Abstract: A system includes an internal combustion engine producing an exhaust gas, an aftertreatment system receiving the exhaust gas, the aftertreatment system including a particulate filter positioned upstream of an SCR catalyst component, and a urea injector operatively coupled to the aftertreatment system at a position upstream of the SCR catalyst component. The system further includes a controller that interprets an exhaust temperature value, an ambient temperature value, and a urea injection amount. The controller determines a urea deposit amount in response to the exhaust temperature value, the ambient temperature value, and the urea injection amount, and initiates a desoot regeneration event in response to the urea deposit amount. The desoot regeneration event includes operating the engine at a urea decomposition exhaust temperature.

Abstract: An exhaust gas purification device 1 includes an exhaust gas processing device 30 provided in an exhaust passage 11 of an internal combustion engine 10, an in-exhaust pipe fuel injection device 24 provided on an upstream side of the exhaust gas processing device 30 to supply fuel to the exhaust gas processing device 30, a NOx sensor 13 provided on a downstream side of the exhaust gas processing device 30, and a control unit 40 that controls combustion in the internal combustion engine 10 based on operating state of the engine 10. To burn and remove PM trapped in the exhaust gas processing device 30, the control unit 40 causes the in-exhaust pipe fuel injection device 24 to supply the fuel to the exhaust gas processing device 30 and stores a detection value from the NOx sensor 13 as a NOx value at an outlet of the engine 10.

Abstract: A regeneration module is usable in conjunction with a diesel engine to control the operation of a regeneration cycle of the diesel engine. During the regeneration cycle, particulate matter collected in or on a diesel particulate filter of the diesel engine is removed to improve the operation of the diesel particulate filter. In various embodiments, the regeneration module is connected to a remote operator such that the regeneration cycle is activated during desirable idle periods of the diesel engine as determined by the controller.

Abstract: A method and an exhaust-gas treatment device for regenerating an exhaust-gas purification component include charging at least one capacitor and heating at least one sub-volume of the exhaust-gas purification component to at least 900° C. by supplying at least a part of the energy stored in the capacitor. A particle burn-off reaction can be started from the at least one sub-volume for a large volume of exhaust-gas purification components. Exhaust-gas purification components in an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine can thus be completely regenerated in an energy-efficient manner. A vehicle having the exhaust-gas treatment device and carrying out the method is also provided.

Abstract: A heat exchanger for thermoelectric generators having at least two channels for a cooling medium and at least one channel for a heating medium, the at least one channel for the heating medium being equipped with ribs in the inner region. These ribs are mounted at a number of ribs that increases in the heating flow direction which, among other things, contributes to a more efficient utilization and a comparability of the heat flow.

Abstract: Systems and methods for implementing a uniflow fluid engine having at least one cylinder having at least one high-pressure input and at least one low-pressure output. In some embodiments, the engine includes piston-operated valves that are related to the piston shaft and pistons that may also act as exhaust valves. In some embodiments, a valve is slidably positioned within the cylinder on the piston shaft, the valve being movable between a first position allowing input fluid to be conveyed through a first passage and blocking input fluid from a second passage, and a second position allowing input fluid to be conveyed through the second passage and blocking input fluid from the first passage.

Abstract: A wave power plant includes a platform and at least one coupling member. The at least one coupling member is mounted in such a way as to perform an orbital movement which has a predetermined direction of movement and from which a torque usable for energy conversion can be tapped. A torque compensation device is provided which is designed to essentially compensate or neutralize a reactive torque generated by tapping the usable torque.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for working of a workpiece use the expansion of water in a container during the freezing process to drive a piston against a workpiece that is positioned to at least partially overlie a cross-sectional area of a hollow interior of the container. Use of a piston with a tapered working end focuses the resulting force against a small area of the workpiece in order to produce a bend in the workpiece at the point of application. In environments where conventional bending tools are not available, the apparatus can be used to perform bending or other operations on workpieces of varying materials.

