Abstract: A method for harvesting crops with an attachment for an agricultural vehicle. The attachment includes at least one crop passage for gathering crop stalks where the crop stalks are urged laterally toward a fore-and-aft extending gathering auger. The crop stalks in the crop passage are pulled toward the ground in other than a straight down manner and useable parts from the crop stalks are conveyed rearward with the gathering auger.

Abstract: A snap roll for a harvesting header having helical flutes. The snap roll includes a plurality of helical flutes that extend substantially the entire length of the snap roll. A pair of opposing and counter-rotating snap rolls chops and pulls crop stalks passing therebetween downward toward the ground while the crop stalks are also conveyed rearward.

Abstract: A header has a middle section disposed on a base frame, and at least two side sections disposed adjacent the middle section and comprising a flexible cutter bar and at least one conveyor device located downstream of the cutter bar, which, on the respective side sections, is in the form of an endless belt disposed adjacent the middle section in order to transport crop cut by the cutter bar parallel to the longitudinal axis of the header in the direction of the middle section, wherein the side sections comprise a large number of supporting arms which are pivotably mounted on the base frame, wherein the supporting arms of the particular side section carry the cutter bar, and at least one supporting element is provided which carries at least one belt, thereby enabling them to move independently of one another.

Abstract: A flexible reel (100) for an agricultural harvesting head (115) includes a plurality of reel sections (102, 104, 106) coupled together with flexible joints (210), wherein bats (206, 218) mounted on one reel section (102, 104, 106) overlap and interleave with the bats (206, 218) of an adjacent reel section (102, 104, 106).

Abstract: A push mower comprises a mower main body, at least one arm extending upward toward a rear side from the mower main body, and a grip located at a tip end of the at least one arm. Each end of the grip is located on one plane side of an arm plane, a center of the grip is located on an opposite plane side of the arm plane, and therefore the grip extends so as to intersect with the arm plane. Here, the arm plane means a virtual plane on which the at least one arm is located and that is parallel to a left-to-right direction of the mower main body.

Abstract: Weeder rake systems may comprise a multifunctional gardening tool for both removing and clearing weeds and debris. A weeder rake generally comprises a long cylindrical handle comprising a rake head on one end and a weeder on the other end. The rake head comprises a fan-like profile comprising a plurality of raking tines for effectively collecting and clearing debris. The weeder a weed cutter head comprising a cutting blade which is attachable via a blade fastener. The weed cutter head and the cutting blade form a trapezoid-shaped member comprising and open inner volume. The cutting blade is preferably serrated and may be used for cutting and removing weeds and vegetation.

Abstract: A combuster (2) of a gas turbine engine (1) is fed with gaseous ammonia and that gaseous ammonia is burned to drive a turbine (3). Inside the exhaust passage of the gas turbine engine (1), an NOx selective reduction catalyst (10) is arranged. Inside one or both of the intake passage of the gas turbine engine (1) or the exhaust passage upstream of the NOx selective reduction catalyst (10), ammonia is fed. This ammonia is used to reduce the NOx which is contained in the exhaust gas at the NOx selective reduction catalyst (10).

Abstract: An ignition system for a combustor includes a resonance system which generates an oscillation pressure force by a resonant flow interaction between two parallel interconnected flow passages which carry an incompressible flow. A piezoelectric system driven by said resonance system. An igniter powered by said piezoelectric system.

Abstract: The hydrogen gas generator for jet engines includes a device that utilizes photons and a catalyst to disassociate hydrogen gas from water. The generated hydrogen gas is directed to the combustion chamber of a jet engine and combined with air therein for burning and powering the jet engine. The device is connected to a source of electric energy and pressurized water. The electric energy is supplied to an anode and a surrounding cathode. The cathode is designed to glow white-hot and emit photons and heat when an electric current is supplied thereto. The anode is fabricated from a catalytic material and is designed to become red-hot when supplied with electric energy. Water is supplied through a conduit and to is converted to superheated steam, which is thermolytically decomposed to form hydrogen and oxygen.

Abstract: A detonation chamber for a pulse detonation combustor including: a plurality of duplex tab obstacles disposed on at least a portion of an inner surface of the detonation chamber wherein the plurality of duplex tab obstacles enhance a turbulence of a fluid flow through the detonation chamber.

