Abstract: In a Czochralski process for growing single crystal silicon ingots, a system is provided for adding solid material to the liquid silicon during crystal growth for the purpose of directly controlling the latent heat of fusion with respect to a crystal melt interface. In contrast to the standard method for controlling power to the crucible heater, the present system has been found to be much more effective for controlling melt temperature in the crucible, especially in heavily insulated systems. The system provides the advantage of reducing the electric power required to operate a Czochralski grower, while increasing the speed with which the melt temperature can be raised or lowered in a controlled manner.

Abstract: An epitaxy method includes providing an exposed crystalline region of a substrate material. Silicon is epitaxially deposited on the substrate material in a low temperature process wherein a deposition temperature is less than 500 degrees Celsius. A source gas is diluted with a dilution gas with a gas ratio of dilution gas to source gas of less than 1000.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing a self-sealing pneumatic tire includes a rotational drive apparatus that grasps a vulcanization molded pneumatic tire and rotationally drives the pneumatic tire around a tire axis, together with a spray nozzle for a sealant material, a spray nozzle for a cover material, and an irradiating device that irradiates an electron beam, infrared rays, ultraviolet rays, or ultrasonic waves that are provided on a lateral part of the pneumatic tire grasped by the rotational drive apparatus in a manner such that each of the spray nozzles and the irradiating device can move in and out of a cavity of the pneumatic tire.

Abstract: A printing device includes a plurality of treatment devices, a transporting part, a detection part, a storage unit, a determination part and a controller. Each of the treatment devices is configured and arranged to perform a treatment on a base material. The transporting part is configured and arranged to transport the base material between the treatment devices. The detection part is configured and arranged to perform a detecting action in placement parts in the treatment devices, the detection part being provided to the transporting part. The storage unit is configured and arranged to correlate and store a position and detection data detected by the detection part. The determination part is configured and arranged to determine presence of the base material in the treatment devices based on the data stored in the storage unit. The controller is configured to determine a treatment action based on determination result of the determination part.

Abstract: An application and inspection system comprises an application system for applying sealing compound to an edge region of a can end (1). The application system includes means for rotating the can end and application means (5) relative to each other to as to apply sealing compound to an edge region of the can end. An inspection system (7) is provided for determining the integrity of the sealing compound applied to the can end. The inspection system includes means for directing a source (9, 11, 13) of radiation towards an edge region of the can end as the can end rotates relative to the inspection system. The inspection system also includes means for detecting radiation originating from the radiation source and reflected from the can end. The source of radiation is directed at the can end at a location upstream of a location at which the sealing compound is applied.

Abstract: A system includes input and output sets processing chambers. The processing chambers of each of the input set and the output set are fluidly coupled and linearly aligned with each other along corresponding input and output directions. The processing chambers process and move a device between the processing chambers along corresponding input and output directions. The processing chambers of the input set separately process the device when the device is located in each of the processing chambers of the input set. The processing chambers of the output set separately process the device when the device is located in each of the processing chambers of the output set.

Abstract: Aspects of the invention include a method and apparatus for processing a substrate using a multi-chamber processing system (e.g., a cluster tool) adapted to process substrates in one or more batch and/or single substrate processing chambers to increase the system throughput.

Abstract: A system includes a carriage track positioned adjacent to a rotary milking platform, a robot carriage mounted to the carriage track, and a controller. The controller is operable to receive both a first rotary encoder signal indicating a first rotational position of a milking stall of the rotary milking platform (corresponding to a starting linear position of the robot carriage) and a second rotary encoder signal indicating a second rotational position of the milking stall. The controller is further operable to determine, based on a difference between the first and second signals, a desired linear position of the robot carriage on the carriage track (a position corresponding to the second rotational position of the milking stall). The controller is further operable to communicate a position signal to a carriage actuator, the position signal causing the carriage actuator to move the robot carriage to the desired linear position.

Abstract: A method for controlling the milking by a milking machine includes, during an initial phase of the milking, increasing a milking vacuum and/or a maximum pulsation vacuum for the milking gradually from a first selected vacuum level (1L) towards a second selected vacuum level (2L) to thereby improve teat stimulation and decreasing the risk of a second milk letdown. When a second milk letdown (2ML) is detected, the maximum pulsation vacuum is preferably immediately lowered to a third selected vacuum level (3L), and is kept at that third selected vacuum level until a certain milk flow has been established, whereupon the pulsation vacuum level is then again increased gradually until the second selected vacuum level is reached.