Abstract: This Stirling machine comprises a transfer piston (6, 6a) and a moving part (14) of a generator or of an electric motor, the transfer piston (6, 6a) periodically displacing a working gas between an expansion chamber (VE) and a compression chamber (Vc) which chambers are respectively associated with two working faces of the transfer piston (6, 6a) of which the cross-sectional area ratio ac/aE is >0.35 so that its displacement along an axis X oriented towards the expansion volume (VE) generates an in-phase working gas pressure component Px that opposes the displacement of the piston (6, 6a), so that all of the mechanical energy produced is transmitted to the moving part (14). This machine comprises a resonant second piston (10) coupled to the transfer piston (6, 6a) by a quantity of energy that is proportional to the pressure component Px.

Abstract: A high efficiency shell and tube heat exchanger coupled to a hydraulic thermal engine includes an insulated cylindrical shell having first and second ends for conveying a coolant and a plurality of tubes passing through at least one of the ends for conveying a working fluid. A plurality of spaced-apart generally-transverse baffles are disposed in the shell. Each baffle is truncated along one edge defining a slot for passage of coolant along the shell inner wall and past the baffle. Successive of the baffles are rotated with respect to the longitudinal axis of the shell to cause the coolant flowing therethrough to follow a non-axial path. Multiple coolant inlets and outlets may be provided. The heat exchanger is optimized for a use wherein the second working fluid is liquid CO2 in a supercritical fluid state. The heat exchanger tubes have an inside diameter of 0.26 inches or less.

Abstract: Embodiments for a supercharged engine are presented. In one example, a supercharged engine includes a cylinder head having at least two cylinders, each cylinder having at least one outlet opening for discharging exhaust gases and each outlet opening being adjoined by an exhaust line, with exhaust lines of at least two cylinders merging to form an overall exhaust line within the cylinder head so as to form an integrated exhaust manifold, at least two turbines arranged in series, the two turbines being of different size and arranged downstream of the exhaust manifold in the overall exhaust line, a distributor housing in which the overall exhaust line downstream of the manifold enters into and leads through to a small turbine of the two turbines, and a first turbine housing which accommodates the small turbine including at least one coolant jacket in order to form a liquid cooling arrangement.

Abstract: Various methods and systems are provided for an engine. In one example, the system includes a two-stage turbocharger which has first turbocharger with a first turbine and a first compressor and a second turbocharger with a second turbine and a second compressor, where the first turbine and the second turbine are arranged in parallel and the first compressor and the second compressor are arranged in series. The system may include a duct coupling turbine inlets of the first and second turbine, and a valve coupled between the duct and the inlet of the first turbine to throttle flow to first turbine.

Abstract: The various embodiments provide a power-generating plant including a dynamic floating platform that is configured to efficiently produce 100 MW of power using a honeycomb configuration of mist lift cells. The mist lift columns are configured to optimize performance and to adjust configurations of components to compensate for changes in orientation of the platform and temperature of sea water in order to manage power output of the plant.

Abstract: A combustion chamber includes at least one annular wall. The annular wall includes a plurality of segments and each segment has a first portion, a second portion and a third portion. The first portion of each segment extends circumferentially, the third portion of each segment extends circumferentially and the second portion of each segment extends radially to connect the first portion and third portion of the segment. The segments are arranged such that the first portion of each segment overlaps the third portion of an adjacent segment and the first portion of each segment is bolted to the third portion of the adjacent segment. The segments are cast and define a double wall combustion chamber and enable easier construction of the combustion chamber and replacement of damaged segments.

Abstract: A fuel nozzle is provided and includes a nozzle body defining first and second interior regions for providing a supply of first and second fluids, a collar defining a third interior region and radial slots permitting radial ingress of a third fluid to the third interior region and a nozzle tip interposed between the nozzle body and the collar. The nozzle tip defines an annular slot, first discrete passageways by which the first fluid is communicated from the first interior region to the annular slot, second discrete passageways by which the first fluid is communicated from the annular slot to the radial slots, and third discrete passageways by which the second fluid is communicated from the second interior region to the radial slots.

Abstract: An assembly for use in a late lean injection system of a combustor of a combustion turbine engine, wherein the combustor includes an inner radial wall, which defines a primary combustion chamber downstream of a primary fuel nozzle, and an outer radial wall, which surrounds the inner radial wall forming a flow annulus therebetween, the assembly comprising: a boss rigidly secured to the inner radial wall, the boss being configured to define a hollow passageway through the inner radial wall; a transfer tube slideably engaged within the boss; a stop formed on the transfer tube; and damping means positioned between the boss and the stop.

