Abstract: An animal collar for prevention of an animal from reaching its mouth behind its ears. The collar has a planar configuration and is conical in its as-used configuration when formed to a cone shape and engaged through a formed aperture around the neck of the animal. The aperture is adjustable for neck size. Sound dampening or suppression to protect the animal from the megaphone sound gathering tendencies of the cone configuration is provided by a fabric interior surrounding the animal's face and projections formed act as an additional sound dampener.

Abstract: A simple and easy to put on and take off disposable animal slipper design. A bag-like sleeve, cut from a tubular supply, with sealed bottom and open top, is secured on an animal foot with a detached strip or rubber band. The slipper wrapped animal foot is thus protected from dirt and other outdoor conditions. After use the slipper is disposed.

Abstract: A coat for hunting dogs comprises a cape member fitting over the dog, defining a neck opening and having cooperating edges secured to one another by fasteners, preferably magnetic, allowing the dog to free itself from the coat on command. The coat is secured to a fixed member, such as a boat or the ground, whereby it is retained in position after the dog frees itself.

Abstract: The present invention is a fabric pet bandana utilized by a pet that includes an inverted isosceles triangle shaped body with a top base, two sides, a front and a pair of ties disposed on the sides, an elongated rectangular strip attached to the top base of the triangular shape body and an aperture disposed on the middle portion of the elongated rectangular strip. There is also a ring intersected through the aperture to removably accommodate a pet leach or clip and one or more indicia disposed on the front of the triangular shaped body. A second embodiment of the present invention includes a triangular shaped body, an elongated rectangular strip that includes an elongated opening and one or more indicia disposed on the front of the inverted triangular shaped body. The indicia can be a logo or decorative indicia.

Abstract: The equine faeces collection system includes a tubular excrement collection device (2) with a faeces outlet (70) connected to the collection deposit intake (7) and an intake mouth (13) adapted to face the animal's anal area directing the excrement towards the deposit. The collection device (2) has a first collection area (8) with an outlet mouth connected (70) to the collection deposit intake (7), and a second collection area (11) with an intake mouth (13) which is coupled to the first area (8) to move from a rest position to a collection position in which the intake mouth (13) is facing the animal's anal area, where the intake mouth is located over the outlet mouth so that the excrement falls towards the faeces deposit by gravity. In addition, a turbine (9) moved by an electrical motor (10) could be mounted inside the first collection area (8) to help drag the faeces towards the deposit (7).

Abstract: A gas-fired heating device having a burner, a pilot to provide a pilot flame, a thermopile thermally coupled to the pilot flame and configured to generate a power in response to the pilot flame, an electrically controlled gas valve to control the flow of gas to at least one of the pilot and the burner, and a controller electrically coupled to the thermopile and the gas valve. The controller receives and is powered by the power from the thermopile. The controller initiates closing of the gas valve after a monitored component of the power, such as a voltage, traverses a threshold.

Abstract: An engine assembly includes a water pump assembly and an oil cooler mounted to the water pump assembly. The water pump assembly includes a rear housing which at least partially defines at least one water passage to fluidly connect the water pump assembly to the oil cooler. A surface is defined by the rear housing and corresponds to a sealing surface on the engine block such that the oil cooler and the water pump assembly are fluidly sealed to the engine block.

Abstract: A cylinder head for an internal combustion engine comprises a cooling water jacket having a high volume lower portion and a low volume upper portion. A plurality of coolant risers in the high volume lower portion are configured to receive high pressure coolant from coolant openings in a cylinder block. Coolant risers extending between the high volume lower portion and low volume upper portion define restrictions regulate coolant flow from the high volume lower portion to the low volume upper portion at a predetermined volume and flow.

Abstract: A system for supplying compressed air to an engine is presented. In one embodiment, the system includes a cylinder block that forms at least part of an air compressor housing. The system may improve engine balance and reduce engine assembly cost.

Abstract: Disclosed is a valve stopping device for an internal combustion engine that does not allow valves for all cylinders to stop in the closed state even in the event of a failure. The valve stopping device includes a control device 2 and a plurality of actuators 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, which stop either an intake valve or an exhaust valve. The actuators 4A, 4D for some of a plurality of cylinders included in the internal combustion engine stop a valve in the closed state when energized. The actuators 4B, 4C for the remaining cylinders stop a valve in the closed state when energized. The control device 2 provides control on an individual actuator basis to determine whether or not to energize the actuators 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D.