Abstract: The apparatus of the present invention is a pet pantry having storage containers for pet-related equipment, accessories, medication, or other items, and also pet food storage and dispensing. The food dispensing mechanism allows for measured food dispensing, providing volume adjustment mechanisms to dispense a desired quantity of pet food. The food dispensing mechanism is a single movement handle or button dispensing the desired quantity of food. The pet pantry is also modular allowing for adjustments to a pet owner's specification.

Abstract: The present invention is a non-skid pet bowl designed to keep the temperature of the contents of the bowl cool. The pet bowl preferably includes a bowl, removable bottom, freezable gel insert, and non-skid portions. The bowl is configured to have air gaps to act as insulation. The bowl and removable bottom are configured to hold a freezable gel insert that can be frozen to cool the contents of the pet bowl. The non-skid portions prevent the bowl from sliding on a ground and prevent spills. The bowl is made of a heavy stainless steel to prevent the bowl from being easily tipped over by the pet.

Abstract: A portable drinking device for pets being suitable for use when travelling includes a rigid wall structure, a water outlet passage, a water outlet valve and a removable closure element.

Abstract: The present invention provides an animal litter container that is easy to clean and to maintain in a clean and sanitary condition. In one embodiment, the litter container includes at least two substantially identical container units correspondingly configured to nest together to form the litter container. Each container unit includes an inner bowl section that holds litter material and has a winged two part casing hinged to rotate between an open position in which the litter material is exposed and accessible to an animal desiring to use the litter container and a closed position forming a pod in which the litter is completely covered. A strainer plate or filter is provided to separate reusable litter from soiled litter for disposal. A second embodiment provides a base element and a correspondingly configured removable litter container element with a winged casing that is similar to that of the first embodiment.

Abstract: Embodiments that generate electrical power via hydro-electric systems that employ man-made flumes configured to support saltwater aquaculture are disclosed. Various embodiments pump water, such as saltwater or freshwater, into supply a man-made flume. The embodiments may generally employ a blade assembly to harness wind power and drive a mechanical pump that transfers the water into the man-made flume. The flumes in different embodiments may contain different forms of aquaculture, such as shrimp, fish, and crabs. As water flows through the flume, the continual fresh supply may continually aerate the water in the flume to support the aquatic life. Water exiting the flume may impact a turbine that is coupled to a generator to generate electrical power.

Abstract: An improved cattle feeding system and shelter. The shelter has a building foundation frame extending upwardly from the ground with an awning frame extending upwardly from the foundation frame and over it. This allows for an awning to be placed over the shelter frame to at least partially enclose it. The awning has a portion which is optionally opened to selectively allow air ventilation or catching the warmth of a southern sun exposure. The shelter has a drover's alley gate configuration which may be placed within the interior of the building to help control animal movements. The entire system is built on a partial cement floor of a configuration which enhances cleanliness inside of the shelter.

Abstract: The present invention provides an environmentally friendly housing for laying hens. A preferred embodiment includes a covered structure having perching area having a porous floor, a worm bed under the perching area in which worms feed upon the manure that falls through the porous floor, a back door for access to the worm bed, and nesting boxes for laying eggs. Some embodiments are modular and can be readily expanded in sections, with each section including the parts described above. Some embodiments include an enclosed yard area in which the hens can go outside the structure and still be safe from predators. Grain can be grown in a part of the enclosed yard, with irrigation for the grain being provided by a rainwater collection system on the roof of the structure.

Abstract: The present invention for a puppy apartment for use by domestic animals includes a container portion and a room divider having a kennel opening thereby allowing the animal to pass between apartment bedroom and bathroom portions. Adjustable apartment boundary regions for bathroom, bedroom, and living areas are adaptably configured to accommodate the pet in a comfortable domestic training environment. The present invention includes a method for providing positive and consistent household pet puppy training with the puppy apartment device.

Abstract: A method of calibrating a biological detector can include training a biological detector to detect a calibration compound, wherein the calibration compound comprises an odor that is detectable by the biological detector and is not used in an environment for which the biological detector is trained to detect odors, presenting the biological detector with a device comprising the calibration compound, and determining whether the biological detector will alert to the calibration compound.

