Abstract: Disclosed is a DC-DC converter including: a switch unit controlling a flow of a current based on a buck-boost topology; a short circuit unit short circuited or opened according to an external setting to change a topology of the switch unit; an inductor storing a current induced by the switch unit; a topology selecting unit selecting a topology in response to an external input signal and generating a signal corresponding to the selected topology; a pulse width modulating unit generating a signal for determining an operation time of the switch unit; a reverse flow detecting unit detecting a reverse flow of a current flowing through the switch unit to generate a signal; and a switch control unit controlling the switch unit in response to signals of the topology selecting unit, the pulse width modulating unit and the reverse flow detecting unit.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a regulator circuit is provided. The regulator circuit includes a control circuit configured and arranged to adjust an oscillation frequency of a variable frequency oscillator in response to a feedback signal indicating the regulated output voltage. A charge pump is coupled to an output of the variable frequency oscillator and is configured to charge one or more energy storage elements in response to the output of the variable frequency oscillator. The regulator circuit includes a plurality of output stages, each having an input driven by the output of the charge pump and being configured to drive the regulated output voltage. Each output stage is selectably enabled or disabled in response to respective enable signal provided to the output regulator by an enable control circuit.

Abstract: A drive circuit of a power unit, which includes a high-side transistor and a low-side transistor connected in series between a high potential power-supply line and a low potential power-supply line, and an inductor provided between a connection node of both of the transistors and an output terminal, and which drives both of the transistors, the drive circuit has: a first gate driver which drives a gate of the high-side transistor; and a second gate driver which drives a gate of the low-side transistor. In a transitional period of changing from a first state where the high-side transistor is ON and the low-side transistor is OFF to a second state where the high-side transistor is OFF and the low-side transistor is ON, the first gate driver drives the gate of the high-side transistor to a first voltage which is lower than a potential of the low potential power-supply line.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present invention provide apparatuses and methods for regulating an output voltage. For example, an apparatus is discussed that includes a low dropout regulator having a pass transistor and an amplifier and being operable to regulate the output voltage based on a feedback signal and a feedforward signal. The apparatus also includes an auxiliary low dropout regulator having an auxiliary pass transistor and an auxiliary amplifier. The auxiliary dropout regulator is operable to generate the feedforward signal and is substantially matched with the amplifier.

Abstract: The invention provides a bandgap circuit for providing stable reference voltages. The bandgap circuit comprises a core circuit and an output branch. The core circuit comprises: a first transistor, coupled between a supplied working voltage and a first node, and having a gate coupled to the first node; a second transistor, coupled between the supplied working voltage and a second node, and having a gate coupled to the first node; a third transistor, coupled between the first node and a ground voltage, and having a gate coupled to a third node; a fourth transistor, coupled between the third node and the ground voltage, and having a gate coupled to the second node; and a first resistor, coupled between the second and third nodes. The output branch is coupled to the core circuit to receive an output of the core circuit, and arranged to output a reference voltage at an output node.

Abstract: A solid-state power regulator (SSPR) regulates power delivered to a frequency tolerant load from a wild-source generator. The SSPR includes a solid-state switching device and a controller. The solid-state switching device is turned On to deliver power from the wild-source generator to the frequency-tolerant load and Off to prevent the delivery of power to the frequency-tolerant load. The controller monitors the power delivered to the frequency-tolerant load and selectively modulates the solid-state switching device to regulate the power delivered.

Abstract: A voltage regulator has a phase compensation circuit which changes consumption current according to load current thereby to reduce consumption current. The phase compensation circuit includes: a first transistor having a drain connected to an output terminal of an error amplifier circuit; a second transistor having a drain connected to a gate of the first transistor and a gate connected to the gate of the first transistor; a current mirror circuit connected to the output terminal of the error amplifier circuit, a drain of the first transistor, and the drain of the second transistor; and a capacitor connected between the gate of the second transistor and a drain of an output transistor. Thereby, current consumed by the phase compensation circuit can be changed according to the load current, resulting in that the voltage regulator consumes less current.

Abstract: According to one aspect of the teachings herein, a DC-to-DC converter operates according to an advantageous constant on-time topology that reduces output voltage ripple during light load conditions. The converter produces an output voltage by driving high-side and low-side switches in an inductor-based switching circuit, and regulates the output voltage by varying the on-time of a low-side switch, while holding the on-time of the high-side switch constant. Advantageously, the converter shortens the on-time of the high-side switch during light load conditions, which reduces the output voltage ripple. Thus, the converter may be understood as using a first, constant on-time for the high-side switch during “normal” operations and a second, shorter on-time for the high-side switch during light load conditions.

