Abstract: Provided is a substrate processing apparatus. The substrate processing apparatus includes a chamber where processes with respect to a substrate are carried out, a substrate support on which the substrate is placed, the substrate support being disposed within the chamber, and a showerhead in which an inlet for supplying reaction gas into the chamber and an outlet for discharging the reaction gas supplied into the chamber are symmetrically disposed. The reaction gas flows within the chamber in a direction roughly parallel to that of the substrate.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a physical vapor deposition system configured to heat a semiconductor substrate or wafer. In some embodiments the disclosed physical vapor deposition system comprises at least one heat source having one or more lamp modules for heating of the substrate. The lamp modules may be separated from the substrate by a shielding device. In some embodiments, the shielding device comprises a one-piece device or a two piece device. The disclosed physical vapor deposition system can heat the semiconductor substrate, reflowing a metal film deposited thereon without the necessity for separate chambers, thereby decreasing process time, requiring less thermal budget, and decreasing substrate damage.

Abstract: Provided is a dry coating apparatus for coating a coating material, i.e., deposition vapor (metal vapor) on a substrate (a steel strip). The dry coating apparatus includes a coating part disposed in a vacuum to coat deposition vapor generated through heating and evaporation of a supplied coating material onto a proceeding object to be coated and a heating source disposed in an atmosphere to heat and levitate the coating material in the coating part.

Abstract: A stage holds the substrate inside the vacuum chamber, gas supply device alternately supplies gases to the substrate, and exhaust device exhausts gases inside the vacuum chamber. The gas supply device has at least one ejection nozzle, disposed on one side of the stage, for ejecting the gases from one side of the substrate to the other side thereof and also along an upper surface of the substrate. In this case, that surface side of the substrate held by the stage on which the thin film is formed is defined as the upper side. The exhaust device includes: an exhaust port disposed to open through a lower wall of the vacuum chamber on the other side of the stage; an exhaust chamber disposed under the vacuum chamber in communication with the exhaust port; and a vacuum pump connected to the exhaust chamber to evacuate the exhaust chamber.

Abstract: A pet cover attached to an item of top bedding for a human and having access for a pet to enter under the pet cover. The pet cover may be permanently or releasably attached to the bed covering. The pet cover may be multi-layered fabric, including a water resistant fabric and/or fabrics impregnated with antibacterial, antimicrobial, pesticidal, or various other special purpose additives. Various shapes, attachments, and configurations are illustrated. The invention may be provided as a first kit with a bed covering for a human and multiple interchangeable pet covers. The invention may be provided as a second kit with user-installable fasteners for a legacy bed covering and one or more pet covers.

Abstract: A gate valve unit that can be used with existing wild animal feeders that have a spinning feed dispensing member. The invention typically includes two flat plate sliding gates that are solenoid actuated and are pulled closed by return springs. The spinning member and the sliding gates can be actuated together by either a timer or by a wireless command from a remote location. The unit can be equipped with a rechargeable battery optionally charged from a solar panel.

Abstract: An animal feed mechanism includes a manually operated slide valve interposed between a set of upper agitators and a set of lower screw conveyors. In some examples, two upper agitators are installed within a plastic funnel, and two lower screw conveyors are disposed within a metal auger housing. Each screw conveyor includes an auger driven by its own separate motor. Thus, there are two motors for rotating the two augers. The two motors can be energized individually to selectively rotate either auger or to rotate them concurrently. In some examples, a transmission coupling the two augers to the two agitators conveys power to rotate both agitators regardless of whether either one or both motor driven augers are operating.

Abstract: A cat litter box having a side wall defining an interior and a bottom surface within the interior formed from a main door and multiple secondary doors which form on opening. Each door includes a slat connected below the slatted edge on an underside thereof traveling most of a length of the slatted edge, and the doors are hingedly attached to the side wall of the housing. Provided is a means for manipulating the main door upwards and downwards such that the main free edge can be pushed against the slat of an adjacent one of the secondary doors to provide a downward force against each the secondary door to reveal the opening. In this manner, any contained soiled litter can periodically be dumped and the contents removed, resulting in an easy-to-use, sanitary cat litter box system.

Abstract: The present invention provides aquaculture assemblies for culturing oysters in deep waters and includes at least one structure adapted for culturing an aquacultural species; at least one floatation means; and at least one anchoring means connecting said floatation means to the sea bed; wherein said structure is connected to or comprises said floatation means or said floatation means comprises said structure; and wherein said assembly is adapted for supporting said at least one structure either: a) substantially above the water surface at low-tide, and at least substantially below the water surface at high-tide, or b) substantially just below the water surface at low-tide, and fully below the water surface at high-tide. Methods for culturing aquacultural species using assemblies according to the invention are also provided.