Abstract: A dog grooming salon chair having a supported seat with a chair back and wherein the seat is dimension to receive and confine the hind rump portion of a dog in a seated position with the rear paws of the dog exposed forward for grooming. A forward protruding front paw tray is removably secured on the chair and positioned above the seat and dimensioned and adjustable to confine the chest area of the seated dog in relation to the chair back whereby the front paws of the seated dog are supported on the front paw tray for grooming. A tether is secured to the chair and detachably secured to the dog, as by a harness, and dimensioned to thereby retain the dog in the chair in a seated position for grooming.

Abstract: One example embodiment includes a hands free system for restraining an animal. The system includes an armband, where the armband is configured to be attached around at least a portion of the arm of a user. The system also includes a buckle, where the buckle is configured to connect to a leash, allowing the user to restrain an animal.

Abstract: A protective pet garment for securing to an animal and including a body portion, configured to cover a portion of an animal's soft underbelly, and a first body strap having a first strap portion attached at a first end to one side of the body portion and a second strap portion attached at a first end to an opposite side of the body portion, second ends of each of the first and second strap portions being removably attached to one another to secure the body strap around the animal. The garment may further include a first cross strap having a first and second end each connected to the body portion, wherein the first cross strap, in conjunction with the body portion, defines an opening configured for receiving a first front leg and a head of the animal to secure the first cross strap over a shoulder of the animal.

Abstract: A motor vehicle includes a combustion engine and an intake tract for feeding air to the combustion engine. A compressor is arranged in the intake tract for compressing air, and a turbine is arranged in the intake tract downstream of the compressor and powered by air compressed in the compressor.

Abstract: A hydrodynamic heater is provided having a rotational member and a stationary member. The rotational member is operable to rotate relative to the stationary member about an axis so as to induce fluid shear and therefore, thermal energy to the working fluid. The hydrodynamic heater may be a component of a heat generation system comprising an internal combustion engine having a drive shaft for rotating the rotational member of the hydrodynamic heater. The heat generated by the hydrodynamic heater, as well as the heat generated by the engine from the engine exhaust and engine cooling system, is combined to heat a working fluid.

Abstract: During engine warm-up, a flow regulating unit in a cooling system operates in a fuel efficiency priority mode. In this mode, a head-side cooling water flow rate (Qhd) is regulated to be equal to or smaller than a first upper limit; a block-side cooling water flow rate (Qbk) is regulated to be equal to or smaller than a second upper limit; and cooling water flowing out of a block-side passage and a head-side passage flows mainly into a bypass passage. When a heating request to heat blown air is made during engine warm-up, the regulating unit operates in a heating priority mode. In this mode, Qhd is regulated to be equal to or smaller than a third upper limit; Qbk is regulated to be equal to or smaller than a fourth upper limit; and at least cooling water flowing out of the head-side passage flows into a heat exchanger.

Abstract: A gas cooler for an internal combustion engine is provided that includes a gas channel for permeating with a gas flow fed to the internal combustion engine in a flow direction, and a heat exchanger inserted in the gas channel in an insertion direction, wherein the heat exchanger comprises at least one connection for feeding or discharging a fluid for cooling the gas flow, wherein the connection comprises a first connection part connected to the heat exchanger before inserting the hat exchanger into the gas channel, and a second connection part that can be connected to the first connection part from the outside.

Abstract: The cooling device 1 includes the engine 50 having a cylinder block 51 provided with a partial W/J 511a circulating a coolant in a periphery of a cylinder 51a. In the cooling device 1, an outer wall portion W2 of a wall portion forming the partial W/J is made of a material having a heat conductivity lower than a material of an inner wall portion of the wall portion, the inner wall portion W1 facing the outer wall portion W2 and being located in the cylinder 51a side.

Abstract: The present variable compression ratio V-type internal combustion engine is a variable compression ratio V-type internal combustion engine which joins cylinder blocks of two cylinder groups and makes the joined cylinder block 10 move relatively to a crankcase along an arc-shaped path so as to move away from an engine crankshaft, wherein the arc-shaped path is set so that the mechanical compression ratio of one cylinder group and the mechanical compression ratio of the other cylinder group become equal when the cylinder block is at the lowest position closest to the engine crankshaft and when the cylinder block is at a specific position between the lowest position and a highest position which is furthest from the engine crankshaft.

Abstract: A crankshaft for a V8 engine includes first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth crank pins defined on the crankshaft. The second crank pin is rotationally offset from the first crank pin, the third crank pin is rotationally offset from the first and second crank pins, the fourth crank pin is rotationally offset from the first, second and third crank pins, the fifth crank pin is rotationally offset from the first, second, third and fourth crank pins, and the sixth pin is rotationally offset from the first, second, third, fourth and fifth crank pins. The seventh crank pin is rotationally aligned with the first crank pin and the eighth crank pin is rotationally aligned with the second crank pin.

