Abstract: A deep diving fishing lure having a forwardly-extending diving lip is provided with a fore-and-aft pivotable lure positioning arm mounted to the diving lip. The lure positioning arm, when locked in aft position, maintains the lure in a diving position when pulled through a body of water but negates the lure's tendency to dive when released from the aft position.

Abstract: A mole trap has a tough plastic base with downwardly extending fixed blades. Movable plastic blades are pivotably connected to the base and urged into a sprung condition by springs. A two-segment lever extends between the base and a catch which is pivotably mounted to the base. A trigger extends through a central opening in the catch and has a post which protrudes beneath the catch where it can be actuated by the targeted mole. Operation of the trigger post causes the lever to release from its engagement with the catch so that the movable blades close on and strike the mole positioned beneath the trap. The trigger has a release tab extending from the lever, allowing convenient release from the set position, and an upwardly protruding set arm allowing trigger depression from a point exterior to the handle into its desired set configuration.

Abstract: Compressed coconut coir pith granules having unique physical and horticultural characteristics are provided along with methods for producing such compressed products by subjecting coconut coir pith to compaction utilizing a roll compactor and subsequently granulating the compacted material.

Abstract: Method and device for growing a plant. In particular, a device intended for accommodating the quick-growing stem of tomato, cucumber and sweet pepper plants. It is proposed to wind up the stem from the bottom in such a manner that the plant continuously extends in the cultivation space at the same height. Winding up of the stem in a simple manner is possible, as a result of which the latter extends about the winding point in a coiled manner. The end of the stem is arranged in a substrate carrier, such as a gutter, which also rotates. According to another variant, the stem is pressed into substrate material during winding up, resulting in the plant forming roots, so that the part of the stem which is already developed can be cut off.

Abstract: A modular unit, system and method include a base layer having a plurality of reservoirs configured to prevent water flow through a lower portion, the lower portion for contacting a support surface, and having interlocking portions configured to interlock adjacent base layers when installed. A water permeable layer is disposed over the base layer. A detachable wall is mountable on the base layer to contain planting media. The water permeable layer may include a water-holding capillary fabric mat layer with entangled filaments.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a foldable planter. The planter of the present invention includes one or more foldable compartments defined by an array of panels. Each compartment includes one or more upright panels to form an upright core; one or more movable panels to form a trough used for planting; and one or more fold lines, wherein at least one fold line between the one or more upright panels and the one or more movable panels. In an embodiment, each panel is attached to at least one adjacent panel along a fold line. When the planter is not in use, the movable panel pair folds at a fold line between the upright panel and the movable panel.

Abstract: A boat has an outside pocket door that opens to provide a passageway large enough for a person to pass. Of particular interest are sliding doors that utilize a traveler and a guide, each positioned on one of the door and the housing, having tolerances that severely restrict side to side movement of a distal edge of the door under normal operating conditions. The guide can advantageously comprise a track and rollers, and the traveler can comprises a foot disposed to travel between opposing ones of the rollers. In such embodiments the rollers can advantageously be mounted in spaced apart opposing pairs on a guide, using off-set centers to adjust the tolerances. Sliding doors can be operated in any suitable manner, manually or otherwise, and it is especially contemplated that sliding doors can be operated using a pneumatic ram.

Abstract: A hurricane storm resistant door assembly with a door having a frame; closed cell foam disposed within the frame; a front skin of a first fiber reinforced polymer substrate; a back skin, a top coat that covers the first and second fiber reinforced polymer substrates; at least one port door fixedly formed and secured in the foam; an opening in the port door; a double welded impact resistant grill over the opening with a leg extending from and intersecting center grid; a foot secured to each leg; a fastening hole centrally formed in each foot; a plurality of securing rings encircling a center grid member and two support barrier connections; a connection hole per foot disposed through the door, penetrating the skin and foam for fastening the double weld impact resistant grill to the door enabling the hurricane storm resistant door assembly to sustain 37 mph flying projectiles.

Abstract: The invention concerns the field of window seals to be encased in a frame, in general a motor vehicle door frame. The seal is intended to be in contact with part of the perimeter of a window and comprises a guide slot strip consisting of two upward segments and an upper segment, and a sealing strip extending between a low part of one of said upward segments and a high part of the other of said upward segments. The sealing strip is molded in a single piece and comprises an upward curved part, and is attached at least at its upper end to one of the upward segments of the guide slot strip.