Abstract: A decorative water display includes a container for holding water, an art piece adapted to be immersed in the water, and a sound module mounted on the container operable to play a prerecorded audio recording through a speaker device. The water display may further include a light source, the light may further be varied in coordination with the audio recording to produce a synergistic artistic expression. The water display may comprise an aquarium. The invention also encompasses storing the audio recording on a removable memory component to accommodate different tastes.

Abstract: A multitrophic, inland aquaculture system allows for the cultivation of aquatic animals as a food source and the cultivation of algae for use as biofuel and biomass in a sustainable manner based on the symbiotic nature of the organisms grown. This unique process minimizes biological, energy, and water inputs to create a highly sustainable system by utilizing the cyclic conversion of oxygen to carbon dioxide and back to oxygen as well as using the biological waste from aquatic food organisms to provide nutrients for algae organisms for the benefit of both species. This enables the cultivation of food species in higher densities than previously possible, and eliminates the need to provide additional nutrients, water, and non-atmospheric carbon dioxide for algal growth.

Abstract: A garment to reduce an animal's anxiety, fearfulness, overexcitement, or a combination thereof. The garment may include a central portion and first, second, and third flaps. The first and second flaps extend from opposite sides of the central portion and the third flap extends from a central, inner surface area of the central portion. The inner surface is configured to be proximate to the animal's body. The flaps are configured to extend around the animal's mid-body such that the central portion and flaps form a shape conforming to the outside of the animal's mid-body. The third flap may be between the central portion, the second flap, or a combination thereof and the animal's body. The garment may apply pressure to the animal adequate to reduce anxiety, fearfulness, overexcitement, or a combination thereof in the animal.

Abstract: A system including a reductant tank, a receiver, a first valve, a reductant supply line, a plurality of sensors, and a controller is provided. The reductant tank is configured to store a reductant. The receiver is configured to receive a supply of the reductant from an off-board reservoir. The first valve is in communication with the reductant tank and is configured to control a reductant flow into the reductant tank. The reductant supply line is in fluid communication with the receiver and is configured to provide the reductant flow to the first valve. The plurality of sensors is configured to generate a signal. The controller is in communication with the plurality of sensors. The controller is configured to issue a command to a heating element to modulate a temperature of the reductant supply line based, at least in part, on the signal generated by the plurality of sensors.

Abstract: A portable, on-demand hydrogen generation system producing hydrogen and injecting the hydrogen into the air intake of internal combustion engines. Hydrogen and oxygen is produced with an electrolyzer from nonelectrolyte water in a supply tank. The hydrogen and oxygen is passed back thru the supply tank for distribution and water preservation. The gases are kept separate by a divider in the tank. The device is optionally powered by the vehicle battery, a stand alone battery, waste heat of the internal combustion engine or solar energy. The system utilizes a vacuum switch or other engine sensor that permits power to the device and therefore hydrogen production only when the engine is in operation.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine cylinder head has a coolant jacket with a first supply opening and a first discharge opening. A cylinder block coolant jacket has a second supply opening and a second discharge opening. A coolant circuit connects the discharge openings to the supply openings via a recirculation line and a heat exchanger. A control unit has an inlet connected to a pump outlet, a first outlet connected to the first supply opening, a second outlet connected to the second supply opening, and a single setting element. The setting element has a first working position that opens up the first outlet and blocks the second outlet such that the coolant circuit is activated through the cylinder head and is deactivated through the cylinder block. The setting element has a second working position that opens up both the first outlet and the second outlet.

Abstract: A forced air-cooled engine includes a crankcase, a cylinder block, a cylinder head, a cooling fan, and a shroud arranged to cover a portion of the crankcase, the cooling fan, and a portion of the cylinder block and a portion of the cylinder head. Fins are provided at least in a region of the cylinder block covered by the shroud. The shroud includes a facing wall portion that faces the fins . An exhaust opening is provided between the facing wall portion and the cylinder block, and opens away from the cooling fan.