Abstract: A bi-functional catalyst material, a SCR converter that includes the bi-functional catalyst material, an exhaust aftertreatment system that includes the SCR converter, and a method for removing NOX contained in an exhaust flow produced by a lean-burn engine are disclosed. The bi-functional catalyst material can (1) oxidize NO to NO2 and (2) selectively reduce NOX to N2 when exposed to an exhaust mixture that comprises the exhaust flow from the lean-burn engine and a suitable reductant. The bi-functional catalyst material comprises metal oxide particles selected from the group consisting of perovskite oxide particles and manganese-based mixed metal oxide particles dispersed on a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst.

Abstract: A system for a vehicle includes a steady-state (SS) temperature module and a mass temperature module. The SS temperature module generates a SS temperature of a downstream-most catalyst of an exhaust system at a predetermined location between upstream and downstream faces of the downstream-most catalyst. The predetermined location is a predetermined distance upstream from the downstream face. The mass temperature module generates an instantaneous temperature of the downstream-most catalyst at the predetermined location as a function of the SS temperature.

Abstract: An exhaust gas post processing method may include regenerating a diesel particulate filter, reducing a part remaining in the diesel particulate filter by raising the concentration of a reducing agent included in the exhaust gas after the regeneration, oxidizing a part remaining in the diesel particulate filter by raising the concentration of oxygen included in the exhaust gas after the regeneration, and calculating a real ash amount trapped in the diesel particulate filter by detecting a front/rear pressure difference of the diesel particulate filter after the reducing and the oxidation. Accordingly, after regenerating the diesel particulate filter, impurities are sequentially eliminated in the reducing condition and the oxidation condition, and ultimately the real ash amount can be accurately estimated. Further, based on the accurate ash amount, the particulate matter amount can be accurately predicted.

Abstract: An exhaust treatment system is provided. Method of increasing activation of NOx reduction catalyst using two or more reductant is discussed. The exhaust treatment system includes an exhaust source, a reductant source, a nitrogen oxide (NOx) reduction catalyst, a sensor, and a controller. The reductant source includes a first reductant and second reductant, and is disposed to inject a reductant stream into an exhaust stream from the exhaust source. The NOx catalyst is disposed to receive both the exhaust stream and reductant stream. The sensor is disposed to sense a system parameter related to carbon loading of the catalyst and produce a signal corresponding to the system parameter. The controller is disposed to receive the signal and to control dosing of the reductant stream based at least in part on the signal.

Abstract: An exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine includes an NOX storage reduction catalyst device which is arranged in an engine exhaust passage. The NO storage reduction catalyst device stores SOX simultaneously with NOX. When the stored SOX amount exceeds a predetermined allowable amount, the SOX is made to be released by SOX release control which raises the temperature of the NOX catalyst device to the SOX releasable temperature, then makes the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas which flows into the NOX catalyst device the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio or rich. The NOX catalyst device has a residual SOX storage amount which finally remains even if performing SOX release control depending on the temperature of the NOX catalyst device when performing SOX release control. The system uses the residual SOX storage amount of the current SOX release control as the basis to calculate the SOX release speed at each timing in the current SOX release control.

Abstract: A flue gas purifying device includes an exhaust pipe that guides flue gas discharged from an internal combustion engine; a catalytic unit that is arranged on a downstream side to the internal combustion engine in a flow direction of flue gas and includes a nitrogen-oxide storage-reduction catalyst that stores nitrogen oxides contained in flue gas and a support mechanism that is arranged in the exhaust pipe and supports the nitrogen-oxide storage-reduction catalyst in the exhaust pipe; a reducing-agent injecting unit that injects a reducing agent to the catalytic unit in the exhaust pipe; a concentration measuring unit that is arranged on a downstream side to the catalytic unit in the flow direction of flue gas and measures a concentration of nitrogen oxides in flue gas having passed through the nitrogen-oxide storage-reduction catalyst; and a control unit that controls whether to inject the reducing agent from the reducing-agent injecting unit based on a concentration of nitrogen oxides measured by the concen

Abstract: A system and a process for storing an additive solution and injecting it into the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine. The system comprises at least one tank for storing the additive, one pump equipped with an inlet and an outlet and that is capable of generating a direct flow (in injection mode) or a reverse flow (in drawing off mode), at least two additive solution suction points, and an injector, wherein a first suction point is connected to the pump inlet and is only active when the pump operates in injection mode, and wherein the second suction point is connected to the pump outlet and is only active when the pump operates in drawing off mode.