Abstract: A double-hung window having a uniform interior wood appearance is disclosed. The window has a head jamb and side jambs. The window has an upper and lower sash, each having a wood frame. The upper and lower sashes are held in the window by the side jambs. Lock-pins are extendable from each side of the lower sash. A concealed jamb liner cover for selective engagement with each upper side jamb is provided which has an exposed wood surface and a channel for receiving the lock-pin of the lower sash. An upper sash lock housing attached to an upper portion of the wood frame of the upper sash, is provided which holds an upper sash lock-pin for each side of the upper sash. A wooden interior upper parting stop connected to the head jamb conceals the upper sash lock housing when the window is closed.

Abstract: A blast and ballistic protective wall assembly for use on an exterior of a container includes a frame having four corner posts, two lower side members having fork lift openings formed therethrough, two upper side members, two lower cross members, two upper cross members, lower corner castings attached to the lower ends of the corner posts, and upper corner castings attached to the upper ends of the corner posts, the frame supporting side walls, end walls, and a roof of the container. The blast and ballistic protective wall assembly further includes an attachment member attached to a portion of the frame and a plurality of composite panels. One end of each panel is attached to the attachment member, and the other end of the panel is attached to another panel, a portion of the frame, or another attachment member. Each panel is thereby attached to a wall of the container.

Abstract: Low-cost, semi-permanent rigid-wall modular Yurt-type, peaked-roof structures, polygonally “round” (in plan view), made of modular, light-weight, water-proof cellular extruded plastic sheet panels that are easily portable, quickly erectable and dismountable, having a wide variety of uses. The modular panels are easily die-cut from any water-resistant, non-metallic, rigid material, preferably an extruded plastic, such as a polyolefin polymer. Few panel configurations are needed to form all the structural elements. In addition, multiple similar modular structures may be grouped to form larger compound structures with individual ones of the Yurts being assigned to individual persons or dedicated work space usages: disaster shelters, sleeping, gathering, storage, hygiene, medical treatment, schooling, entertainment, goods manufacture, cooking, eating, herding, etc.

Abstract: A headstone support system includes a pole having a first auger attached to the pole proximate a first end thereof, the first auger configured to drill through soil upon rotation of the pole, and a headstone support attached to a second end of the pole.

Abstract: A support structure for elevating a building surface above a fixed surface and having stability bracing to provide increased stability to the elevated building surface assembly. The support structure includes a plurality of support pedestals that are disposed in spaced-apart relation on a fixed surface. Stabilizing braces are attached to the central section of adjacent support pedestals to interconnect the support pedestals. The stabilizing braces may attach to the support pedestals using anchoring members that are anchored to the support pedestals. Interconnecting the support pedestals in such a manner creates a stable elevated building surface assembly that can be utilized in unstable environments, such as seismically active geographic areas. The support pedestals can be adjustable-height support pedestals.

Abstract: Systems and methods for disposing and supporting a solar panel array are disclosed. The embodiments comprise various combinations of cables, support columns, and pod constructions in which to support solar panels. The solar panels can incorporate single or dual tracking capabilities to enhance sunlight capture. The embodiments encourage dual land use in which installation of the systems minimizes disruption of the underlying ground. Supplemental power may be provided by vertical axis windmills integrated with the columns. Special installations of the system can include systems mounted over structures such as parking lots, roads and aqueducts.

Abstract: The present invention provides a vibration damping construction system including a first construction body, a second construction body, and a damping unit. The first construction body includes a reaction surface. The second construction body is accommodated in the first construction body. The damping unit is disposed between the second construction body and the reaction surface of the first construction body for reducing the vibration transferred from the first construction body.

Abstract: A support frame for supporting an intersection between a first wall section and a second wall section. The support frame including a first support panel having a top edge and a bottom edge, which are configured to be positioned between respective upper and lower plates of the first wall section. Moreover, the support frame has a pair of second support panels affixed to the first panel, and each second support panel has a top edge and a bottom edge configured to be positioned between respective upper and lower plates of the second wall section.

Abstract: A transition corner or drywall corner which transitions from a rounded exterior corner to a right angle corner at the trim. The transition corner has an exterior side with depressions which receive mud, an elevated longitudinal bead along an apex of an acute angle of the exterior side which facilitates the receipt of mud. The interior side is shaped to be received by the shape of an exterior corner, which is generally rounded, and is coated with an adhesive means to allow fixing and adjustment of the transition corner at the trim to be in vertical alignment with the exterior corner.