Abstract: It is provided an improved internal combustion engine unit. The engine unit has a piston moving in a cylinder enclosing cylinder volume, an intake valve controlling closing and opening of an intake aperture connecting the cylinder volume to an intake manifold, and an exhaust valve controlling closing and opening of an exhaust aperture connecting the cylinder volume to an exhaust manifold. The improved engine unit includes a separating aperture between the cylinder and a separation chamber, and a separating valve adapted for controlling closing and opening the separating aperture. The separation chamber is connectable to the intake manifold and to the exhaust manifold, respectively, by the intake and exhaust apertures. Opening both the separating valve and the exhaust valve enables gas flow from the cylinder volume to the exhaust manifold through the open separating aperture, the separation chamber and the open exhaust aperture.

Abstract: An electrohydraulic valve controller (1) for the variable actuation of a gas exchange valve (2) of an internal combustion engine is provided that includes a hydraulic valve (13), and for the purpose of emergency running properties, an additional hydraulic valve (19).

Abstract: A camshaft phaser includes a housing with an array of internal splines formed within a bore. A harmonic gear drive unit is disposed within the housing and includes a circular spline and a dynamic spline, a flexspline disposed radially within the circular spline and the dynamic spline, a wave generator disposed radially within the flexspline, and a rotational actuator connectable to the wave generator. One of the circular spline and the dynamic spline is fixed to the housing. A hub is rotatably disposed radially within the housing and attachable to the camshaft and fixed to the other of the circular spline and the dynamic spline. A back plate has an array of external splines engaged in a sliding fit with the array of internal splines for transmitting torque from the back plate to said housing. The back plate also has an input sprocket for receiving rotational motion, in use.

Abstract: A cylinder head including a dam defining a reservoir surrounding the periphery of the fuel pump tappet/roller follower mounting hole is provided. The cylinder head includes a tappet/roller follower mounted in the tappet/roller follower mounting hole and in communication with a cam and a fuel pump. The fuel pump is located on the high side of the head and oil drainage occurs in a direction away from the mounting hole. The dam and reservoir are configured to retain lubricant in the mounting hole and the sliding interface between the mounting hole and the tappet/roller follower. The dam and reservoir are configured to retain a minimum level of oil in the mounting hole when the head is in vehicle position. A method is provided for retaining lubrication in the tappet/roller follower hole by forming a dam defining a reservoir in the head and passively providing lubricant to the tappet/roller follower hole.

Abstract: A cold-formed flat top plunger blank is provided for use in a hydraulic lash adjuster. An end wall at the first end of the plunger body defines a flat top surface that is cold-formed to final dimensions or net shape. The flat top surface at the first end of the plunger body is configured to engage a flat surface within the mating bore of an engine cylinder head. By configuring the plunger body to have a flat top surface that engages a flat surface disposed within the mating bore of an engine cylinder head, the force applied to the engine block by the lash adjuster is distributed more evenly, minimizing wear. The external flat top plunger is a unitary component cold-formed to near net shape, including cold-forming to final dimensions the flat top surface and a counterbore.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine comprises a cylinder block, a cylinder head mounted on the cylinder block, and an intake manifold assembly. The intake manifold assembly comprises an inboard disposed inboard disposed zip tube, an outboard disposed intake manifold plenum fluidly connected to and configured to receive combustion air from the zip tube and a plurality of intake runners fluidly connected to and configured to transport combustion air from the intake manifold plenum to the cylinder head.

Abstract: An intake manifold assembly for mounting to a cylinder head and configured to deliver combustion air thereto comprises a centrally positioned zip tube having an opening for receipt of combustion air from a throttle body. First and second flow runners extend from the centrally positioned zip tube to terminate at a common intake manifold plenum for delivery of combustion air thereto. A centrally located access opening is defined between the first and second flow runners.

Abstract: An engine assembly may include an engine block defining a cylinder bore, a cylinder head coupled to the engine block, a first intake valve, a fuel injector in communication with the cylinder bore and a spark plug in communication with the cylinder bore. The cylinder bore may define a first diameter. The cylinder head may define a first intake port and a first exhaust port in communication with the cylinder bore. The first intake valve may be located in the first intake port and may define a second diameter at least 35 percent of the first diameter. The fuel injector and the spark plug may be located centrally relative to the cylinder bore.