Abstract: The present invention is intended to suppress a decrease in insulation resistance between electrodes and a case in an electric heating catalyst (EHC). An EHC (1) according to the present invention is provided with a heat generation element (3) that is energized to generate heat thereby to heat a catalyst, a case (4) that receives the heat generation element therein, an insulating member (5) that is arranged between the heat generation element (3) and the case (4) for insulating electricity, electrodes (7) that are connected to the heat generation element (3) through an electrode chamber (9) which is a space located between an inner wall surface of the case (4) and an outer peripheral surface of the heat generation element (3), and a ventilation passage (10) that ventilates the electrode chamber.

Abstract: An adhesion preventing member 21 formed in a substantially circular-cylindrical shape is provided in an exhaust pipe 2. Urea water injected from an injection nozzle 6 is introduced into an inner peripheral side of the adhesion preventing member 21 through an opening portion 21a, and hence adhesion of the urea water to an inner peripheral surface 2a of the exhaust pipe 2 is inhibited. In the adhesion preventing member 21, there are provided five dispersion members 22 each having a plurality of through-holes 22a and urea water is dispersed in the exhaust pipe 2 by flowing through through-holes 22a. The adhesion preventing member 21 and the dispersion members 22 are arranged at a part spaced apart from the inner peripheral surface 2a of the exhaust pipe 2, that is, at a part which is heated to high temperature in the exhaust pipe 2.

Abstract: An exhaust gas cleaning system is provided in an engineering vehicle such as a hydraulic excavator. During automatic regeneration, when a gate lock lever 5 is in a locked state and work is not performed, the exhaust gas temperature detected by the exhaust temperature detecting device 37 may be lower than the threshold value, so temperature-rising assistance is started as follows. The minimum engine output PS1 (pump discharge pressure P1 and pump discharge amount Q1) is brought to engine output PS2 (pump discharge pressure P2 and pump discharge amount Q2). In this way, a hydraulic load is applied to an engine to thereby increase exhaust gas temperature. When the work is resumed during the regeneration, an operator pulls down the gate lock lever to the first position A, and the engine output is returned to PS1. Thus, the temperature-rising assistance is stopped, however the automatic regeneration is continued.

Abstract: In various embodiments, energy storage and recovery features energy conversion to and from gravitational potential energy.

Abstract: The present invention provides a potential energy regenerating system and method and an electricity regenerating system and method. The potential energy regenerating system comprises: a liquid storage bag module, having a compressible liquid storage bag; a pipe line module, including a liquid access opening switch control device and a pipe line connected to the liquid access opening control device; a liquid storage tank module, including a liquid storage tank with a bottom higher than the highest position where the liquid storage bag module can reach; and a squeezing weight module, including a squeezing weight mass and a control device, wherein the squeezing weight mass is placed on a top of the compressible liquid storage bag, and the control device controls to lift and release the squeezing weight mass. The electricity regenerating system uses the foregoing potential energy regenerating system to generate electricity.

Abstract: It is intended to provide a power generating apparatus of renewable energy type that has a fixation structure of the hydraulic pump that can transmit large torque and can be processed with ease and at low cost even when the main shaft has a large diameter, as well as a method of installing such hydraulic pump. In the power generating apparatus, a connecting member 20 is provided on the outer periphery of a main shaft 4 to engage with a cylindrical member 10 provided on the outer periphery of the main shaft 4. The connecting member 20 includes a fixing part 21, a first spline part 22 and first pins 23. The fixing part 21 is fixed to the outer periphery of the main shaft 4 by means of the first pins 23 disposed along a circumferential direction of the main shaft 4.

Abstract: An assembly includes a cast cartridge component that includes a base plate having an opening configured for receipt of a turbine wheel, a cylindrical wall that comprises a shroud portion, one or more supports disposed between the cylindrical wall and the base plate, an exhaust conduit that has an inlet, an outlet and a wastegate opening positioned intermediate the inlet and the outlet, and a substantially planar surface integral to the exhaust conduit, the wastegate opening located on the planar surface; and a wastegate outlet component that includes a cylindrical portion that extends between and defines an inlet and an outlet, and a cover portion configured to cover the substantially planar surface of the cast cartridge component to form a wastegate chamber where one or more openings provide for flow of exhaust from the wastegate chamber to the cylindrical portion. Various other examples of devices, assemblies, systems, methods, etc., are also disclosed.