Abstract: A process for controlling a current supplied to a load includes, in at least one aspect, detecting input to control a current supplied to a load operated by a driving signal, and in response to detecting the input, modifying the driving signal to control the current supplied to the load, wherein modifying the driving signal comprises alternately applying a first duty cycle and a second duty cycle to the driving signal.

Abstract: A power-up initial circuit includes a power-up control unit, a first switch and a second switch. The power-up control unit is used for receiving a high voltage start-up signal, and generating a first power-up control signal. The first switch has a first terminal for receiving an external voltage, a second terminal for coupling to the power-up control circuit for receiving the first power-up control signal, and a third terminal. The second switch has a first terminal coupled to the third terminal of the first switch, a second terminal for coupling to the power-up control circuit for receiving the first power-up control signal, and a third terminal for coupling to a high voltage generator.

Abstract: A semiconductor integrated circuit includes constant current circuit, starter circuit and power supply start-up circuit. In the constant current circuit, first current mirror circuit includes first and second transistors, and second current mirror circuit includes third and fourth transistors that are connected to first and second nodes. In the starter circuit, a potential of first node controls sixth transistor, seventh transistor is connected to third node, gate electrode of the seventh transistor is at ground potential, a capacitance element is connected to fourth node, and a potential of fourth node controls fifth transistor, which supplies start-up current to the constant current circuit via second node. In the power supply start-up circuit, source electrode of eighth transistor is fixed at power supply voltage, gate electrode is at ground potential, and drain electrode supplies power to the other circuits.

Abstract: The use of nanostructures to monitor or modulate changes in cellular membrane potentials is disclosed. Nanoparticles having phospholipid coatings were found to display improved responses relative to nanoparticles having other coatings that do not promote localization or attraction to membranes.

Abstract: A multi-meter for a test probe includes a main body, two test probes and a clamping means. The test probe includes a test pin, a connecting portion, and a lead electrically connected between the test pin and the connecting portion. The connecting portion is inserted into the main body and electrically thereto. The clamping means comprises a liftable cover and a clamping portion formed on the liftable cover. One end of the liftable cover is pivotally connected to the main body. The clamping portion is configured to clamp the test pin. By this structure, the test pin is clamped by the camping portion to help a user carrying out the measurement.

Abstract: A rotor phase/speed estimating device includes a high-frequency voltage injection unit, a high-frequency current amplitude detection unit of a fundamental wave component, a correlation signal generation unit, and a rotor phase generation unit. The high-frequency voltage injection unit applies a high-frequency voltage to an AC motor. The high-frequency current amplitude detection unit of a fundamental wave component detects a primary Fourier coefficient equivalent value. The correlation signal generation unit is arranged to generate a correlation signal using the Fourier coefficient equivalent value. The rotor phase generation unit is arranged to generate an estimated value of the rotor phase and an estimated value of a rotor speed using the correlation signal.

Abstract: Measurement of a precessional rate of a gas, such as an alkali gas, in a magnetic field is made by promoting a non-uniform precession of the gas in which substantially no net magnetic field affects the gas during a majority of the precession cycle. This allows sensitive gases that would be subject to spin-exchange collision de-phasing to be effectively used for extremely sensitive measurements in the presence of an environmental magnetic field such as the Earth's magnetic field.

Abstract: Sensor with a one-layer or multi-layer sensor element operating in a contact-free manner and a housing comprising an electric/electronic connection and, in given cases, electronic components, where the sensor element comprises a coil arrangement whose windings have a defined line width, line thickness, and line spacing per layer and whose layers have a defined layer thickness and, in given cases, a defined layer spacing, characterized in that the sensor element is built up from ceramic layers in the sense of multi-layer ceramics and that with respect to traditional coil arrangements the line width is reduced and the number of windings per cross-sectional surface area is increased.

Abstract: An electromagnetic induction type absolute position measuring encoder having two or more rows of scale coils, each of the rows having a scale pitch different from that of another row; a transmitter coil and a receiver coil arranged on a grid that is movable relative to the scale in the measuring direction so as to face the scale coils; and the track is constituted by the scale coils, the transmitter coil and the receiver coil. The encoder is capable of measuring an absolute position of the grid with respect to the scale from a flux change detected at the receiver coil via the scale coils when the transmitter coil is excited, in which at least one loop-shaped additional scale coil is added between the scale coils in at least one of the tracks.