Abstract: A rotary intake and exhaust system for an internal combustion piston engine that includes an engine having at least one cylinder and piston that define a combustion chamber. A crankshaft is coupled to the piston for moving the piston within the cylinder. A cylinder head is positioned to interface with the combustion chamber and includes a combustion chamber transfer port, and bifurcated intake and exhaust passages, called ports or tracts, formed therein. A driven rotatable shaft is positioned in the cylinder head to interact with the combustion chamber transfer port. The shaft includes intake and exhaust ports wherein rotation of the shaft transfers fluids and gases in and out of the combustion chamber.

Abstract: A balancer assembly for an engine includes a first balance shaft and a second balance shaft parallel with and laterally spaced from the first balance shaft. The first balance shaft includes a first counterweight portion and a second counterweight portion axially spaced from each other, with each defining a first radius. The second balance shaft includes a central counterweight defining a second radius. The central counterweight is axially disposed between the first counterweight portion and the second counterweight portion to allow a radial overlap with the first counterweight portion and the second counterweight portion, with the first radius being greater than the second radius.

Abstract: A central direct injection (DI) cylinder head is configured with an intake valvetrain and an exhaust valvetrain separated by an uncovered central DI valley. The uncovered central DI valley limits oil flow from the high side chamber to the low side chamber and PCV transfer. Oil drainage and additional PCV transfer between the intake and exhaust chambers is provided by drain/vent passages integrally cast into the casting of the cylinder head. The drain/vent passages may be of varying configuration, and may be located between an injector port of a first cylinder set and a spark plug port of an adjacent cylinder set, or at either or both ends of the cylinder head. A method is provided to form a casting of the cylinder head as described herein, including casting of a plurality of drain/vent passages between the first chamber and the second chamber of the cylinder head.

Abstract: A camshaft cover mounts to a cylinder head and defines cavities for oil control valves that adjust the position of camshafts via camshaft phaser assemblies. The cavities are positioned above the camshafts when the camshaft cover is mounted to the cylinder head. A feed passage communicates pressurized fluid from the cylinder head to the cavities when the camshaft cover is mounted to the cylinder head. Control passages communicate fluid from the cavities to the camshaft phaser assemblies when the camshaft cover is mounted to the cylinder head.

Abstract: A cylinder head for an internal combustion engine incorporates—in a single cast piece—the engine exhaust manifold. A lower cooling jacket and an upper cooling jacket arranged below and above said integrated exhaust manifold are provided in the body of the head. At least one of such cooling jackets is divided into separate transverse chambers by partitions extending transverse with respect to the longitudinal direction of the head, so that the cooling fluid is forced to traverse such transverse chambers parallel according to the direction orthogonal to the longitudinal direction of the head.

Abstract: An engine comprises a cylinder head at least partially defining a dry valley and a cover secured to the cylinder head. The cover defines a first aperture. A boss extends from the cylinder head toward the cover. The boss defines a second aperture. A fastener extends through the first aperture and at least partially through the second aperture to secure the cover to the cylinder head. The fastener defines a passage to fluidly connect the dry valley to an exterior of the engine.

Abstract: An engine assembly may include an engine structure, a first camshaft housing assembly and a first camshaft assembly. The first camshaft housing assembly may be supported by the engine structure and have a first portion providing a first plurality of bearing support surfaces on a first side and a second portion coupled to the first portion and providing a second plurality of bearing support surfaces on a second side opposite the first side. The first camshaft assembly may be rotationally supported by the first camshaft housing assembly and arranged between the first portion and second portion.

Abstract: An oiling system for providing oil to a timing chain adjacent a cylinder head of an engine is provided. The oiling system includes a redirect feature, a vent window defined by the cylinder head, a rail feature, and a transfer feature. The redirect feature is configured to channel oil toward the vent window, the rail feature is configured to channel oil from the vent window to the transfer feature, and the transfer feature is configured to transfer oil to the timing chain. The oil is transferred from the transfer feature to the timing chain at substantially ambient pressure. The engine may be characterized by the absence of a nozzle configured to transfer oil onto the timing chain. Furthermore, the redirect feature, the rail feature, and the transfer feature may all be formed as integral, one-piece structures with the cylinder head.