Abstract: A dual hybrid heating apparatus, method of assembly and operation to heat potable water in a tank by heat exchange with a fluid heated by free heat sources—waste heat from heat recovery units and insolation. Once a demand for heated potable water is satisfied, a controller issues commands that cause the fluid to bypass the tank and instead flow to a further heat exchanger. Temperature is monitored downstream—if excessive, then the fluid is sent to a heat dump. A further fluid is heated by heat exchange at the further heat exchanger and then routed to where a parabolic dish solar concentrator vaporizes it to turn a blade of a turbine generator to generate electricity. Heat is extracted from the vapor to form condensate, but the vapor also heats the condensate before being cooled by heat exchange with fluid cooled by a cooling tower.

Abstract: A process for recovering waste heat in an organic Rankine cycle system which comprises passing a liquid phase working fluid through heat exchange in successive communication with two or more process streams which thus heat the working fluid, removing a vapor phase working fluid from the heat exchanger, passing the vapor phase working fluid to an expander wherein the waste heat is converted into mechanical energy, and passing the vapor phase working fluid from the expander to a condenser wherein the vapor phase working fluid is condensed into the liquid phase working fluid.

Abstract: Advanced Tandem Organic Rankine Cycle (AT ORC) is described for recovering power from source of heat energy into two separated independent cycles with organic fluid of propane or mix of light hydrocarbons with similar thermal stability, namely the high temperature cycle realized in the high temperature closed loop thermally connected to the high temperature zone, and the low temperature cycle realized in the low temperature closed loop thermally connected to the low temperature zone of the source of heat energy. In the process of each cycle, organic fluid changes phases from pressurized liquid to pressurized superheated organic vapor using residual heat energy from depressurized superheated organic vapor, and heat energy from corresponding temperature zone. Separation of the source of heat energy on the high temperature zone and low temperature zone is implemented to maximize thermal and overall efficiency of recovering power in each cycle and of the overall AT ORC.

Abstract: During off-peak operation of a power plant operating on a thermodynamic cycle wherein heat is rejected to an ambient fluid, heat is removed from a cold temperature storage medium. The cold temperature storage medium is stored until the power plant is experiencing a peak period. During the peak period, the stored cold temperature storage medium is used to absorb heat from the ambient fluid prior to heat rejection from the thermodynamic cycle to the ambient fluid, to improve performance of the thermodynamic cycle. In another aspect, the stored cold temperature storage medium is mixed with the ambient fluid prior to heat rejection from the thermodynamic cycle to the ambient fluid. Corresponding systems, apparatuses, retrofit methods, design and control techniques are also disclosed.

Abstract: Various thermodynamic power-generating cycles employ a mass management system to regulate the pressure and amount of working fluid circulating throughout the working fluid circuits. The mass management systems may have a mass control tank fluidly coupled to the working fluid circuit at one or more strategically-located tie-in points. A heat exchanger coil may be used in conjunction with the mass control tank to regulate the temperature of the fluid within the mass control tank, and thereby determine whether working fluid is either extracted from or injected into the working fluid circuit. Regulating the pressure and amount of working fluid in the working fluid circuit helps selectively increase or decrease the suction pressure of the pump, which can increase system efficiency.

Abstract: The cooling device is provided with an ECU, a water pump, an engine, a water-cooled exhaust manifold, and a radiator. A first flow rate determination means that determines the flow rate of the cooling water allowed to flow through the water-cooled exhaust manifold based on the intake air flow rate when the operation state of the engine is in a steady state, and a second flow rate determination means that determines the flow rate of the cooling water allowed to flow through the water-cooled exhaust manifold based on the cooling loss when the operation state of the engine is in a transient state are functionally achieved by the ECU.

Abstract: Systems, apparatuses and methods in interoperating with multiple clean energy sources, such as pneumatic energy, electrical energy, hydrogen energy and steam energy, with engine configurations employing theses clean energy sources dynamically and synchronously. Further embodiments including fossil fuel energies.

Abstract: A combustor for a gas turbine engine that includes first and second combustion chambers interconnected by a throat region that includes a converging wall section, a diverging wall section, and a throat apex between the diverging wall section and the converging wall section; a plurality of cooling apertures disposed on the converging wall section; and a cooling slot disposed on the diverging wall section; wherein: the cooling apertures comprise apertures through the thickness of the converging wall section; and the cooling slot comprising a circumferentially extending slot through the length of the diverging wall section.