Abstract: Several systems and methods for monitoring the proximity of a device to a power line are disclosed. Electric field monitoring systems are mounted to the device and include a plurality of electric field sensors and a monitoring system base unit. Each electric field monitoring sensor senses the strength of a magnetic field in which the sensor is positioned and transmits a corresponding magnitude output signal to the base unit when polled by the base unit. If a sensor reports a magnetic field exceeding a threshold, the frequency of polling for that sensor may be increased. If a sensor reports a magnetic field exceeding another (possibly identical) threshold, an alarm may be activated, movement of the device may be limited or stopped or another action or a combination of actions may be taken.

Abstract: A permanent magnet is fixed to a stationary portion. A yoke made of magnetic material is provided to a rotating portion. The yoke is tube-shaped to surround the permanent magnet and has a chord portion into which a magnetic flux generated by the permanent magnet preferentially flows. The chord portion is arranged in such a manner as to be close to the permanent magnet. A Hall element is arranged at a specified position of the stationary portion relative to the permanent magnet 20. The Hall element outputs a signal which corresponds to a density and an angle of a magnetic flux generated between the chord portion and the permanent magnet.

Abstract: A current sensor includes a pair of magnetic balance sensors and a switching circuit. The magnetic balance sensors each include a magnetic sensor element and a feedback coil. The magnetic sensor element varies in characteristics due to an induction field caused by measurement current. The feedback coil is disposed near the magnetic sensor element and produces a canceling magnetic field canceling out the induction field. Each of the magnetic balance sensors outputs, as a sensor output, a value corresponding to current flowing through the feedback coil when a balanced state in which the induction field and the canceling magnetic field cancel each other out is reached after the feedback coil is energized. The switching circuit turns on/off one of the magnetic balance sensors.

Abstract: Precise measurements of a precessional rate of noble gas in a magnetic field is obtained by constraining the time averaged direction of the spins of a stimulating alkali gas to lie in a plane transverse to the magnetic field. In this way, the magnetic field of the alkali gas does not provide a net contribution to the precessional rate of the noble gas.

Abstract: In a method described for generating magnetic resonance exposures in which diffusion-coded raw data are acquired with of a diffusion gradient measurement sequence having a number of partial diffusion gradient sequences, at least one diffusion coding gradient pulse is emitted in each partial data set, and raw data of a k-space region are acquired during a first echo after a defined first echo time the k-space regions in total covering a complete k-space. Raw data of an established navigator k-space region are acquired during a second echo after a second echo time the navigator k-space region being identical for different partial diffusion gradient sequences. Reference raw data are acquired by a reference measurement sequence with multiple partial reference sequences.

Abstract: In a method and a magnetic resonance system to acquire MR data in a predetermined region within an examination subject, a first three-dimensional volume segment is selectively excited with an RF excitation pulse, this first volume segment including the predetermined region and having a first thickness along a first thickness direction. A selective refocusing pulse is activated in order to selectively refocus a second volume segment. The second volume segment likewise includes the predetermined region and has a second thickness along a second thickness direction orthogonal to the first thickness direction. The following sub-steps are implemented repeatedly in succession: a non-selective refocusing pulse is activated. Two phase coding gradients and an additional magnetic field gradient are activated for spatial coding, and the MR data are read out while the additional magnetic field gradient is activated.

Abstract: According to a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) apparatus, a scanning-parameter limit calculating unit creates examination information that represents scanning conditions for collection of magnetic resonance signal data based on scanning parameters set by an operator; a scanning-condition edit/scan positioning unit creates a time chart that indicates the type and a sequential execution order of an event to be executed when collecting magnetic resonance signal data based on the examination information created by the scanning-parameter limit calculating unit, and causes a time-chart display unit to display the created time chart.

Abstract: Imaging signals from one or more surface coils are directed outwardly through a rear end portion of an imaging bore of an imaging machine, such as a magnetic resonance imaging machine (MRI). Initial processing of the imaging signals can be carried out within the imaging bore and transmitted through a pair of releasable connectors to external imaging processing equipment. By routing the surface coil imaging signals through the open rear end of an imaging bore, wires and other signal processing components need not be squeezed through the relatively limited space available around the front portion of an imaging bore. Fluid passages can be provided through the pair of releasable connectors for the passage of heating fluids, cooling fluids, and pressurized gasses including anesthesia gasses.