Abstract: An engine includes a crankcase, a cylinder block, a cylinder head, a piston, a cooling fan, and a shroud having an inner wall portion and an outer wall portion. A suction port is provided in a region of the outer wall portion facing the cooling fan. The inner and outer wall portions define a duct extending from the suction port to reach at least a portion of the cylinder block and/or at least a portion of the cylinder head.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a combustion engine system having a balance arm, first and second sets of opposed combustion cylinders, and a set of opposed worked devices. The balance arm has a pivot point, and is configured so that an exploitable energy is taken from a kinetic energy of the balance arm. The first set of working combustion cylinders being interconnected by a common first piston rod that is connected to the balance arm. The second set of working combustion cylinders being interconnected by a common second piston rod that is connected to the balance arm so that the pivot point is between the first and second piston rods. The worked devices are interconnected by a common worked piston rod that is connected to the balance arm so that the worked devices are between the first and second sets of combustion cylinders.

Abstract: A starting system for an internal combustion engine comprising a pressure medium source, means for connecting the pressure medium source to at least two of the cylinders of the engine, a starting valve in connection with each cylinder that is connected to the pressure medium source for controlling the admission of the pressure medium into the cylinder, a control unit for controlling the operation of the starting valves, and an absolute rotary encoder for determining the crank angle of the engine. The system further comprises coupling means arranged between the engine and the absolute rotary encoder for releasably coupling the encoder to the engine. The invention also concerns a method for starting an internal combustion engine and an internal combustion engine.

Abstract: A cover (4) for covering an axial side of a rotor core (6) that is arranged in a camshaft adjuster (50) and has a passage bore (28) for holding a locking pin (30) with which the rotor core (6) can be secured against rotation relative to a stator (54) of the camshaft adjuster (50). The specified cover includes a base body (8) for axially covering at least one area of the rotor core (6) with the passage bore (28) and a support element (38) that is arranged on the base body (8) for the axial counter support of the locking pin (30).

Abstract: Variable valve timing apparatus includes eccentric valve actuator sleeves which surrounds each of the valve actuators. In a preferred embodiment, the pivoting sleeves act to change the position of the valve actuator axis related to the camshaft axis. In combination with roller style cam follower, a movement of the actuator axis in camshaft rotation direction it causes a delayed valve operation, meantime a movement of the actuator axis towards the camshaft rotation direction it causes a advanced valve operation mode.

Abstract: A finger follower having an inner and outer body and a torsional lost motion spring acting between the bodies is provided. A roller cam follower is connected to the inner body. The inner body is switchable from a fixed state, in which it moves with the outer body to transfer a cam lift to a valve stem, to a released state, in which the inner body can move relative to the outer body so that the cam lift is not transferred to the valve stem. A separate valve pallet that acts on the valve stem is press fit or otherwise rotationally fixed on a pivot pin connecting the inner and outer bodies.

Abstract: A valve operating mechanism includes a pin housing housed in a lash adjuster and a lash adjustment chamber. A sync pin is slidably received within the housing between an activating position and a deactivating position. A ball valve assembly is provided within the housing for communication with the chamber, and is moveable between an open position and a closed position. The valve operating mechanism is operable in an active mode and a deactive mode. In the active mode, the sync pin is in the activating position, a valve is in an active state and the valve operating mechanism is configured to adjust valve lash. In the deactive mode, the sync pin is in the deactivating position and the valve is in a deactive state. The valve operating mechanism is configured to generate valve lash to allow the operating mechanism to move between the active mode and the deactive mode.

Abstract: A diesel fuel composition comprising a performance enhancing additive, wherein the performance enhancing additive is the product of a Mannich reaction between: (a) an aldehyde; (b) a polyamine; and (c) an optionally substituted phenol; wherein the polyamine component (b) includes the moiety R1R2NCHR3CHR4NR5R6 wherein each of R1, R2 R3, R4, R5 and R6 is independently selected from hydrogen, and an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkylaryl or arylalkyl substituent.

Abstract: A cooling device for a laser spark plug. The cooling has a radially inner first contact area which is developed to establish a thermal contact to a housing of the laser spark plug via at least one first radially inner contact surface. The cooling device also has a radially outer second contact area which is developed to establish a thermal contact to a heat sink, in particular to an inner wall of a spark plug hole receiving the laser spark plug, via at least one first radially outer contact surface. A connector is provided, which is developed to establish a thermal contact between the first contact area and the second contact area. The cooling device is developed at least in part elastically in order to allow for a relative movement in a generally radial direction between at least the first contact surface and the second contact surface.

Abstract: A laser ignition system that is mounted on an internal combustion engine and that condenses a laser beam oscillated from a laser oscillator into an engine combustion chamber by using a condenser lens to generate a flame kernel with high energy and to perform ignition includes at least a highly-refractive optical element that refracts optical axes OPX1 to OPXn of plural laser beams oscillated from plural semiconductor lasers 5-1 to 5-n through a resonator to change traveling directions of the laser beams and a condenser device that condenses the laser beams refracted by the highly-refractive optical element on plural positions FP1 to FPn in the engine combustion chamber.

