Abstract: Disclosed herein is a once-through evaporator comprising an inlet manifold; one or more inlet headers in fluid communication with the inlet manifold; one or more tube stacks, where each tube stack comprises one or more inclined evaporator tubes; the one or more tube stacks being in fluid communication with the one or more inlet headers; where the inclined tubes are inclined at an angle of less than 90 degrees or greater than 90 degrees to a vertical; one or more outlet headers in fluid communication with one or more tube stacks; and an outlet manifold in fluid communication with the one or more outlet headers.

Abstract: A double-walled tube includes: a plurality of double-walled tube forming members, each having an inner tube and an outer tube, connected by welding at welding portions of axis direction end portions thereof; and each of the welding portions of the double-walled tube forming members including a groove having a length in an axis direction set to be equal to or greater than ½ of a width of a weld bead formed by the welding at the welding portion.

Abstract: Some aspects of the present disclosure relate to a sensor probe kit that has an electrical connection that ensures a sensor probe has been properly positioned in a boiler well. In some embodiments, the sensor probe kit has a seating mechanism that positively positions a sensor probe at a predetermined position within a boiler well. In many instances, the seating mechanism provides tactile feedback to an installer when the sensor probe is properly positioned within the boiler well. These features can help ensure the sensor probe is properly installed, and helps keep the sensor probe electrically connected to the well at all times after installation.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a once-through evaporator comprising an inlet manifold; one or more inlet headers in fluid communication with the inlet manifold; one or more tube stacks, where each tube stack comprises one or more substantially horizontal evaporator tubes; the one or more tube stacks being in fluid communication with the one or more inlet headers; one or more outlet headers in fluid communication with one or more tube stacks; an outlet manifold in fluid communication with the one or more outlet headers; and a plurality of flow control devices to dynamically control the fluid flow to a respective inlet header.

Abstract: A waste heat boiler has heat exchange tubes for indirect heat exchange of a relatively hot process gas and a cooling media, and a by-pass tube for by-passing a part of the process gas; a process gas collector collects and mixes a part of the heat exchanged process gas and at least a part of the by-passed process gas before the mix is lead via a control valve to the process gas outlet of the waste heat boiler together with the rest of the heat exchanged process gas.

Abstract: A portable engine configured to operate a working machine includes: an engine body mainly configured by a crankcase and a cylinder; a carburetor connected to an inlet port of the cylinder; an air cleaner connected to the carburetor to filter suction air; a cleaner box configured to accommodate the air cleaner; and a fuel tank configured to store fuel which is supplied to the cylinder, wherein at least a part of the fuel tank is located between the cleaner box and the engine body.

Abstract: [Problem] To obtain a thermostat device with which it is possible to dull the thermosensitivity of a thermo-element thermosensitive component to coolant water and better control the opening and closing of a main valve at a selected timing by means of an electrical heater. [Solution] A thermostat device (1) comprises: a piston (3); a cylinder container (4) which operates forward and reverse with respect to the piston and further comprises a flange valve which opens and closes a main flow path of coolant water; a thermal expansion body (W) which causes the cylinder container to operate forward and reverse upon the piston with a volumetric change commensurate with a temperature change within said cylinder container; and a thermo-element assembly body (10) which is disposed within the piston and further comprises a heat emitting element (H) which applies heat to the thermal expansion body by a supply of electricity.

Abstract: An engine oil system for an internal combustion engine comprises an electronic control module, an oil viscosity sensor, am engine oil cooler, and an oil cooler flow control valve. The oil viscosity sensor is disposed in communication with the electronic control module. The electronic control module determines a viscosity of oil within the engine oil system based upon an output of the oil viscosity sensor. The oil cooler flow control valve is disposed in communication with the electronic control module. The oil cooler flow control valve is positionable between an open and closed position to regulate coolant flow to the engine oil cooler based upon an output of the electronic control module. The electronic control module moves the oil cooler flow control valve based upon the determined viscosity of the oil.

Abstract: A vehicle has at least one component which is cooled by a cooling air mass flow delivered from a conveying device such as a fan or a spoiler. A nominal value is predetermined for the cooling air mass flow which, for an assumed maximum thermal loading of the component, cools adequately for operation of the component. A control device controls an intensity of the cooling air mass flow and dimensions it, taking into consideration thermal demands of the component at least in an upper driving speed range, such that a sum of a power consumption of the component, of the conveying device and of a portion of a traction power of the vehicle that is allotted to the delivery of the cooling air mass flow is smaller than a sum of the power consumption of the component, the conveying device and the portion that is allotted to the delivery of the cooling air mass flow at the predetermined nominal value thereof, of a traction power of the vehicle.