Abstract: There is provided a method for testing a piezoelectric/electrostrictive actuator, wherein the displacement of a piezoelectric/electrostrictive actuator is estimated on the basis of the relations between one or more frequency characteristic values selected from the group consisting of the heights and areas of the peaks of the resonance waveforms and the difference of the maximum and minimum of the first order or first to higher orders of the resonance frequency characteristic values of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive actuator and the k-th order (k=1 to 4) of the first or first to higher orders of resonance frequencies. According to this piezoelectric/electrostrictive actuator testing method, a piezoelectric/electrostrictive actuator can be tested with high precision without actually driving the same as a product and without being accompanied by any disassembly/breakage.

Abstract: An optical sensor assembly, for installation on a current carrying cable, senses the current in the cable and provides an electrical output indicating the current. To sense the current, a magnetic concentrator is placed in close proximity to the cable and creates a magnetic field representing current in the cable. An optical current sensor, within the created magnetic field, exposes a beam of polarized light to the magnetic field. The beam of polarized light is rotated thereby, by Faraday effect, according to the current in the cable. The amount of rotation is analyzed and converted to electrical signals to portray the current in the cable. The electrical signals may be processed, evaluated and analyzed to provide one or more of several elements of quality of the current in the cable.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a dump load applied in a wind turbine generator; normally it is only operating to absorb the energy during faults. Therefore in the majority time of wind turbine generator operation, the dump load is not applied, and its health condition is unknown. This invention is about a method to check the dump load condition during normal operation.

Abstract: A fuse tester (20) that includes a plurality of contacts (22, 24) with one of the contacts (24) having pad portions (102, 104, 106) enabling connection with one spade (44, 46) of a plurality of sizes of fuses (28a, 28b, 28c) when the other spade (44, 46) is electrically connected to the other contact (22). The contact (24) has a length greater than the other contact (24) that can be a plurality of times longer. The contacts (22, 24) are anchored to a housing (26) that can be an integral part of a handle (36) of a fuse puller (32) having a pair of outwardly extending clamp arms (116, 118). A preferred puller (32) with built-in tester (20) disposes the contacts (22, 24) in an outer surface (84) of the handle (36) with the handle (36) and arms (116, 118) providing a handgrip (38) orienting the tester (20) for use when the handle (36) is grasped by a user (42) in a position enabling use of the puller (32) and tester (20).

Abstract: An electromagnetic interference (EMI) test system with self-checking function for detecting electromagnetic interference includes a signal source, a line impedance stabilization network (LISN), a coupling decoupling network (CDN), an impedance stabilization network (ISN) and a receiver. The signal source provides an electronic signal, the LISN separates interference signal from the electronic signal. The CDN outputs a coupling signal, and the ISN separates interference signal from the signal from the CDN. The receiver figures out current signal strength of each frequency points of the signal from the ISN and compares the current signal strength with a reference value to determine whether the EMI test system works normally according to the comparison.

Abstract: A wireless in-plane strain and displacement sensor includes an electrical conductor fixedly coupled to a substrate subject to strain conditions. The electrical conductor is shaped between its ends for storage of an electric field and a magnetic field, and remains electrically unconnected to define an unconnected open-circuit having inductance and capacitance. In the presence of a time-varying magnetic field, the electrical conductor so-shaped resonates to generate harmonic electric and magnetic field responses. The sensor also includes at least one electrically unconnected electrode having an end and a free portion extending from the end thereof. The end of each electrode is fixedly coupled to the substrate and the free portion thereof remains unencumbered and spaced apart from a portion of the electrical conductor so-shaped. More specifically, at least some of the free portion is disposed at a location lying within the magnetic field response generated by the electrical conductor.

Abstract: An inline measuring apparatus (10) is operable to measure hydrate, wax, break-through of formation water and/or scale (150) on an inside surface of a wall (100) of a pipe (40) for guiding fluid. The apparatus (10) includes an electronics unit (30) coupled to a sensor arrangement (20) disposed in a spatial extensive manner into the wall (100) of the pipe (40) for sensing the growth (150). The electronics unit (30) in cooperation with the sensor arrangement (20) Is operable to perform a series of dielectric measurements at a plurality of interrogating frequencies for determining a nature and spatial extent of the growth (150). The sensor arrangement (20) includes a plurality of sensors have mutually different sensing characteristics in relation to their spatial sensing region and/or their sensitivity to different fluid components present in operation within the pipe (40).