Abstract: A fuel injecting assembly for a combustor of a gas turbine engine has a gas supply structure, steam supply structure and oil fuel nozzle that are substantially separated to allow relative movement between a respective end section, end portion and end part due to thermal expansion and contraction.

Abstract: A transfer tube for use in a late lean injection system of a combustor, wherein the combustor includes an inner radial wall, which defines a primary combustion chamber downstream of a primary fuel nozzle, and an outer radial wall, which surrounds the inner radial wall forming a flow annulus therebetween, the outer radial wall including a late lean nozzle, the transfer tube including flow directing structure that defines a fluid passageway. At a first end, the flow directing structure may include an inlet and attachment means that attach the transfer tube to the late lean nozzle. The flow directing structure may have a configuration such that the fluid passageway spans the flow annulus and positions the outlet at a desirable injection point in the inner radial wall.

Abstract: A combustor dome heat shield and a louver are separately metal injection molded and then fused together to form a one-piece combustor heat shield.

Abstract: The present application provides a gas turbine engine system. The gas turbine engine system may include a gas turbine engine producing a flow of combustion gases, an emissions reduction system in communication with the gas turbine engine, a flow of ammonia to be injected into the flow of combustion gases, and a source of compressed gas to vaporize the flow of ammonia.

Abstract: An APU has a control for controlling a load on the APU from an associated aircraft. The control further receives information with regard to a temperature challenge around the APU. If the temperature challenge exceeds a predetermined threshold, then the control operates the APU with a reduced load in a cool down cycle to reduce the heat load from the APU on an associated tail cone. A method is also disclosed.

Abstract: A gas turbine starting architecture is used to start a gas turbine engine having at least a first spool. The architecture includes an electric power distribution bus, a motor, a compressor, a pneumatic distribution circuit, an air turbine starter, and a first tower shaft. The motor converts electric power provided by the electric power distribution bus to mechanical power. In turn, the mechanical power provided by the motor is converted to pneumatic power by the compressor for provision to a pneumatic distribution circuit. The air turbine starter converts pneumatic power from the pneumatic distribution circuit to mechanical power is provided via the first tower shaft to the at least one spool on the gas turbine engine.

Abstract: A strut cover for use in a gas turbine engine having structure defining an annular flow path for receiving exhaust gas from a turbine section of the engine. The strut cover is located downstream from a last row of blades of the turbine section and extends radially through the flow path between inner and outer walls. The strut cover includes an upstream section and a downstream section. The upstream section defines a leading edge for the strut cover and is supported on a pivot axis for pivotal movement about the pivot axis. The downstream section defines a trailing edge for the strut cover and includes an upstream end positioned adjacent to a downstream end of the upstream section. The downstream section is stationary relative to the inner and outer walls to define a predetermined flow angle for directing exhaust gases flowing from the upstream section and passing through the diffuser.

Abstract: A system for cooling a wall (24) of a component having an outer surface with raised ribs (12) defining a structural pocket (10), including: an inner wall (26) within the structural pocket and separating the wall outer surface within the pocket into a first region (28) outside of the inner wall and a second region (40) enclosed by the inner wall; a plate (14) disposed atop the raised ribs and enclosing the structural pocket, the plate having a plate impingement hole (16) to direct cooling air onto an impingement cooled area (38) of the first region; a cap having a skirt (50) in contact with the inner wall, the cap having a cap impingement hole (20) configured to direct the cooling air onto an impingement cooled area (44) of the second region, and; a film cooling hole (22) formed through the wall in the second region.

Abstract: In one embodiment, as cryocooler is provided that includes: a regenerator piston; a drive coupler; and a link flexure having a proximal end coupled by a first pin to the drive coupler and having a distal end coupled by a second pin to the regenerator piston, wherein the link flexure forms a vane having flattened opposing faces that are orthogonal to a longitudinal axis for the first and second pin.

Abstract: A cryogenic refrigerator includes a cylinder configured to be fed with a refrigerant gas, a displacer configured to reciprocate in the cylinder, a drive unit configured to cause the displacer to reciprocate in the cylinder, and a connecting mechanism connecting the drive unit and the displacer. The connecting mechanism includes an output shaft extending from the drive unit toward the displacer, an engagement pin provided through the output shaft to extend in directions to cross the reciprocating directions of the displacer, a rotation prevention mechanism configured to engage with the engagement pin to prevent a further rotation of the displacer when the displacer rotates, and a lid body fixed to an end portion of the displacer and engaging with the output shaft.