Abstract: An engine assembly may include an engine structure defining a combustion chamber, a spark plug extending into a central region of the combustion chamber and a fuel injector in communication with the central region of the combustion chamber. The fuel injector may define a C-shaped fuel spray emanating from the central region of the combustion chamber and spaced from the spark plug.

Abstract: A control system for an engine includes a stop-start initiation module and a load control module. The stop-start initiation module shuts down the engine in response to an engine shutdown request. The load control module, in response to the engine shutdown request, increases a rate at which a rotational speed of the engine decreases during engine shutdown by increasing a rotational load input to the engine by an engine accessory coupled to a crankshaft of the engine. A method for an engine includes shutting down the engine in response to an engine shutdown request. The method further includes increasing, in response to the engine shutdown request, a rate at which a rotational speed of the engine decreases during engine shutdown by increasing a rotational load input to the engine by an engine accessory coupled to a crankshaft of the engine.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for controlling compression-braking performance of an engine having a piston in a combustion cylinder. The method may include providing a valve in fluid communication with the combustion cylinder and at least one valve actuator operable to control the valve to perform compression-braking by opening the valve, which may include opening the valve to a first peak-valve-opening during a compression stroke of the piston and opening the valve to a second peak-valve-opening before a second half of an expansion stroke of the piston. The method may also include determining a target value for a stress in the at least one valve actuator. Additionally, the method may include designing the magnitude and timing of the first peak-valve-opening as a function of the target for the stress in the at least one valve actuator.

Abstract: A fuel injection system is described, and which has an upstream portion and a downstream portion. The upstream portion includes a source of fuel, the fuel inlet of a fuel injection servo or flow regulator, and a first fuel flow line connected in fuel flowing relation relative to the source of fuel and to the fuel inlet of the fuel injection servo. The downstream portion includes a flow divider, at least one fuel outlet of the fuel injection servo, and a second fuel flow line connected in fuel flowing relation relative to the flow divider and the fuel outlet of the fuel injection servo. A fuel accumulator pressure damper is mounted in fuel flowing relation relative to the downstream portion of the fuel injection system so as to substantially reduce standing waves in the fuel injection system.

Abstract: There is provided an engine device structured such that it can improve a workability for processing a common rail system, or attaching and detaching it, in spite that it is possible to reduce a damage of a common rail due to a collision. In the engine device structured such that the common rail is provided in one side of an engine block, and the common rail is arranged so as to come close to an air intake manifold, the common rail is provided in parallel obliquely below the air intake manifold, and the common rail is tilted in such an attitude that a fuel injection pipe connector arranged in an upper surface side of the common rail is directed outward and obliquely upward.

Abstract: An engine structure having a conjugate cam assembly is provided and includes a piston which can be used to push or pulled by the conjugate cam assembly mounted on a camshaft through a connection rod, a roller rocker and two rollers. The conjugate cam assembly has two cams with cam profiles and relative arrangement angle which can be varied according to actual operational desire, so as to vary the ratio of intake/exhaust strokes and the ratio of compression/power strokes. Thus, the combustion efficiency and the exhaustion efficiency can be enhanced. When the camshaft finishes four strokes of an operational cycle, the camshaft only rotates one circle (i.e. 360 degree), so that the rotation speed of the camshaft can be lowered.

Abstract: An engine assembly may include an engine structure, an intake assembly and a cylinder head cover assembly. The engine structure may define a combustion chamber and a crankcase in communication with a fresh air supply. The intake assembly may be in communication with the combustion chamber. The cylinder head cover assembly may be fixed to the engine structure and may include a cover member defining a positive crankcase ventilation chamber and a separator coupled to the cover member. The separator may define an inlet providing communication between the crankcase and the positive crankcase ventilation chamber. The cylinder head cover assembly may include a first outlet flow path in communication with the intake assembly and a second outlet flow path in communication with the intake assembly. A first valve may be located in the first outlet flow path.

Abstract: A fuel system for an automotive engine is provided that includes a catalytic reactor that is configured to partially oxidize a portion of hydrocarbons in a hydrocarbon based fuel to create a fuel that is more compression ignitable. Exhaust gas is diverted from the exhaust system of an automobile and mixed with a hydrocarbon fuel. The fuel/exhaust gas mixture is exposed to an oxidizing catalyst such that at least a portion of the hydrocarbon fuel is partially oxidized. The resultant fuel mixture is metered into a compression ignition engine for engine operation.