Abstract: An inductive proximity sensor and a method comprising a transmitter coil, a receiver coil, an excitation device which is connected to the transmitter coil and an evaluation device, wherein the evaluation device is designed to generate an output signal which depends on a voltage ratio between a transmission voltage of the transmitter coil and/or of the excitation device and a reception voltage of the receiver coil, wherein the excitation device is designed to generate a sinusoidal radio frequency transmission voltage. An inductive proximity sensor and a method comprising a transmitter coil, a receiver coil, an excitation device which is connected to the transmitter coil and an evaluation device, wherein the evaluation device is designed to generate an output signal which is dependent on a reception voltage of the receiver coil, wherein the excitation device is designed to generate a sinusoidal radio frequency transmission voltage with a constant amplitude.

Abstract: A microelectromechanical sensor includes a supporting structure and a sensing mass, which is elastically coupled to the supporting structure, is movable with respect thereto with one degree of freedom in response to movements according to an axis and is coupled to the supporting structure through a capacitive coupling. A sensing device senses, on terminals of the capacitive coupling, transduction signals indicative of displacements of the first sensing mass according to the degree of freedom. The sensing device includes at least one first reading chain, having first operative parameters, one second reading chain, having second operative parameters different from the first operative parameters, and one selective electrical connection structure that couples the first reading chain and the second reading chain to the first terminals.

Abstract: A first electrode has a fuel passage. A second electrode defines a predetermined gap with the first electrode in the fuel passage. A third electrode defines a predetermined gap with the second electrode in the fuel passage. The first electrode and the second electrode form a first capacitance therebetween. The second electrode and the third electrode form a second capacitance therebetween. A circuit portion is configured to compute a property of fuel in the fuel passage according to the first capacitance and the second capacitance.

Abstract: An automatic testing equipment, an automatic testing system, an a method for controlling automatic testing thereof are disclosed. The automatic testing equipment is used for receiving a control signal to test a durability of a connecting port of a device under test (DUT). The automatic testing equipment includes a testing platform, a testing unit, and a power control unit. The testing platform is used for disposing the DUT. The testing unit includes a main body, an assembly unit, and a height adjustment unit. The assembly unit is used for assembling a test connector. The height adjustment unit is connected with the main body and works with the assembly unit to adjust a height of the assembly unit. The power control unit drives the testing unit to test the connecting port via the test connector after receiving the control signal.

Abstract: Timing, power and SPICE analysis are performed on a circuit layout, based on temperature and stress variations or gradient across the circuit layout. Specifically, the temperature and stress values of individual window locations across the layout are used to obtain temperature and stress variation aware resistance/capacitance (RC), timing, leakage and power values. In addition, in 3D integrated circuits (IC), the stress and thermal variations or gradients of one die may be imported to another die located on a different tier.

Abstract: Provided is a micro contact element which is capable of coping with the miniaturization and greater complexity of substrates or boards, which is simplified due to a reduction in the number of components, and which creates sufficient contact pressure and stroke. Also provided is an inspection jig using this contact element. An inspection contact element having the contact pressure and amount of contraction required to carry out an inspection is formed by using notch parts respectively formed in two conductive cylindrical members having different outer and inner diameters so that the notch parts can function as elastic parts, and combining the two cylindrical members in such a way that the elastic parts are arranged in parallel or in series.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to systems and methods for operating, designing, testing and verifying the performance of wireless communication devices. Specifically, the present systems and methods can reliably determine the operating behavior of wireless communication modules within electronic products and devices in a relatively inexpensive and compact testing cabinet, with useful electromagnetically isolating structure, that allows for scalable, multi-application and production line operation and testing and verification of electromagnetic equipment therein.

Abstract: A planar body is configured such that its edges engage the sidewall of a via of a device under test to create point electrical contacts and the planar body resists removal of the planar body from the via after insertion. The edges of the planar body may include barbs that create point electrical contacts and resist removal of the planar body from the via after insertion. The end of the body that is inserted into the via may form a tapered tip to facilitate insertion. The end of the planar body that is inserted into the via may include barbs that resist removal of the planar body from the via after insertion. The edges of the planar body may include stops that prevent further insertion of the planar body into the via beyond the stops.