Abstract: A heat exchanging apparatus and an associated method are provided so as to permit a heat exchanger to be defrosted without being taken out of service. A defrostable heat exchanging apparatus includes a heat exchanger configured to cool gas flowing there through by heating a liquid also passing there through. The defrostable heat exchanging apparatus also includes a blockage positionable upstream of the heat exchanger with respect to the liquid so as to reduce flow of the liquid through a portion of the heat exchanger aligned with the blockage relative to the flow of the liquid through other portions of the heat exchanger. The defrostable heat exchanging apparatus may also include a positioning mechanism for moving the blockage relative to the heat exchanger.

Abstract: A gas extraction device installed in a refrigerator removes uncondensed gases that exist in the refrigerator. The gas extraction device includes a gas extraction tank used to circulate a refrigerant put in an evaporator, a circulation pipe for circulation between the gas extraction tank and the evaporator, a gas extraction pump which feeds the refrigerant in the evaporator to the gas extraction tank, a shutoff valve configured to shut off a flow of the refrigerant from the gas extraction tank to the evaporator, a gas extractor which extracts the uncondensed gas in the refrigerator into the gas extraction tank, and an auxiliary tank which receives an inflow of the refrigerant filling up the gas extraction tank, and overflowing therefrom.

Abstract: A refrigeration plant has a refrigerator circuit comprising a compressor, a condensing coil, an expansion valve and an evaporator. Heat is absorbed in the evaporator and exhausted at the condenser. Pressure is measured at the compressor inlet and a blower arrangement for blowing cool air over a heat transfer surface of the condenser is controlled in dependence upon the pressure measurement.

Abstract: A calculating section 103 calculates a target COP that is a maximum COP that the centrifugal chiller can achieve using an arithmetic expression in which an actual device loss is given as a correction term to an expression that represents a COP characteristic under an ideal lossless environment. Since the arithmetic expression for calculating the target COP includes the heat exchange loss of the evaporator as a correction term, the heat exchange loss being calculated using a function having a load factor as a parameter, the heat exchange loss of the evaporator is reflected in the target COP.

Abstract: A refrigeration cycle that is formed by connecting a compressor, a condenser, expansion means, and an evaporator and that performs cooling operation; an evaporator heating device that heats the evaporator; a drain pan that receives drain-water from the evaporator and drains the drain-water; a drain-pan heating device that heats the drain pan; frost detecting means including a light-emitting element that emits light to the evaporator and a light-receiving element that receives reflected light from the evaporator and outputs a voltage according to the reflected light; and a control device that controls on-off operation of the evaporator heating device and the drain-pan heating device. The control device determines a frosting condition on the evaporator from an output of the frost detecting means and individually controls the evaporator heating device and the drain-pan heating device in accordance with the determination result.

Abstract: The invention includes a refrigerant circuit for a cooling operation and a heat pump operation. The refrigerant circuit has a high pressure area and a low pressure area, including at least one heat source/heat sink, a compressor, an expansion device, at least one thermal interior space module, and an internal heat exchanger. The internal heat exchanger has a high pressure side part and a low pressure side part, wherein the high pressure side part is disposed between the expansion device and the heat source/heat sink. The invention also includes at least one metering device through which the high pressure side part of the internal heat exchanger is operable during the heat pump operation at a medium pressure level intermediate a pressure level in the high pressure area and a pressure level in the low pressure area of the refrigerant circuit.

Abstract: A condenser coil holder apparatus comprises a first portion formed to have a shape that is at least substantially complementary to a shape of a bottom surface of a water storage tank of a water heater so as to hold a condenser coil against the bottom surface of the water storage tank of the water heater when assembled. The condenser coil holder apparatus also comprises a second portion formed as a base for the first portion.

Abstract: A cooling system for cooling an electronic device includes a first heat exchanger, a second heat exchanger, a first refrigerant pipe, a second refrigerant pipe, and a pump. The first and second refrigerant pipes receive refrigerants, which can circulate in the first and second heat exchangers. The first heat exchanger is arranged in the electronic device for cooling the electronic device. The second heat exchanger cools the refrigerants by gasifying liquefied gas. The pump circulates the refrigerants. The third heat exchanger heats the liquefied gas with sea water before the liquefied gas enters the second heat exchanger.