Abstract: A scent shooter apparatus is disclosed. The scent shooter may include a projectile launcher. A vessel may be coupled to the projectile launcher and configured to hold a pellet and release the pellet during operation of the apparatus. The apparatus may include a piercer mounted on the vessel. The piercer may be disposed to pierce the pellet during operation of the apparatus.

Abstract: A projectile launcher includes an acceleration rail with an accelerator mounted on opposite sides of the rail. Each accelerator includes an elastomeric energy generator having an end that is held stationary, while another end is connected to a string. This string then passes over a series of pulleys and crosses over the rail into the other accelerator. Thus, both accelerators act on the same string. In operation, as the string is pulled back and engaged with the projectile on the acceleration rail, the elastomeric drives are stretched. Also, each series of pulleys effectively causes a velocity multiplication that enhances the momentum of the projectile when it is launched.

Abstract: Systems, apparatuses, and methods for controlling and/or selecting one or more accessory devices for an archery apparatus, including circuitry for controlling and/or selecting for activation one or more electrical or electronic accessory devices. The electrical or electronic accessory devices can include a stabilizing light, a spot light, a video recorder, a photographic camera, an audio enhancement pickup, a fishing reel, a range finder, sights, and a game call.

Abstract: Systems, apparatuses, and methods for controlling and/or selecting one or more accessory devices for an archery apparatus, including circuitry for remotely controlling and/or selecting for activation one or more electrical or electronic accessory devices. The electrical or electronic accessory devices can include a stabilizing light, a spot light, a video recorder, a photographic camera, an audio enhancement pickup, a fishing reel, a range finder, sights, a lighted quiver, and a game call.

Abstract: An adaptable vane protector comprises a support member for holding a sheath and a mounting arrangement for removably attaching said support member and sheath to a bow. The sheath may enclose vanes of arrows for protecting said vanes from outside elements and for camouflaging the vanes while in a wilderness environment. The mounting arrangement and support member are adjustably attachable to a bow for accommodating different sizes of arrows, different shapes of bows, and different postures of various users, for example. The sheath may include a camouflage pattern thereon and may comprise internal frame members and bumpers for providing additional rigidity to the sheath and for protecting the sheath from wear and tear.

Abstract: A tile cutting machine includes a tub for receiving water and a tile supporting surface for supporting thereon a tile to be cut. A cutting head assembly is positioned above the tile supporting surface and includes a motor driven blade. A tile hold down mechanism extends downwardly from the cutting head assembly to engage the tile and apply downward pressure thereto to hold the tile in place during the cutting process. The tile hold down mechanism may take the form of flexible hold down feet, downwardly biased rollers and/or bristle skirts. The tile supporting surface may be fabricated of a high friction material and include a plurality of nubs to cooperate with the hold down mechanism to hold the tile stationary with respect to the supporting surface during the cutting process. The tile cutting machine provides for a method of cutting tile where a user does not have to hold the tile with their hands during the cutting operation.

Abstract: An oven, especially a domestic oven, can comprise a cooking cavity and at least two carrier structures arranged at each side of the cavity respectively for holding an auxiliary element for cooking food, wherein each carrier structure comprises at least one column extending in a vertical direction (V) within the cavity, and at least one holding element for holding the auxiliary element. The holding element is moveable along at least a sliding range of the column or columns in the vertical direction (V) in a sliding movement, so that the holding element is adjustable in its vertical (V) height within the cavity. And, the columns and the corresponding holding elements comprise corresponding guiding surfaces each extending in the vertical direction (V) and are in contact with each other during the sliding movement so that, during the sliding movement, the holding element is guided by the column or columns.

Abstract: A potentiometer for a household cooking appliance including a gas valve having a valve stem. The potentiometer includes a circuit board having a contact, a wiper rotor that is rotatable with respect to the circuit board and having an opening corresponding to an axis of rotation of the wiper rotor, the opening of the wiper rotor for engaging the valve stem of the gas valve, the wiper rotor including a wiper electrically contacting the contact of the circuit board, a housing coupled to the circuit board and enclosing the wiper rotor between the housing and the circuit board, and a first interior edge and a second interior edge formed in each of the circuit board, the wiper rotor, and the housing and defining a channel extending from an outer edge of the potentiometer to the opening of the wiper rotor.