Abstract: A window assembly for a wall opening can have a center bar removably engaged to a window assembly frame; the center bar having at least one deep channel to receive an edge of at least a first window pane within a portion of a channel depth on a first side and having at least a second channel on a second side of the center bar to receive an edge of a second window pane; and the center bar lowerable over the first window pane edge when disconnected to the frame to a depth within the deep channel to allow the second window pane to be disengaged from the second channel.

Abstract: A modular system for cladding exterior walls of a structure and insulating the structure walls provides thermally isolated vertical girders secured to a structural wall. The thermally isolated vertical girders positionally maintain insulation adjacent the structure and provide a means for mounting exterior wall cladding to the structure. Planar wall panels carrying exterior wall cladding elements mount directly or indirectly to the vertical girders. Corner elements, carrying exterior corner cladding elements interconnect with the underlying system and visually appear to interconnect with adjacent edge portions of the planar wall panels.

Abstract: A wall block includes two finished wall material layers attached to a frame where the tops of the wall blocks are configured to support other wall blocks. Exterior wall blocks for constructing exterior walls include an interior wall material layer and an exterior wall material layer. Interior wall blocks include interior wall material layers on both vertical sides of the frame. Walls are formed by stacking and gluing the prefabricated wall blocks and vertically aligning the wall blocks in an offset or in a vertical configuration to form a stack bond, running bond, or offset running bond wall configuration. The interior wall material layers and exterior wall material layers do not require further finishing after a wall is assembled thereby greatly reducing labor costs.

Abstract: A lateral displacement preventing member is provided with a back-side locking piece that extends from a lower end of an upper fixing plate of the lateral displacement preventing member downward and parallel to a lower fixing plate. Thus, during disposition of the lateral displacement preventing member in a horizontal joint portion of exterior wall boards, the lateral displacement preventing member can be attached in a state in which an upper end portion of an upper horizontal portion of a first fastening member disposed in a vertical joint portion of the exterior wall boards is inserted in an inverted U-shaped groove formed by the back-side locking piece, an extended portion, and the lower fixing plate of the lateral displacement preventing member.

Abstract: A locking system for mechanical joining of rectangular floorboards having a body and long and short edges. Said locking system including a tongue and a groove for vertical locking of two joint short edges and for horizontal joining a locking groove formed in the underside of a first one of the short joint edges, and a portion projecting from the second short joint edge having a locking element cooperating with the locking groove. The tongue is arranged on the second short edge. The groove is arranged on the first short edge. The projecting portion is integrally formed with the board, by working of the body of the board.

Abstract: A plank, and system and method for joining surface-covering planks, which includes a disengageable connector(s) for detachably connecting multiple planks simultaneously are described. A plank can include a tongue-profiled edge and an opposite rib-profiled edge, and a disengageable connector can have a groove that can be mated with the tongue on one side edge of the plank, and also has a rib-receiving portion that alternatively can be mated with a downward extending rib on the opposite side edge of the plank. The plank can have a variety of designs on the other edges of the plank.

Abstract: An affordable, sustainable building, comprising substantially entirely mass-produced, prefabricated constituent parts manufactured off-site, the prefabricated constituent parts comprising a foundation, a frame module comprising a plurality of frames, wherein the frame module is secured to the foundation, a reversible connector to connect the plurality of frames to form the frame module, a wall panel configured to be mounted onto the frame module, a floor panel configured to be mounted onto the frame module, and a ceiling panel configured to be mounted on to the frame module. Each constituent part forms part of a library of parts from which the constituent parts are selected. The constituent parts are preferably made in standardized sizes to facilitate efficient mass production. The constituent parts are predominantly made of recyclable material so as to be environmentally friendly.

Abstract: Floorboards comprising a core and a surface layer with curved edge portions, which are formed by a compression of the core.

Abstract: Modular construction panels, systems, and methods of installation are set forth for use in creating buildings. A modular construction panel includes a panel having a height, opposed faces, and opposed generally vertical ends. In one embodiment, a keyway receiver is integral with the panel adjacent one of the ends, and a keyway spline is integral with the panel adjacent the other end. In another embodiment, a keyway receiver is integral with the panel adjacent one of the ends. In still another embodiment, a keyway receiver is integral with the panel adjacent one of the ends. One modular construction system includes first and second panels, each having: a height, opposed faces, opposed generally vertical first and second ends, a keyway receiver at the first end or one of the faces adjacent the first end, and a keyway spline at the second end or one of the faces adjacent the second end.