Abstract: A combustion device includes a plurality of mixing devices into which a fluid containing oxygen and a fuel are introduced and mixed to form a mixture. The combustion device also includes a combustion chamber in which the mixture formed in the mixing devices is burnt. Each mixing device has a conical body with a lance projecting into the conical body, where the fuel is injectable into the conical body. Tips of the lances of different mixing devices have different distances from corresponding open ends of the respective conical bodies.

Abstract: In a gas turbine combustor, mixing of a fuel and air is accelerated in a mixing chamber of a burner as well as in air introduction passages provided in a wall of the mixing chamber, whereby NOx emissions from premixed combustion are reduced while at the same time, ignition characteristics and flame propagation characteristics improve. The gas turbine combustor includes a plurality of combustors 10, a spark plug 13, and a cross-fire tube 15 that propagates a flame between the combustors 10. Each combustor 10 includes the burner 30 equipped with a fuel nozzle and the mixing chamber wall 32 forming the mixing chamber 31. A plurality of air introduction holes 35, 36 for introducing combustion air, along with the fuel from the fuel nozzle, into the mixing chamber 31, are provided in the mixing chamber wall 32.

Abstract: A premix burner is provided for a gas turbine, in the form of a double-cone burner, which has two partial cone shells which are arranged nested one inside the other, forming air inlet ducts between them, through which combustion air from the outside flows into a conical inner space of the premix burner. Linear rows of holes of injection openings, which extend transversely to the flow direction of the combustion air, are arranged on the outer walls of the air inlet ducts and through which a gaseous fuel is injected into the combustion air which flows past transversely to them. A method for reworking such premix burners is also provided.

Abstract: In a fuel injection device at a base of a combustion chamber, a mixing air inlet screw is manufactured with its peripheral holes extending only over a sector of a circle directed towards the air's propagation cone, wherein the remainder of the periphery of the screw is closed. It is then possible to reduce load loss of the injection system while obtaining an improved quality of the mix supplied to the chamber. Such a device can be used in gas turbines fitted with centrifugal compressors and in which the air flow towards the combustion chamber must therefore be made convergent.

Abstract: A burner assembly is provided. The burner assembly includes a support housing with a supply manifold, the supply manifold includes a fuel passage system, and fuel nozzles extending from the supply manifold and being supplied with fuel through the fuel passage system of the supply manifold. The supply manifold is sandwiched using at least two subparts.

Abstract: A reheat burner includes a channel with a lance projecting thereinto to inject a fuel over an injection plane perpendicular to a channel longitudinal axis. The channel and lance define a vortex generation zone upstream of the injection plane and a mixing zone downstream of the injection plane in the hot gas direction. The mixing zone has a cross section with diverging side walls in the hot gas direction. The diverging side walls define curved surfaces in the hot gas direction having a constant radius.

Abstract: A fuel delivery system for a turbine engine has at least one fuel injector having an upstream orifice arrangement that produces a first pressure drop of flowing fuel and a downstream orifice arrangement that produces a second pressure drop of the flowing fuel. The upstream orifice arrangement or the downstream orifice arrangement includes a nonecylindrical orifice.

Abstract: An injector includes a main nozzle body defining a central axis and having a main fuel circuit. A pilot nozzle body is mounted inboard of the main nozzle body. The pilot nozzle body includes a pilot air circuit on the central axis with fuel circuitry radially outboard of the pilot air circuit for delivering fuel to a fuel outlet in a downstream portion of the pilot nozzle body. The fuel circuitry includes a primary pilot fuel circuit configured and adapted to deliver fuel to the fuel outlet and a secondary pilot fuel circuit configured and adapted to deliver fuel to the same fuel outlet.

Abstract: A fuel gas cooling system for a combustion basket spring clip seal support is disclosed. The fuel gas cooling system may be formed from one or more fuel gas supply channels terminating proximate to a spring clip at the intersection between a combustor basket and a transition section such that fuel gas may be supplied to the hot gas path proximate to the intersection between the combustor basket and the transition section. The fuel gas supply channel may create an intermediate fuel gas burn at this intersection, which may reduce the firing temperature at the fuel nozzles and reduce NOx emissions.

Abstract: A casing body for a hot gas flow includes an outer casing body having a hot gas side with a precisely prepared locating surface. A pin-type retainer is disposed on the locating surface, and an inner heat shield is disposed at a distance from the hot gas side of the outer casing body and fastened to the retainer.