Abstract: Systems and methods for modifying oil pressure for a variable cam timing system are provided. In one example approach, a method comprises, in response to an operating condition, adjusting a valve coupled to a hydraulic variable camshaft timing actuator to initiate camshaft phasing and adjusting an oil pressure supplied to the valve based on a camshaft phaser position. If a camshaft phaser locking pin is in a home position, the method may further comprise reducing the oil pressure supplied to the valve for a predetermined time interval to a threshold amount to unlock the locking pin but not move the camshaft phaser and then increasing the oil pressure supplied to the valve to move the camshaft phaser.

Abstract: A valve timing control apparatus including a housing, a vane rotor rotatable relative to the housing toward a phase-advance side and a phase-retard side, a first lock member and a second lock member disposed on the vane rotor, a first lock concave portion disposed on the housing so as to be engaged with a tip end portion of the first lock member, a second lock concave portion disposed on the housing so as to be engaged with a tip end portion of the second lock member, and a communication passage formed in the vane rotor and serving to always establish fluid communication between the first and second lock concave portions.

Abstract: A camshaft adjuster (1) is disclosed that has a spring (4) that is supported by spring supports (5), and these spring supports (5) have lubricant reservoirs (6) for the lubrication of the contact area between the spring wire (10) and the spring support (5).

Abstract: A camshaft adjuster (1) is provided with a restoring spring (4) having a spring end (6) for support on the driven element (3) that has a wavelike shape.

Abstract: A camshaft adjuster (31) for an internal combustion engine, including a drive pinion (33) that can be connected rotationally fast to a crankshaft, a driven pinion (1) with an inner gearing (5) and arranged for rotation relative to the drive pinion (33) about an axis of rotation (37) as well as an adapter (13) that is arranged on an inner circumference (3) of the driven pinion (1) and through which the driven pinion (1) can be connected rotationally fast to a camshaft. For this purpose, the adapter (13) is fixed via the inner gearing (5) on the inner circumference (3) of the driven pinion (1). A fixing of this type enables manufacturing of a camshaft adjuster (31) with the lowest possible complexity of fabrication and correspondingly low costs.

Abstract: A controller for an internal-combustion engine 1 has an intake cam 13L for a low load operation and an intake cam 13H for a high load operation. The controller switches the intake cam used to actually open/close an intake valve 8 and changes the phase angle of each intake cam according to the load on an internal-combustion engine while the internal-combustion engine 1 is in operation. At a startup of the internal-combustion engine 1, the controller holds the intake cam 13H for a high load operation as the intake cam that actually opens/closes the intake valve 8, and changes the phase angle of the intake cam 13H according to the temperature of the internal-combustion engine 1 and/or the temperature of the atmosphere.

Abstract: A variable cam timing phaser with a control valve for directing fluid from a fluid input to and from the advance chamber and the retard chamber of the phaser through an advance line, a retard line, a common line, an advance default line, a retard default line, and at least one exhaust line. The control valve being movable between a default mode and an oil pressure actuated mode. In the default mode, the control valve blocks exhaust lines, retaining fluid within the chambers. The oil pressure actuated mode includes at least an advance mode, a retard mode, and a holding position.

Abstract: A system for an engine drive that engages a timing band with a first camshaft, a driveshaft and a crankshaft is provided. The system further includes a gear drive including a first gear coupled to the driveshaft and a second gear coupled to a second camshaft. The second camshaft is positioned between the first camshaft and the driveshaft such that the shafts are horizontally coplanar.

Abstract: A valve train mechanism of an internal combustion engine including a cylinder head formed with an intake port and an exhaust port, and a camshaft including a valve for opening or closing the intake port and the exhaust port formed in the cylinder head of the engine, a cam mounted to the camshaft so as to be rotated together, and a rocker arm supported on a rocker shaft to be swingable, in which the valve is opened or closed by swinging the rocker arm by rotation of the cam. The rocker shaft is formed with an oil passage, inside the rocker shaft, extending in an axial direction and with an oil outlet communicating with the oil passage and extending in a radial direction of the rocker shaft.