Abstract: Different kinds of air conditioning apparatus may be easily produced in accordance with specifications, even in a vehicle assembly factory rather than just an air conditioning apparatus production factory, and costs of transport and administration of air conditioning units, storage space in the vehicle assembly factory and suchlike may be reduced. The air conditioning apparatus includes an expansion valve (14) with a pressure adjustment screw and an air conditioning unit (16). A mounting space (84) to which the expansion valve (14) is mounted is provided at a unit case (85) of the air conditioning unit (16), and an opening portion (92) is formed in a wall portion (90) around the mounting space (84). The opening portion (92) is for insertion of a tool (106) that turns the pressure adjustment screw.

Abstract: A filter assembly for fluid filtration having a push-activated lock and release mechanism. A push filter design activates a floating key lock upon insertion and extraction, where the filter key may be used simultaneously as a lock and as an identifier for particular filter attributes. The filter base may be situated inline, and in fluid communication, with influent and effluent piping, such as within a refrigerator. The filter housing assembly may be attached to, and removed from, the filter base by a push-actuated release. Upon insertion, the filter key shifts the filter lock longitudinally to receive interlocking segments. Upon extraction, the same axial push shifts the filter lock further to align the interlocking fingers within gaps that allow for easy extraction. The specific key lock design allows a user to identify and match certain filter configurations received by the mechanical support, and reject other filter configurations.

Abstract: An ice supplying apparatus, being provided in a refrigerator, includes an ice maker unit, which is configured to supply ice pieces produced therein to an outside of a freezer room door; an ice storage unit, which is configured to store the ice pieces produced by the ice maker unit; an ice discharger unit, which is provided within the ice storage unit to discharge the ice pieces below; and a shrinking portion, which is provided in the ice storage unit and defines an interior space thereof as small as it goes down, through building up a lower surface, among interior surfaces defining that interior space of the ice storage unit, for supporting the ice pieces stored therein from a lower potion thereof, by a surface inclining to a horizontal direction, wherein the ice discharger unit is disposed in a lower portion of the shrinking portion.

Abstract: The present invention provides a wind direction adjuster for controlling cooling air in a data center. The adjuster includes: an access floor-flat plate; a first support, a second support, a third support, and a fourth support that form frames supporting the access floor-flat plate from below; and a wind direction-adjusting plate for concentrating a wind direction of cooling air supplied from an air conditioner by blocking an open space between at least any two supports of the first to fourth supports in accordance with a structure of a building, an installation environment of a computing equipment, and a reach distance of the cooling air.

Abstract: A compressor (20) has a case (22) and a crankshaft (38). The case has a number of cylinders (30, 32). For each of the cylinders, the compressor includes a piston (34) mounted for reciprocal movement at least partially within the cylinder. A connecting rod (36) couples each piston to the crankshaft. An electric motor compartment (50) of the case has a stator (42) and a rotor (40). The rotor is mounted to the crankshaft. The case has a wall (56) between the motor compartment and a crankcase compartment/sump (52). The wall bears a feature (120, 132; 420; 460) for coalescing oil entrained in a refrigerant flow (522), which flow exits the gap (90) between the rotor and the stator to prevent the oil from entering the cylinders.

Abstract: An absorption heat pump with a sorbent which comprises lithium chloride and at least one salt Q+Cl? with an organic cation Q+ and the shared anion chloride, the organic cation Q+ having a molar mass of not more than 200 g/mol, exhibits an improved degassing range of the working medium composed of refrigerant and sorbent.

Abstract: An absorption heat pump with a sorbent comprising a lithium salt and at least one organic salt with an organic cation Q+, the lithium salt and organic salt having the same anion, the anion having a molar mass of not more than 200 g/mol and not being halide, and the organic cation Q+ having a molar mass of not more than 200 g/mol, exhibits an improved degassing range of the working medium composed of refrigerant and sorbent.

Abstract: A plurality of heat transfer fins are arranged so as to surround straight pipe portions of heat transfer tubes connected through bends in a serpentine arrangement. Heat transfer surfaces for transferring heat between air of the heat transfer tubes and the heat transfer fins have holes each having a radius smaller than the critical radius of a nucleus that occurs upon phase change from water vapor to condensed water droplets such that the holes are filled with the air at all times. Water is allowed to move from the holes filled with the air having low surface energy to metal part having high surface energy, thus improving drainage.