Abstract: A construction system using framing components in the shape of a double-Y member wherein two longitudinal members which are connected to form a right angle are then connected to one end of a third longer longitudinal member at the vertex of the pair. Another pair is connected at the other end of the longer member, thus forming a Y-shape at each end and wherein all five longitudinal members are co-planar. Multiple ones of these double Y elements are joined at the ends of the double Y, each double-Y element being rotated 90° before joining to the next one. The resulting construction yields a three dimensional framework which defines a repeating pattern of volumetric shapes which all fall into one of two categories: cubes and rhombicuboctahedrons (a 26 sided three dimensional shape which can be described as a cube which has been mitered at each corner and each edge).

Abstract: A protruding-head fastener is disclosed for joining two or more members. A protruding-head fastener includes a head that protrudes when the fastener is installed and shaped to rotationally couple with a drive tool, and a shank fixedly coupled with the protruding head and having a self-tapping threaded portion and a maximum diameter. The protruding head and the shank define a longitudinal axis through the fastener. The protruding head has a length along the longitudinal axis and a maximum width transverse to the longitudinal axis such that the length divided by the maximum width defines an aspect ratio for the protruding head that is equal to or greater than 1.0. The protruding head further has a minimum width that is greater than the maximum diameter of the shank. In many embodiments, the minimum width of the protruding head exceeds 1.2 times the maximum diameter of the shank.

Abstract: A system for constructing building consisting of connected T-beams for walls and roof. To create the T shape the system uses blocks of rigid insulation as forming, which are embedded in the poured-in-place concrete. These blocks serve to insulate the structure. The final structure is a monolithic box where the foundation, (101, 102), and (103) is the lower face, walls are the vertical faces of the box, attached to the foundation by dowels (104) to the walls reinforcement part (105) and the roof (118, 119, 120), and (121) is the top. This results in a sturdy structure with integrated high insulation (111) and (122) in walls and roof. Metal nailers (123) with the polystyrene foam strips (124) can be embedded in the ends of the T-beam stems. These nailers ease the insertion of screws to wall and ceiling interiors, allowing the building interior to be finished with gypsum board or paneling.

Abstract: A method is provided for reinforcing concreted plates in the region of support elements with reinforcement elements, which are each composed of a longitudinally stable, bendable, strap-like base body with two loops. A bore is made in the concreted plate for each reinforcement element. The end region of the bore remote from the pressure-side surface of the concreted plate is drilled out and the one loop of the reinforcement element is pressed together and is led through the bore until this loop has reached the drilled-out hole and expands. The bore is filled with a mortar-type mass. The other loop of the reinforcement element is fixed with an anchor head, which supports itself on the pressure-side surface of the concreted plate.

Abstract: A tile aligning and leveling system that uses an under tile base re-usable upright connecting tab, which is detachably connected to said under tile base, a re-usable flexible edge slotted cap configured to slip over the connecting tab and latch thereto as the cap is slid further down the connecting tab. The cap has an edge slot so that the connecting tab can be separated from the cap, by merely sliding the cap, so that the connecting tab passes through the slot. A flexible spring-like portion of the cap provides increased force on the tile even if undesired elongation of the connecting tab occurs.

Abstract: A tile aligning and lippage tuning system that uses an under tile base reusable upright connecting tab, which is detachably connected to said under tile base, a reusable flexible edge slotted cap configured to slip over the connecting tab and latch thereto as the cap is slid further down the connecting tab. The cap has an edge slot so that the connecting tab can be separated from the cap, by merely sliding the cap, so that the connecting tab passes through the slot. A flexible spring-like portion of the cap provides increased force on the tile even if undesired elongation of the connecting tab occurs.