Abstract: A land based gas turbine apparatus includes an integral compressor; a turbine component having a combustor to which air from the integral compressor and fuel are supplied; and a generator operatively connected to the turbine for generating electricity; wherein hot gas path component parts in the turbine component are cooled entirely or at least partially by cooling air or other cooling media supplied by an external compressor. A method is also provided which includes the steps of supplying compressed air to the combustor from the integral compressor; and supplying at least a portion of the cooling air or other cooling media to the hot gas path parts in the turbine component from an external compressor.

Abstract: A combustion chamber and method for operating a combustion chamber are disclosed. The combustion chamber having at least a mixing device connected to a combustion device. The mixing device has a first fuel feeding stage, to inject fuel into the mixing device and mix the fuel with an oxidizer to then burn the fuel in the combustion device. The combustion device has a second fuel feeding stage to inject fuel into the combustion device. The fuel of the second stage is mixed with only an inert fluid to form a mixture that is then injected into the combustion chamber.

Abstract: An exemplary burner arrangement and method for operating a burner arrangement are disclosed. During operation of the burner arrangement a hot combustion gas, including combustion air, flows essentially parallel to a burner wall through a mixing chamber, which is delimited by the burner wall, to a combustion chamber. In the mixing chamber the hot combustion gas is mixed with an injected fuel, where cooling air from the outside of the burner wall flows through effusion holes in the burner wall into an interior of the mixing chamber. The cooling air, on the outside of the burner wall, is deflected in a directed manner in its flow direction by means of deflection elements which are in a distributed arrangement.

Abstract: Systems and methods provide for reducing motion which causes wear in a combustor. The method includes attaching a first end of a combustor liner to a retainer which encircles the first end of the combustor liner; attaching the retainer to a combustor casing, where the retainer acts as a spring between the combustor liner and the combustor casing; reducing a relative motion between the combustor casing and the combustor liner along a longitudinal axis and a circumferential axis of the combustor liner by the retainer; and locating the combustor liner substantially concentrically within the combustor casing.

Abstract: A hot gas path system for a gas turbine including a stepped inlet ring at an intersection between a downstream end of a combustor basket and an upstream end of a transition is disclosed. The heat shield may be positioned downstream from a combustor basket and proximate to an intersection between the collar and the axially extending cylindrical wall. The stepped inlet ring may be coupled to the transition section and may extend upstream from the transition section. An upstream end of the stepped inlet ring may be positioned radially outward from the combustor basket such that at least a portion of the stepped inlet ring overlaps a portion of the combustor basket. A spring clip may be positioned between the combustor basket and the stepped inlet ring such that the spring clip seals at least a portion of a gap between the combustor basket and the stepped inlet ring.

Abstract: A controller for a thermoelectric cooling system comprises a sensor input that receives input from a sensor that measures a performance parameter of a thermoelectric cooling system. The thermoelectric cooling system comprises a plurality of thermoelectric devices electrically coupled in a combination of in series and in parallel with one another and electrically driven by a common driver. The controller also comprises a voltage control signal output, a processor, and a non-transitory memory having stored thereon a program executable by the processor to perform a method of controlling the thermoelectric cooling system. The method comprises receiving sensor data from the sensor input, determining a parameter of the voltage control signal based on the input sensor data, and transmitting a voltage control signal having the parameter to the driver to control heat transfer by the plurality of thermoelectric devices.

Abstract: The invention is new types of split-thermo-electric structures for cooling, heating, or stabilizing the temperature of an object or for electric power generation. In a first type of structure the transport of the electric current between the heat absorbing and the heat dispersing sides of the structure is disengaged from the flow of heat between the sides of the thermo-electric structure. In a second type of structure a layer of thermo-electric material on the heat absorbing side of the structure is connected by connection layers to two or more layers of thermo-electric material on the heat dispersing side of the structure. In a third type of structure the elements of which the structure is comprised are arranged to cause different values of electric current to flow at the heat absorbing and the heat dispersing sides of the structure and through different elements in the interior of the structure.

Abstract: A cryogenic refrigerator includes a pressure switching valve with a rotational element for switching between channels. The cryogenic refrigerator includes a first member located on one side in a direction of a rotational axis of the rotational element; a second member located on another side in the direction of the rotational axis of the rotational element; a bearing rotatably supporting the rotational element; and an elastic element. The first and second members sandwich the bearing via the elastic element.