Abstract: The present disclosure refers to a fuel free of emulsifiers, wherein the fuel may be an emulsion of (a) at least one of a mineral oil, synthetic oil, or natural oil in (b) a pyrolysis oil with a percent weight ratio, (a):(b), of 1 to 15:99 to 85. The Sauter Mean Diameter of droplets of (a) in the emulsion may be 1 micrometer to 15 micrometers. An internal combustion engine system may comprise a reservoir for pyrolysis oil and a reservoir for at least one of a mineral oil, synthetic oil, or natural oil, and a homogenizer configured to provide an emulsion from said oils. The homogenizer may include an inlet connected with said reservoirs and an outlet. The system may also comprise an internal combustion engine which may include at least one combustion chamber, wherein the outlet of the homogenizer may be connected to the internal combustion engine.

Abstract: Engine starting device, including: a crank signal generation unit (13); and an engine control unit (10) for identifying a predetermined crank position of a crankshaft, and starting the engine, in which the engine control unit estimates, in a course of stopping the engine when a stop condition for the engine is established, based on an engine rpm at the identified predetermined crank position, whether or not the engine rotates backward before reaching the predetermined crank position for a next time, and after estimating that the engine rotates backward, sets an inhibition range which is prescribed from a starter drive inhibition start timing to a starter drive inhibition reset timing, and a permission range which is other than the inhibition range, and when the restart condition is established during rotation of the engine, inhibits restart in the inhibition range and carries out the restart in the permission range.

Abstract: An ignition device for an internal combustion engine includes: a voltage generator having a coil, an electronic module, and a housing having a housing wall, the housing wall having a first planar wall area and a second planar wall area and a connecting area connecting the first and the second planar wall areas, a cooling area being provided between the first planar wall area and the second planar wall area, which cooling area is connected to an external surrounding area and provides cooling of the first and second planar wall areas, and the planar wall areas dividing the housing into a first space, in which the coil is situated, and a second space, in which the electronic module is situated.

Abstract: The present invention comprises a rotary valve apparatus for internal combustion engines having a cylindrical outer casing, an inlet port and an outlet port on an outer wall thereof. The cylindrical outer casing having a bottom opening and dimensioned and configured to be secured over an engine cylinder. An inner rotor having a shaft with a first end and a second end, and a lower circular member at the second end. The first end having a plurality of vertical splines and the lower circular member having a cutout portion, a circular end cap having an inlet port and an outlet port disposed within the bottom opening of the outer casing. The inner rotor rotatably mounted on the circular end cap wherein the cutout portion can align with the inlet port or the outlet port and a gear assembly rotating the inner rotor.

Abstract: A semifinished product blank, suitable for the production of a steel piston (1) for internal combustion engines having cylinder crankcases made of light metal alloys. Such a steel piston (1) has at least one upper piston part (4) which has a combustion recess (2) and an annular wall (3), and a lower piston part (4?) which has a piston skirt (5) and a connecting rod bearing (6). The semifinished product blank is made of an austenitic steel, that is stabilized with Ni, Mn and N and that has a thermal expansion coefficient in a range of 16 to 21×10?6 K?1. Also disclosed is a steel piston, which at least has a piston skirt (5) made of an austenitic steel that is stabilzed with Ni, Mn, N. The piston skirt (5) has a thermal expansion coefficient in a range of 16 to 21×10?6 K?1.

Abstract: A piston and method of construction are provided. The piston includes a piston body having an upper combustion surface configured for direct exposure to combustion gases within a cylinder bore with an undercrown surface located beneath the upper combustion surface. The piston body also includes a ring belt region configured for receipt of at least one piston ring adjacent the upper combustion surface with a cooling gallery configured radially inwardly and in substantial radial alignment with the ring belt region. The piston further includes a non-stick material contained in or bonded to at least one of the undercrown surface and at least a portion of the cooling gallery, wherein the non-stick material inhibits the build-up of carbon deposits thereon.

Abstract: A detachable power head (200) and a detachable equipment (500, 900) provided for hand held applications; such as a trimmer, blower, etc. The power head includes an internal combustion engine and a ring on the housing and a matching ring on the power equipment for easy attachment of the power head to the equipment.