Abstract: Method and system for handling a plurality of hot-filled and capped containers having temporary deformations or distortions caused by vacuums induced therein. The deformations are confined or directed to a particular portion of the container. Annular hoop rings can be provided to confine the temporary deformations to a smooth sidewall portion of the container between the annular hoop rings. Alternatively, one or more supplemental vacuum panels can be provided to confine or direct the temporary deformation thereto. The annular hoop rings and the one or more supplemental vacuum panels can provide for substantially stable touch points for the container. The containers are conveyed with temporary deformations such that substantially stable contact points of each container are in contact with corresponding substantially stable contact points of other containers. After the conveying, a moveable element it a bottom end of each container is activated substantially permanently to remove the vacuum.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a starter roll for a baler includes a continuous chevron-shaped rib provided on a contact surface of the starter roll. The rib may include a center portion arranged generally parallel to the longitudinal axis of the starter roll and outwardly and rearwardly extending wings. A plurality of ribs may be provided to form guide channels for guiding wrapping material that is provided to the bale and engaged by the starter roll outward to cover the edges of a bale and distribute the wrapping material over the lateral surface of the bale.

Abstract: A method of making a packaged dressing involves coating a pattern of detachable high tack pressure sensitive adhesive on a cover material such that the cover material includes a tackless area; forming a release island on a backing material; and sandwiching a dressing between the cover material and the backing material such that the adhesive on the dressing abuts the release island, and the pattern of adhesive on the cover material adheres to and supports the dressing along its extent except for the portion overlying the tackless area and hermetically seals the dressing within the package.

Abstract: A lifting girdle apparatus for enhancing the performance of a harness racing horse includes a lifting girdle affixed to a harness and sulky at two points on each side of the horse with a clip that attaches to the harness, behind approximately the front quarter of the horse, and with a securing strap that runs vertically towards and around the shaft of the sulky. The securing strap is preferably made to be adjustable, for example by constructing the securing strap as a belt and utilizing a belt buckle. The ability to adjust the distance between the attachment clips and the lifting girdle allows for a trainer to configure the lifting girdle device apparatus for different sized horses for producing an optimum setting for horses of almost any size.

Abstract: An equine training apparatus used in conjunction with: 1) a bridle supporting a bit, 2) a noseband, 3) riding reins connected to the bit, and 4) a breastplate, the apparatus comprising a head communication assembly comprising a cord member having a first end attached to a first O-ring, a second end attached to a second O-ring and noseband connection means between said first end and said second end and dividing said cord member into a first fork and a second fork; a sliding member in slidable engagement with said first fork and said second fork; and fork-body connection means for anchoring said sliding member to any of a breast plate, neckstrap, girth, cinch or the like. The sliding member acts as a pulley about which at least one fork is disposed and, when anchored to body tack via fork-body connection means provides a pivot point about which each fork may act; the sliding member effectively divides force applied through the reins into a mouth force component and a nose force component.

Abstract: A cordless mower includes a deck, a rechargeable battery, a blade for cutting grass, a blade motor and a drive motor. The deck is supported by front and rear wheels and has a top side, a bottom side, a front end and a rear end. The rechargeable battery is supported on the deck. The blade is on the bottom side of the deck and is coupled with a blade motor. The drive motor is connected to the rear wheels for driving said rear wheels to move the mower. The drive motor is located in a chamber at the rear of the mower adjacent the rear wheels. The chamber has an opening therein to allow air to flow through.

Abstract: A rotary cutter for a mower has a cord for cutting grass and the like by rotating itself; a reel for housing the cord and feeding the cord while intermittently rotating; a case for housing the reel; a cover for covering the case; and a pressing body protruding from the case. The pressing body is axially movable by being pressed, and intermittently rotating the reel. The reel and the pressing body are integrally constructed. Concave grooves for inserting the cord are provided in the reel in a radial direction and the cord is wound by fitting it to the concave grooves.

Abstract: Systems and methods for collecting yard waste, and a collection apparatus for receiving the yard waste, are provided. A yard waste collection system for connection with a tractor, the system which optimizes air flow comprising a collection apparatus including a cage suspension frame, a plurality of collapsible portions, and at least a rigid bottom portion, the rigid bottom portion having a drop door that opens and closes relative to the cage suspension frame to allow access to an interior space of the collection apparatus; a cage suspension frame operably connected to the tractor, the collection apparatus being pivotably suspended from the cage suspension frame; and a conduit for allowing passage of yard waste ejected from the tractor to the interior space of the collection apparatus.