Abstract: A probe assembly includes a probe, a transducer, and a cable electronically connecting the probe with the transducer. The cable has a jacket made of an extreme-environment resistant material.

Abstract: A contact structure has a probe and a housing disposed on an outer circumference thereof. The housing has a housing main body in which a hollow section vertically penetrating the same is formed, and a conductive coat film with which an inner wall surface of the hollow section is coated. The probe has a base end portion fixed in place on one end side of the housing, a conductive leading end portion that is movable in the hollow section while being in contact with the coat film and has, on a leading end thereof, a contact that comes into contact with a subject to be inspected, and an elastic portion that connects together the base end portion and the leading end portion, is disposed in the hollow section, and has elasticity.

Abstract: A probing device includes a circuit board, a reinforcing plate, at least one space transformer and at least one probe assembly. The reinforcing plate is disposed on the circuit board, and the reinforcing plate has a plurality of inner conductive wires electrically connecting to those of the circuit board. The reinforcing plate defines a plurality of receiving space therein. The space transformer is disposed on the reinforcing plate, and the space transformer has a plurality of inner conductive wires electrically connecting to those of the reinforcing plate via a plurality of first solder balls. The probe assembly is disposed on the space transformer, and the probe assembly includes a plurality of probes. The first solder balls are disposed in the receiving spaces, and the reinforcing plate abuts against the space transformer.

Abstract: A method of forming a semiconductor package is disclosed including disguising the test pads. Test pads are defined in the conductive pattern of the semiconductor package for allowing electrical test of the completed package. The test pads are formed in shapes such as letters or objects so that they are less recognizable as test pads.

Abstract: In accordance with a exemplary embodiments, methods for performing reliability testing of a plurality of transistors formed on a substrate includes simultaneously stressing the plurality of transistors by applying a voltage potential from each of a plurality of voltage sources to respective drain contacts of a like plurality of row groups and to gate contacts of a like plurality of column groups for a time interval, while applying a reference potential to the substrate and source contacts of the plurality of transistors. After stressing the plurality of transistors for a time interval, the transistors are each measured individually to collect reliability data.

Abstract: The present disclosure includes techniques and apparatus for making non-contact differential measurements of various dimensions of electronic components surface mounted on circuit boards. Tilt data relating to the electronic components is derived from the differential measurements to provide an indication of the integrity of the electrical connection between the electronic components to the circuit board. The techniques and apparatus of the present disclosure make it possible to accomplish non-destructive inspection of the connection without individually inspecting each bump-terminal connection.

Abstract: A balanced single-end impedance control system is disclosed. In a particular embodiment, the circuit includes a first transistor coupled to a first output terminal and a second transistor coupled to a second output terminal. The circuit also includes a third transistor and a fourth transistor, where device characteristics of the third transistor substantially match device characteristics of the first transistor and device characteristics of the fourth transistor substantially match device characteristics of the second transistor. The circuit further includes a first control path and a second control path. The first path is coupled to the third transistor and provides a first rail voltage to control a first gate control voltage of the first transistor. The second control path is coupled to the fourth transistor and provides a second rail voltage to control a second gate control voltage of the second transistor.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes an impedance control signal generation unit configured to generate an impedance control signal for controlling an impedance value, a first processing unit configured to process the impedance control signal in response to a first setup value and generate a first process signal, a first clock termination unit configured to be coupled with a first clock path and determine an impedance value responding to the impedance control signal, and a second clock termination unit configured to be coupled with a second clock path and determine an impedance value responding to the first process signal.

Abstract: A system having an input and output buffer includes a dynamic driver reference generator to generate dynamic driver reference signals based on a data signal and an IO buffer supply voltage, a level shifter to generate level shifted signals based, in part, on the dynamic driver reference signals, and a driver having at least one stress transistor. The driver dynamically adjusts a voltage across the stress transistor based on at least one of dynamic driver reference signals, the level shifted signals, and a current state of an IO pad.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods are disclosed, including an apparatus that includes a differential driver with charge injection pre-emphasis. One such apparatus includes a pre-emphasis circuit and an output stage circuit. The pre-emphasis circuit is configured to receive differential serial signals, and buffer the differential serial signals to provide buffered differential serial signals. The output stage circuit is configured to receive the buffered differential serial signals and drive the buffered differential serial signals onto differential communication paths. The pre-emphasis circuit is configured to selectively inject charge onto the differential communication paths to assist with a signal transition on at least one of the differential communication paths. Additional embodiments are disclosed.