Abstract: A multi-link, adjustable-stroke type engine includes: a timing gear provided on and concentrically with a crankshaft; an eccentric gear provided on an eccentric shaft and meshing with the timing gear so that rotation of the timing gear is transmitted to the eccentric gear; a lubricating oil passage provided in a cylinder barrel for supplying lubricating oil to lower shaft end portions of the crankshaft and eccentric shaft; and an ejection section provided in the lubricating oil passage for ejecting lubricating oil toward a meshing engagement section between the timing gear and the eccentric gear.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine having eight cylinders in V-configuration, wherein a first cylinder bank and a second cylinder bank are disposed opposite one another. The internal combustion engine includes a cross-plane crankshaft and has a firing order of a 90° crank angle from cylinder to cylinder. An intake camshaft and an exhaust camshaft are associated with each cylinder bank for actuating at least one intake gas exchange valve and one exhaust gas exchange valve for each cylinder. The gas exchange intake valves that are actuated at a 90° crank angle in the same cylinder bank have a larger valve stroke than the gas exchange intake valves in same cylinder bank actuated immediately prior thereto. The gas exchange intake valves in the same cylinder bank actuated immediately prior thereto have a smaller valve stroke than all the remaining gas exchange intake valves of both cylinder banks.

Abstract: A camshaft adjuster for actuating cylinder valves of a combustion engine, retardation torques are imparted back to the adjuster by the camshaft when cams are running on, and advance torques are imparted back to the adjuster by the camshaft when cams are running off, supply and removal of pressure medium is controllable by a control unit, a torque mode or pump mode is selectively adjusted by the control unit, and primarily camshaft torque is used in torque mode to build pressure in the first or second partial chamber, whereas pressure build-up in the first or second partial chamber primarily occurs in the pump mode via the pump. The control unit includes a control valve with inner and outer sleeves, and an adjustment direction and the pump or torque mode is adjustable by the control valve by the relative rotational position of the inner sleeve to the outer sleeve.

Abstract: A fastening assembly for fastening a camshaft adjuster to a camshaft, having an input part that can be brought into driving engagement with a crankshaft, an output part that is non-rotationally connected to the camshaft, the output part being mounted rotationally adjustably with respect to the input part, and a control mechanism, by which a rotational angle position between the input and output parts can be adjusted. The output part is provided with a central axial opening penetrated by an end section of the camshaft. The end section has a thread-bearing thread section, which is screwed together with a tension nut acting on the output part such that the output part and the camshaft are axially loaded for the non-rotational connection thereof. To this end, the tension nut is elastically loaded in the axial direction or relieved in the axial direction.

Abstract: A camshaft adjustment assembly (1), wherein a control valve (4) is provided for controlling the flow of the pressure fluid in the hydraulic chamber, wherein the control valve (4) is supplied with pressure fluid from the region of a camshaft bearing (5) by a fluid channel (6, 7, 8, 9). In order to enable an improved fluid line with little component weakening, the fluid channel (6, 7, 8, 9) is formed as an annular chamber (6), which is formed between the axial end (10) of the camshaft (2) at least sections of which have a tubular design, a flange-like section (11) of a housing element (12) that is connected rotationally fixed to the camshaft (2) and in which the control valve (4) is mounted, a radially inner delimiting surface (13) of the housing element (12), and a section (14) of the wall of the camshaft bearing (5).

Abstract: A high-efficiency mechanism for variable valve actuation with increased engine architecture applicability is described. The high efficiency mechanism introduces an intermediate lever having a secondary cam profile forming a variable oscillating cam between a rotating camshaft and a rocker arm.

Abstract: A valve train device installed in a cylinder head of an engine and driven by a camshaft including a valve unit having an intake valve and an exhaust valve communicated with a combustion chamber of an engine, each of the intake valve and exhaust valve having a linearly extending stem portion and driven in an extending direction of the stem portion; a valve lifter disposed between one end side of the stem portion located apart from the combustion chamber and the camshaft to transmit power from the camshaft to the valve unit; a lost motion unit that interrupts power transmission from the valve lifter to the valve unit; a first spring urging the valve unit in a direction to close the intake valve or exhaust valve; and a second spring having a diameter lager than that of the first spring and urging the lost motion unit against the valve lifter.