Abstract: A lubricant heat exchanger may include a mounting portion and a heat exchanger portion. The mounting portion may be configured to engage a first end of a lubricant filter and may include a fluid passage in fluid communication with the lubricant filter. The heat exchanger portion may extend from the mounting portion and may be configured to at least partially surround a circumferential surface of the lubricant filter. The mounting portion may engage the first end of the lubricant filter and provide fluid communication between the heat exchanger portion and the lubricant filter. The heat exchanger portion may include a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet. The fluid inlet and outlet being fluidly isolated from the lubricant filter.

Abstract: A device comprises an engine including a crank shaft with a first end portion, a generator motor including a rotor shaft with a second end portion, a flywheel with first and second connection portions connected to the first and second end portions respectively, and a fastening member. At least one of the connection portions constitutes an alignment connection portion. The first or second end portion constitutes an alignment end portion. One of the alignment connection portion and the alignment end portion includes a concave portion having an alignment inner surface, and the other includes a convex portion having an alignment outer surface. One surface of the alignment inner and outer surfaces is a tapered surface. The fastening member fastens the alignment connection portion and the alignment end portion to each other to bring a tip end of the other surface into pressure contact with the tapered surface.

Abstract: The high-pressure spark and stratification ignition device (2) for an internal combustion engine (1) includes: a stratification valve (20) closing the end of a stratification conduit (23), opening into the combustion chamber (9) of the internal combustion engine (1), and connecting the latter to a stratification chamber (24); a spark plug (25) housed in the stratification valve (20); a stratification actuator (27) responsible for lifting the stratification valve (20); a stratification line (28) connecting the stratification chamber (24) to the outlet of a stratification compressor (29); a stratification fuel injector (33); and elements for recirculating previously cooled exhaust gases (40).

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for reducing variability in air-fuel control due to variations in brake booster vacuum levels at an engine start. A throttle position is adjusted during an engine start based on the vacuum availability in the brake booster to control a rate of intake aircharge flow. By allowing aircharge to enter the intake manifold at a more consistent rate, air-fuel control is improved and exhaust emissions are reduced.

Abstract: There is provided an idling stop device. An ECU sets a lighting color index by recognizing a lighting color of a traffic light in front of a vehicle based upon external environment captured by an onboard camera, sets a distance index based upon a distance between the traffic light and a vehicle just in front of the vehicle, and sets a brake index based upon whether a brake lamp of the vehicle just in front of the vehicle is turned on or not. The ECU adds up these indices to obtain an ISS general index, sets a basic ISS speed based upon the ISS general index, and sets an ISS start speed based upon the basic ISS speed and a mode-based coefficient set based upon an engine mode.

Abstract: An engine control method includes: a step of running the engine in a forward direction by driving a motor that applies a torque to a crank of the engine in the forward direction in a case where the crank angle of the engine does not lie in the first section; a step of removing any load from the motor in a case where the crank angle of the engine lies in the first section; a step of braking the motor in a case where it is determined in the sixth step that the crank angle of the engine lies in the second section; and a step of running the engine in the forward direction by driving the motor in the forward direction in a case where it is determined that there is the request for restart of the engine.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for improving fuel usage while addressing knock by adjusting the use of spark retard and direct injection of a knock control fluid based on engine operating conditions and the composition of the injected fluid. One or more engine parameters, such as EGR, VCT, boost, throttle position, and CMCV, are coordinated with the direct injection to reduce torque and EGR transients.

Abstract: A method for actuating an element (22) in the air supply tract (29) of an internal combustion engine (19), characterized in that the element (22) is actuated such that it opens the air supply tract (29) before the pinion (10) engages into the toothed ring (16) of the internal combustion engine (19).

Abstract: A chainsaw includes: an engine unit; a fuel supplying device configured to supply fuel to the engine unit; and an engine chamber defining portion defining an engine chamber therein. The engine unit includes: a cylinder unit housing a piston therein; a crankshaft configured to be driven by the piston; and a crank case configured to support the cylinder unit and house the crankshaft therein. The cylinder unit is accommodated in the engine chamber. The engine chamber defining portion has a partitioning portion interposed between the cylinder unit and the fuel supplying device and is formed with a first engine chamber venthole and a second engine chamber venthole adjacent to the cylinder unit for achieving ventilation between the engine chamber and atmosphere.