Abstract: A steel cord (30) with a high elongation at break of at least 5% comprises n strands (20), each of said strands (20) has m filaments (10) twisted together, n ranges from 2 to 7. m ranges from 2 to 9. The strands and the filaments are twisted in a same direction. The lay length of the cord is Lc and the lay length of said strand is Ls. The ratio of Ls to Lc (Ls/Lc) ranges from 0.25 to 1. Lc ranges from 16 mm to 26 mm. The strands are helically preformed. The E-modulus of the cord is more than 150000 N/mm2. The helical preforming of the strands allows to obtain a high elongation at break and a high E-modulus despite its long lay length Lc.

Abstract: Apparatus and a method for producing a yarn, the apparatus and method comprising a reciprocating twisting stage, the reciprocating twisting stage comprising one or more twist rollers that rotate along an axis of rotation and that are arranged to move reciprocally along the axis of rotation to impart twist to one or more slivers to form twisted strands; and a drive system for one or more take up holders, the drive system arranged to have wound onto the one or more take up holders the yarn after two or more strands are twisted together to form the yarn. The drive system is arranged to drive the one or more take up holders such that the linear speed at which the yarn is wound onto the one or more take up holders can be controlled relative to the linear speed at which the strands exit the one or more twist rollers.

Abstract: A retractable deflector to deflect birds and debris from an air intake duct of an aircraft jet engine. The duct has a central longitudinal axis and a forward opening for air receipt. The deflector includes a plurality of elongate first support members disposed on the duct having leading ends which extend from a perimeter of the opening, mounted for movement to extend and retract the leading ends. A second support member is coupled to these leading ends to retain them in spaced relation. The second support member is extendible in length and configured to hold the leading ends of the first support members sufficiently close together to cause the first support members to deflect at least one of a bird and debris when deployed, and to allow the leading ends to maintain a spaced-apart relation along a line which approximately corresponds to the perimeter of the duct when retracted.

Abstract: An exhaust flue is provided for use with a gas turbine engine. The exhaust flue is oriented to channel exhaust gases from a core engine of the gas turbine engine. The exhaust flue includes a radiating portion positioned within an air inlet of the gas turbine engine. The radiating portion is oriented to emit infrared radiation towards an air filter assembly within the air inlet.

Abstract: A fuel valve for a turbine engine, the valve has a fuel inlet connected to a supply of fuel and a purge inlet connected to a supply of purge air. Opening and closing apparatus within the valve selectively supplies air or fuel to a valve outlet. The opening and closing apparatus are movable in sequence from a first position where both the purge air and fuel to the outlet is disabled to a second position where the purge air is enabled and the fuel is disabled to a third position where the purge air is disabled and the fuel is enabled.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a mechanical system and method that modulates airflow in an aircraft inlet diffuser that is used in conjunction with an aircraft engine that integrates both a center turbine engine and a high Mach engine such as a constant volume combustor (CVC) arrangement or ramjet arrangement with intakes formed co-centrically about the turbine. The modulation system uses two articulating components, a movable air flow duct and an articulating cone. The air flow duct, in a first position, is in exclusive air flow communication with the circular intake face of the turbine in a first position to receive air from the intake diffuser. In this configuration the expandable cone is in a retracted position and does not redirect airflow and allows the aircraft to operates in low speed mode as only the turbo jet receives airflow. In a transition speed mode, the air flow duct is retracted to allow air flow to both the turbo jet and the CVC.

Abstract: A bellows includes a flexible section including a series of convolutions extending between a first end and a second end. The convolutions are formed of a nano-grained aluminum alloy.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine includes: an exhaust heat collector, in which exhaust gas exchanges heat with engine coolant, that heats the engine coolant; an EGR mechanism that recirculates a part of the exhaust gas to an intake passage through an EGR passage that branches from an exhaust passage; and an EGR cooler that cools the exhaust gas flowing through the EGR passage through heat exchange with the engine coolant supplied from the exhaust heat collector.

Abstract: A variety of embodiments of exhaust systems for engines including small off-road engines, and related methods of operation, are disclosed. In at least some embodiments, the exhaust system includes a first conduit that receives exhaust emissions from a first engine cylinder, and a second conduit that communicates air to a first port on the first conduit. The air mixes with the exhaust emissions within the first conduit so as to produce a chemical reaction, and a level of at least one undesirable component of the exhaust emissions is reduced. Further, the exhaust system does not include any catalytic converter. In some embodiments, the exhaust system further comprises a crankcase ventilation system.