Abstract: A diesel fuel additive package, diesel fuel containing the additive and methods for operating an engine on the diesel fuel and additive. The fuel additive includes a reaction product of (a) a hydrocarbyl substituted dicarboxylic acid or anhydride, and (b) an amine compound or salt thereof of the formula wherein R is selected from hydrogen and a hydrocarbyl group containing from about 1 to about 15 carbon atoms, and R1 is selected from hydrogen and a hydrocarbyl group containing from about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms. The reaction product contains at least one amino triazole group. Component (2) of the additive is a hydrocarbyl succinimide dispersant. The additive also includes (3) a C2 to C10 alkyl alcohol; and (4) optionally, a lubricity additive. In the additive, a weight ratio of component (1) to component (2) in the fuel ranges from about 1:3 to about 1:5.

Abstract: The present invention depicts a reciprocating engine actuated by means of anaerobic fuel comprising a piston reversibly actuated inside a cylinder in an N-stroke operation, the piston being in communication with a crank; a feeding means adapted to introduce the anaerobic fuel to a cylinder head accommodating at least one piston and cylinder, in at least one event of each of said N-stroke; an ignition means igniting the anaerobic fuel in or adjacent to the cylinder head, whereat the piston is in at least one predetermined location in the cylinder along each of the N-strokes, so that in each stroke, a predetermined deflagration of the anaerobic fuel is actuating the crank.

Abstract: A corona igniter 20 includes an electrode gap 28 between the central electrode 22 and the insulator 32 and a shell gap 30 between the insulator 32 and the shell 36. The gaps 28, 30 are filled with a filler material 40 to prevent corona discharge 24 in the gaps 28, 30 and to concentrate the energy at a firing tip 58 of the central electrode 22. The filler material 40 may be electrically insulating or conductive. The shell gap width ws may be greatest at a shell lower end 92. The shell gap 30 may also be in a turnover region between a shell upper end 44 and the insulator 32, in which case the filler material 40 is injection molded around the turnover region. During operation of the igniter 20, the filler material 40 provides a reduced voltage drop across the gap 28, 30.

Abstract: The invention relates to a laser spark plug, comprising a laser light-producing device (2) and a spark plug housing (1) at the end of which facing the combustion chamber an injection lens (10) for injecting laser light into the combustion chamber (30) of an internal combustion engine is arranged, the spark plug housing (1) comprising a fastening zone (7) for fastening the laser spark plug in a cylinder head (17) of the internal combustion engine. A projection (31) on the end of the spark plug housing (1) facing the combustion chamber houses the injection lens (10), the outer diameter (D1) of the projection (31) being smaller in the area of the injection lens (10) than the outer diameter (D2) of the spark plug housing (1) in the fastening zone (7).

Abstract: A subassembly for a valve device for controlling air flow in an intake manifold. The subassembly includes a cartridge including a plurality of compartments having partially open opposing sidewalls, wherein adjacent partially open side walls of adjacent compartments are spaced apart a distance to define a groove therebetween, a plurality of partitions each having a through-hole therein and being disposed in the grooves defined between adjacent partially open side walls of the adjacent compartments. The partitions complete the formation of the opposing side walls of the adjacent compartments and each compartment is alignable with an air intake runner of an intake manifold.

Abstract: A baffle plate structure includes an oil pan, an oil pump, a baffle plate, and a resin oil strainer. The baffle plate is to separate an interior of the oil pan into a crank case side and a oil chamber side. The resin oil strainer includes an inlet portion and a parallel portion. The inlet portion extends toward a bottom surface of the oil pan. The inlet portion has an inlet port for lubricant at a lower part of the inlet portion. The parallel portion extends from the inlet portion in a direction substantially parallel to the baffle plate to introduce the lubricant from the inlet portion to the oil pump. The baffle plate has an opening corresponding to the parallel portion of the resin oil strainer. The parallel portion of the resin oil strainer is disposed so as to close the opening.

Abstract: A vertical engine includes: an oil pump provided adjacent to the lower surface of a cylinder barrel and connected to a lower end portion of a cam gear shaft to be driven by the gear shaft; a first lubricating oil passageway for supplying lubricating oil from the oil pump to a lower bearing of a crankshaft; a second lubricating oil passageway extending through the crankshaft from the lower bearing to an upper bearing of the crankshaft; a third lubricating oil passageway provided adjacent to the upper surface of the barrel and extending from the crankcase to immediately below stem end portions of intake and exhaust valves so that lubricating oil leaked from the second lubricating oil passageway flows therethrough; and a fourth lubricating oil passageway for returning lubricating oil, dripped down from the third lubricating oil passageway to the stem end portions, to the pump.