Abstract: A method and a control unit are disclosed for controlling an internal combustion engine having fuel injector(s), a camshaft for actuating inlet and/or outlet valve(s), a valve-train adjusting device for controllably changing the actuating characteristic of at least one valve which is actuated by means of the camshaft, and optionally having a camshaft sensor which supplies a camshaft signal dependent on the camshaft angle, a crankshaft sensor which supplies a crankshaft signal representing the crankshaft angle, and a control unit for controlling the fuel injection and the valve-train adjusting device. In order to obtain information about the current setting of the valve-train adjusting device, at least one cylinder pressure signal supplied by a cylinder pressure sensor for measuring the pressure in an associated cylinder is evaluated with regard to interference signals, and the evaluation result is taken into consideration in the control of the valve-train adjusting device.

Abstract: A method and a control unit are disclosed for controlling a single-cylinder or multiple-cylinder internal combustion engine having at least one fuel injector per cylinder, at least one camshaft for actuating inlet valves and/or outlet valves, and having a control unit which controls the fuel injectors in such a way that they inject in each case one fuel pre-injection per cylinder during a starting phase of the internal combustion engine. In order to make an improved pre-injection strategy possible during the starting phase, according to the invention at least one cylinder pressure signal which is supplied by a cylinder pressure sensor for measuring the pressure in a cylinder is evaluated with regard to interference signals, and the evaluation result is taken into consideration at least during the starting phase in a determination of the camshaft angle.

Abstract: An intake device of an engine comprises an intake manifold of a four-cylinder inline engine and a water-cooling type of intercooler. The intake manifold includes a downstream branch pipe portion connecting to cylinders, a chamber portion connecting to the downstream branch pipe portion, and an upstream intake pipe portion connecting to the chamber portion. A rectangular opening portion having a vertically-long shape is formed at the upstream intake pipe portion. The intercooler includes an intercooler body portion having a pair of faces which has the widest face-area and faces to each other in an engine width direction. The intercooler body portion is installed in the chamber portion, by being inserted through the rectangular opening portion, so as to divide an inside of the chamber portion into two parts in the engine width direction thereby.

Abstract: A condensation collection system for an internal combustion engine having an exhaust gas recirculation system comprises a condensation collection line, a condensation accumulator, and a condensation expulsion line. The condensation collection line is disposed in fluid communication with an air intake system of an internal combustion engine. The condensation accumulator is in fluid communication with the condensation collection line. The condensation collection line being disposed between the air intake system and the condensation accumulator. The condensation expulsion line is in fluid communication with the condensation accumulator. A portion of the condensation expulsion line is disposed in contact with an engine exhaust pipe. The condensation expulsion line has an opening to vent condensation to the atmosphere.

Abstract: A method for monitoring an exhaust gas sensor coupled in an engine exhaust is provided. In one embodiment, the method comprises indicating exhaust gas sensor degradation based on characteristics of a distribution of extreme values of a plurality of sets of lambda differentials collected during selected operating conditions. In this way, the exhaust gas sensor may be monitored in a non-intrusive manner.

Abstract: A method of monitoring an exhaust gas sensor coupled in an engine exhaust is provided. The method comprises indicating exhaust gas sensor degradation based on a difference between a first set of estimated parameters of a rich operation model and a second set of estimated parameters of a lean operation model, the estimated parameters based on commanded lambda and determined lambda values collected during selected operating conditions. In this way, sensor degradation may be indicated with data collected in a non-intrusive manner.

Abstract: In a method for operating an internal combustion engine having multiple combustion chambers and an injector for injecting fuel associated with at least one combustion chamber, an excess air factor which is individual for each combustion chamber is adjusted for the at least one combustion chamber, and a torque which is individual for each combustion chamber is ascertained for the at least one combustion chamber. A control period of the injector is adapted for the injector by ascertaining a valve opening period in such a way that tolerances of the injector are at least essentially compensated for with respect to a relationship between the control period and the valve opening period.

Abstract: A backward momentum generating device with coupled spring biased rod mechanism, being disposed through an internal wall settled between a housing and a stop wall of a toy gun, is disclosed. While a piston in the housing produces compressed air, a weight of the backward momentum generating device is pushed along a moving direction of the reciprocating motion of the piston, produces a reaction force, and results in an effect of a backward momentum applied to the housing of the toy gun. The coupled spring biased rod mechanisms include at least one front-section spring biased rod and at least one back-section spring biased rod, wherein the back-section spring biased rod is moveably disposed through a hollow channel formed in the weight of the toy gun.