Abstract: A controller connectable to a plurality of energy sources, energy demands and energy transfer units is contemplated. The controller is configurable to dynamically route excess energy from different sources to different demands via the energy transfer unit(s).

Abstract: A refrigerant vapor compression system includes a compression device having at least a first compression stage and a second compression stage, a refrigerant heat rejection heat exchanger disposed downstream with respect to refrigerant flow of the second compression stage, and a refrigerant intercooler disposed intermediate the first compression stage and the second compression stage. The refrigerant intercooler is disposed downstream of the refrigerant heat rejection heat exchanger with respect to the flow of a secondary fluid. A second refrigerant heat rejection heat exchanger may be disposed downstream with respect to refrigerant flow of the aforesaid refrigerant heat rejection heat exchanger, and a second refrigerant intercooler may be disposed intermediate the first compression stage and the second compression stage and downstream with respect to refrigerant flow of the aforesaid refrigerant intercooler.

Abstract: A paracord bracelet is disclosed which includes a blade with a loop as a handle that can be encased in the braiding to form the loop part of a closure mechanism. In a further embodiment the bracelet includes a pieces of flint formed into a solid piece to form the tab and/or toggle part of a closure mechanism. This combination of devices means that the user has a means of making a fire with them whenever they are wearing the bracelet, in addition to the paracord. In an additional embodiment a key fob is made of paracord enclosing a blade, a flint and tender. Another embodiment the bracelet includes fishing gear, including a steel cable leader set with a clasp hook, swivel, lure and other items. In the depicted embodiment the bracelet is design with the swivel and the clasp hook forming the bracelet closure mechanism.

Abstract: A method for re-establishing or tending to re-establish symmetrical distribution of temperatures between right-hand and left-hand sides of a cross section of a flow of molten glass that has been routed in a feeder including at least one bend area, thermal asymmetry having been induced by flowing round a bend. The feeder includes a flow channel, formed from refractory and insulative material elements and including a horizontal sole plate and two lateral walls, and a vault capping the channel, formed of a refractory roof and lateral parts including burners. In an area of each bend, the flow channel is modified by choosing a corresponding inclined sole plate portion, the inclination being chosen so that the flow channel is deeper in an outside region of the bend than in its inside region, heights of the two lateral walls of the channel being modified accordingly.

Abstract: A method of knitting a sock with a bulbous heel and a square toe is disclosed. A circular sock knitting machine is controlled in four phases to alternately narrow and widen the heel and toe by actuating only some of the needles in the knitting machine. The result is a sock with an expanded Y-gore and a heel and toe of increased size.

Abstract: A washing machine capable of increasing the washing capacity without enlarging the external appearance and also discharging a washing water during a washing operation or a spin-dry operation while completely isolated from electronic parts and thus reducing the risk of a power failure and fire, the washing machine including a body, a rotating tub rotatably disposed inside the body, a pulsator rotatably disposed inside the rotating tub, a driving part provided on a lower portion of the rotating tub to selectively rotate the rotating tub and the pulsator, a base plate to which the driving part is fixed, wherein a waterproofing member is provided between the base plate and a bottom of the body to seal the driving part and to prevent water from reaching the driving part.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a washing machine (1) comprising one or more baffles (8) disposed at the inner surface of the side wall (4) wherein liquid is transferred for counterbalancing the unbalanced load when unbalanced load occurs.

Abstract: An exterior actuator assembly for a manually driven electronic deadbolt assembly includes a torque blade driver having a perimetrical lock recess, and is rotatable about a first rotational axis. A clutch assembly is drivably interposed between an exterior turnpiece and the torque blade driver. A motor shaft is arranged to rotate about a second rotational axis that is non-coaxial with the first rotational axis. A locking shifter is configured for axial translation along the second rotational axis. The locking shifter has a blocking tab portion configured for selective engagement with the perimetrical lock recess of the torque blade driver. A rotational-to-linear motion converter is drivably interposed between the motor shaft and the locking shifter and is configured such that a rotation of the motor shaft results in an axial displacement of the locking shifter to one of a locked position and an unlocked position.