having such structures permit aerosol generation at lower extrusion pressures, thereby allowing for decreased weight of aerosolization devices, increased efficiency, increased portability and increased battery life. The pore structures also allow for the use of thicker, more easily processed polymeric films in manufacturing while having a thinner, more efficient aerosolization area. The use of decreased extrusion pressures also results in increased uniformity in aerosol generation and improved reliability of other components.

Abstract: Administration of Oxybutynin directly to a patient's lungs for treating urinary incontinence, respiratory disease or IBD.