Abstract: A blow gun assembly allows the rapid continuous firing of multiple soft, cylindrical projectiles using a single breath. The assembly includes at least one soft cylindrical projectile with a height generally equal to or slightly greater than its diameter, and a centrally-located breech in fluid communication with a mouthpiece, a vertical magazine, and a barrel. Projectiles loaded into the magazine enter a breech chamber by gravity. Upon receiving a charge of air through the mouthpiece, the projectiles travel successively through the breech chamber and out through the barrel in rapid fashion. Sizing of the magazine, breech chamber, and barrel, relative to the projectile, causes the projectiles to flow through the blow gun in continuous succession without jamming, with projectiles being rotated within the breech chamber to properly align with the barrel.

Abstract: A device for setting up a control element for controlling the gas pressure of a coke oven chamber without expansion-induced deviations of the control assembly, which deviations in comparable devices from the prior art result from high temperatures and temperature differences in coke oven chambers during operation. The device and the method prevent water used for shutting off, cooling and removing water-soluble impurities from riser pipes from flowing out of the control element in an uncontrolled manner. Also disclosed is a method for controlling the gas pressure of a coke oven chamber using the device, wherein the pressure in the coke oven chamber relative to the collecting main conducting raw gas is controlled by using the control element without expansion-induced deviations of the regulating assembly.

Abstract: A windscreen configured for use with a backpacking type of stove and a cooking container. The windscreen more effectively and efficiently directs the heat from the stove to the sides of the container so as to utilize less fuel to warm the materials therein, thereby reducing the weight to be carried by the user. In one embodiment, a plurality of adjustable lower vents selectively partially or fully open to control the wind allowed into the interior area of the windscreen so as to better transfer heat from the stove to the sides of the container. In another embodiment, adjustable support tabs at the upper end of the windscreen allow the user to adjust air flow out of the windscreen. In yet another embodiment, the upper end of the windscreen engages the sides or lip of the cooking container and air flows from the interior area through upper vent holes.

Abstract: Heating units, drug supply units and drug delivery articles capable of rapid heating are disclosed. Heating units comprising a substrate and a solid fuel capable of undergoing an exothermic metal oxidation reaction disposed within the substrate are disclosed. These heating units can be actuated by electrical resistance, by optical ignition or by percussion. Drug supply units and drug delivery articles wherein a solid fuel is configured to heat a substrate to a temperature sufficient to rapidly thermally vaporize a drug disposed thereon are also disclosed.

Abstract: A solar collection device includes a solar energy collector assembly being received and supported by a base. The solar energy collector assembly includes: a plurality of lenses secured within an elongated holder. Positioned concentric to the axis of the holder is a cylindrical glass shroud through which a tube passes. A first end of the tube, which is preferably formed of a high thermally transmissive metal, receives a supply of water, which is heated within the evacuated glass shroud by sunlight passing through the lenses and being focused onto the tube. The solar collector assembly is rotatably mounted to the base and may be caused to rotate at a slow speed by a drive means, or may be rocked at a slow speed. The elongated holder may be cylindrical, or may have a polygonal cross-sectional shape, with lenses staggered along each side of the holder to increase collection capability.

Abstract: Various embodiments provide an absorber tube that comprises an inner tube having an exterior surface, at least a portion of which contains a plurality of coating layers. The absorber tube also includes an outer tube spaced apart from the inner tube so as to define a cavity between the two. At least one of the coating layers may be configured to substantially impede migration of gaseous particles from the interior surface and into said cavity. At least one of the coating layers may be a reflective copper coating that is adhered to the exterior surface via an electrical charging process. An absorber tube comprising a connecting member between central and end portions of the tube is also provided. The central portion may be formed from carbon steel, while remaining portions are formed from stainless steel. Coating layers may be likewise adhered to only the central portion.

Abstract: A heat transfer medium is used in solar thermal power plants. The heat transfer medium can reversibly absorb and release water. The heat transfer medium releases water during heating and releases heat during re-absorption of the water.

Abstract: Several systems of thermally stable inorganic salts with low melting points are disclosed. These compositions include earth-abundant salt materials and can have thermal stability limits greater than 700° C.