Abstract: A rotary internal combustion engine including: a cylinder having a cylinder circumferential wall provided with a horizontal valve groove on its inner circumferential surface; a working shaft concentrically run through said cylinder and held so as to freely rotate; a rotor comprising a rotor base made up of a circular shell and a rotor blade standing in a radial direction of a rotor base surrounding wall; a shutoff valve to perform intermittent movements of insertion and returning between an outside of said cylinder and a cylinder space; and side ribs each having a longitudinal valve groove.

Abstract: A gas-powered tool motor includes a combustion chamber with an intake valve at one end, an exhaust valve at another end, and a control plate or control valve between two portions of the combustion chamber. A piston or other positive displacement device is in communication with the combustion chamber. The intake and exhaust valves have closure members that are movable along a common axis in tandem between collective open positions for recharging the combustion chamber with the fuel and air mixture and collective closed positions for detonating the fuel and air mixture in the combustion chamber and displacing the positive displacement device. The control plate or control valve supports limited air flows from a first portion of the combustion chamber to a second portion of the combustion chamber even in the closed position of the control valve for supporting two-stage combustion.

Abstract: An electronic control means of an engine controls a system for the variable actuation of intake valves and for controlling gasoline injection into the combustion chamber. To the electronic control means there are associated memory means. The electronic means are programmed for detecting a value of a crank angle at which the intake valve is closed, controlling the end of the injection with an anticipation with respect to the closing of the intake valve controlling the start of the injection substantially according to said crank angle limit value, and regulating the injection pressure to a value which is defined as a function of the injection time to guarantee the injection of a predefined amount of gasoline.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for the control and regulation of a V-type internal combustion engine (1), comprising an independent common rail system on the A side and an independent common rail system on the B-side, in which the rotational speed of the internal combustion engine (1) is regulated in a speed control loop and a nominal torque as an adjusted variable of the rotational speed governor is limited during the starting procedure to a starting torque for representing a nominal injection null set.

Abstract: A throttle valve body includes a main body, a main valve, and a bypass valve. The main body includes intake and bypass passages, a sensor mounting hole, and a bypass valve mounting hole. The main valve divides the intake passage into upstream and downstream portions. The bypass valve divides the bypass passage into upstream and downstream sections that are in fluid communication respectively with the upstream and downstream portions. The sensor mounting hole extends along an axis along which the downstream section extends. The bypass valve mounting hole is in fluid communication with a portion of the bypass passage disposed between the upstream and downstream sections.

Abstract: An electronic control apparatus that performs feedback control on a fuel injection command value to make an air-fuel ratio come to match a target air-fuel ratio increase-corrects an intake air amount and retard-corrects an ignition timing, together with decrease-correcting the fuel injection command value in the feedback control, and then performs an abnormality detection of a fuel system based on a retard-correction amount of the ignition timing at that time.

Abstract: An intake apparatus of an engine includes: a first intake passage supplying fresh air to a cylinder; a second intake passage arranged near the first intake passage, and supplying fresh air to the cylinder; a first intake valve opening and closing the first intake passage at an aperture of the first intake passage; a second intake valve opening and closing the second intake passage at an aperture of the second intake passage. An opening timing of the first intake valve of the intake apparatus advances relative to a top dead center, and a valve lift amount of the first intake valve differs from that of the second intake valve, and there is a period while the valve lift amount of the first intake valve is larger than that of the second intake valve, in an intake stroke.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an enclosure or containment assembly adapted to seal a high pressure fuel rail, and an engine system including such an enclosure or containment assembly. The assembly includes two portions that can sealingly engage to form an enclosure or compartment that contains the high pressure fuel rail. Fuel line connectors leading into the enclosure to ports of the high pressure fuel rail are in a sealing engagement with the enclosure to seal the high pressure fuel rail from the atmosphere and provide an enclosed low pressure region between the high pressure fuel rail and an inner surface of the enclosure. In this way, leaked fuel can be collected from the high pressure fuel lines and contained. The collected and contained leaked fuel can be channeled to a leak detector, which can trigger an alarm with detection of a leak.