Abstract: One embodiment relates to an earth-penetrating apparatus. The apparatus includes a pole with a hollow portion therein and a bottom end which is configured to be driven into ground. Anchoring parts are configured to be radially extendable from the pole. In addition, an expansion mechanism is configured to apply a force to the anchoring parts so as to radially extend the anchoring parts from the pole after the pole has been driven into the ground. Another embodiment relates to a solar collector arrangement that includes a plurality of earth-penetrating anchors. Other embodiments, aspects and features are also disclosed.

Abstract: A system for heating water including a water heater and a solar collector is provided. The water heater includes a water storage tank, a heating element positioned within the bottom end of the water tank and a lower thermostat configured to selectively activate the heating element as a function of the water temperature sensed by the temperature sensor of the thermostat. A tank heat exchanger is also positioned within the bottom end portion of the water storage tank. The tank heat exchanger is configured to contain a fluid medium for heat exchange with water in the bottom end portion of the water storage tank. The solar collector is fluidly coupled to the tank heat exchanger of the water heater for circulating the fluid medium through the tank heat exchanger.

Abstract: This relates to a heating device including a solar energy collector, the solar energy collector transferring collected solar energy to outside air. First collector panels are used to heat outside air which heated air is led to a heater, for example a space heater. Second collector panels are used to transfer solar energy to air led to a heat exchanger of a heat pump. The heat pump transfers the extracted heat to heat storage. The stored heat is added to the air coming from the first collector panels if the temperature of the air coming from the first collector panels is below a predetermined temperature.

Abstract: The present invention provides a solar water heating apparatus which includes concentric inner and outer vessels defining an annular cavity therebetween, within which cavity a phase change material is located, and which is vaporised when solar radiation is incident on the outer vessel, in order to transfer heat to a water store contained in the inner vessel, this water store being fed fresh unheated water while the heated water is extracted therefrom for domestic or other purposes.

Abstract: A system for converting solar energy to chemical energy, and, subsequently, to thermal energy includes a light-harvesting station, a storage station, and a thermal energy release station. The system may include additional stations for converting the released thermal energy to other energy forms, e.g., to electrical energy and mechanical work. At the light-harvesting station, a photochemically active first organometallic compound, e.g., a fulvalenyl diruthenium complex, is exposed to light and is photochemically converted to a second, higher-energy organometallic compound, which is then transported to a storage station. At the storage station, the high-energy organometallic compound is stored for a desired time and/or is transported to a desired location for thermal energy release.

Abstract: The closable solar collector has a stand, a solar panel body, a ball screw and a linking assembly. The solar panel body is mounted on the stand and has a base solar panel, multiple side solar panels and multiple folding solar panels. The side solar panels are mounted pivotally around the base solar panel. Every two folding solar panels are mounted pivotally between two adjacent side solar panels. The ball screw is mounted through the base solar panel. The linking assembly is mounted pivotally between the ball screw and the stand and has multiple upper linking rods and multiple lower linking rods. The ball screw is actuated to drive the linking assembly and the solar panel body to move so the solar panel body can be open or closed. Therefore, the solar collector is convenient and easy to use and store.

Abstract: An air-to-air heat exchanging solar heater consists of at least one panel having a frame surrounding a mounting plate. At least one column of recycled aluminum cans consisting of about 17 cans stacked end to end. Each respective can has its top removed (thus having an open top) and the bottom wall having a plurality of holes, preferably four to eight holes ¾? in diameter. A baffled air column is therefore defined by the end-to-end stacked cans. A low power fan draws air through the column. Preferably, the at least one panel includes 17 columns of 17 cans and the entire assembly (except for the clear panel) is painted black with a high-temperature paint. The at least one panel includes hardware to create an air passage to an existing heating system and draws fresh air from outside.

Abstract: A solar cell collector unit that materially contributes to a more efficient use and conservation of green energy includes a first metal sheet having alternating corrugated crest and valley portions on an upper surface and alternating open channels on an under surface and having a first dimension with a first peripheral edge about its entire perimeter. A second substantially flat metal sheet having a second dimension with a second peripheral edge about its entire perimeter and less than the first dimension. The first and second metal sheets overlie one another with flattened copper tubing disposed within the open channels and sandwiched there between, while crimping and folding the first peripheral edge over the second peripheral edge to form nested protuberances about its perimeter to provide stiffness and rigidity there about and forming a low cost single solar cell unit.