Abstract: One embodiment provides a recoil starter for starting an engine. The recoil starter includes: a starter case having a storage portion; a rope reel rotatably accommodated in the storage portion, a recoil rope being wound on the rope reel; a recoil spring interposed between the rope reel and the starter case within the storage portion; a cam portion rotatable concentrically with the rope reel and engageable with the engine; and a dust cover provided on an opening of the storage portion to cover the rope reel. The rope reel has concentric circular uneven portions formed on a surface thereof facing the engine, and the dust cover also has concentric circular uneven portions. Therefore, the circular uneven portions of the rope reel and the circular uneven portions of the dust cover fit with each other to provide a nest structure.

Abstract: A cylinder head assembly is provided. In one example, the cylinder head assembly includes a cylinder head, a cam cap coupled to the cylinder head having a component port, and a cam cover coupled to the cylinder head. The cylinder head assembly cylinder head assembly further includes a drainage passage including an inlet opening and an outlet extending through an exterior cylinder head surface.

Abstract: An engine piston has a connecting rod connected rigidly to the piston. At least one cavity is formed in the piston head, the cavity communicating in the region thereof close to the piston longitudinal axis with an oil supply line running through the connecting rod. The cavity is formed by a number of channels which run, preferably radially, in the piston head and are connected to one another in the circumferential region of the piston via an annular space or an annular line, and wherein a return line leading to the connecting rod is connected to the annular space or the annular line. The cavity or the channels forming the cavity and/or the return line are inclined at an angle of 1° to 4°, preferably 1° to 3°, to a plane perpendicular to the piston longitudinal axis.

Abstract: A first fuel charge having low reactivity (low cetane number) is injected into a rotary engine, e.g., a Wankel engine, sufficiently early during the intake stroke that a subsequent higher-reactivity injected fuel charge forms one or more stratified high-reactivity regions within the engine chamber. Compression ignition then begins at the high-reactivity regions and propagates to the lower-reactivity regions. Appropriate choice of the timings, quantities, and other parameters of the injections can allow control of the timing and rate of combustion, such that work output can be maximized, unburned fuel can be minimized, and chamber temperature can be controlled to reduce heat losses and NOx emissions. As a result, rotary engine efficiency can be enhanced while emissions are reduced. Since the invention can be implemented in a lightweight and compact rotary engine, it is well suited for use in hybrid and compact vehicles.

Abstract: A method for the combustion of a fuel-air mixture present in the combustion chamber of an engine cylinder. At least a part of the fuel, in particular all of the fuel, is introduced immediately prior to the ignition time with a mean fuel droplet size of ?20 ?m, preferably ?10 ?m, as defined by the mean Sauter diameter, in the direction of at least one ignition path situated in the central region of the piston crown (4), and the fuel-air mixture is ignited by way of one or a number of successive ignition sparks.

Abstract: A speed reduction method for a hand-carried engine-driven working machine is provided in which a speed reduction of an engine can be attained reliably and safely by preventing the occurrence of lean come-down phenomenon in such a state that the engine is operating in a practical revolution speed range. An acceleration is calculated based on a change in revolution speed, and when the acceleration becomes smaller than a predetermined threshold, an ignition timing is retarded by a desired amount based on a determination that the engine is being decelerated, and further, a fuel flow rate is also increased, whereby the decelerated state of the engine is maintained without fail, so that the occurrence of lean come-down phenomenon is prevented in the process of reducing the revolution speed of the engine.

Abstract: A throttle cable locking assembly (16) for a power tool (1), in which the power tool (1) includes a source of power (2) having an internal combustion engine, a machine implement (4) engaged to the source of power (2), and a throttle handle (6) connected to the internal combustion engine for regulating power supply to the machine implement (4). The throttle cable locking assembly (16) includes: a cable assembly (18), the cable assembly (18) including a throttle cable (20) extending from the internal combustion engine, an outer cable (30) extending from the internal combustion engine and enclosing a portion of the throttle cable (20), and an engagement member (36) carried by a first end portion of the outer cable (30); and an adjuster bolt capable of being engaged with the engagement member (36) provided on the first end of the outer cable (30). A locking case (48) is provided for securing one end of the adjuster bolt and a portion of the engagement member (36).

Abstract: A fuel supply device for an internal combustion engine including a throttle valve and an airbox is provided with a main injector disposed at a downstream side of the throttle valve, an auxiliary injector disposed at an upstream side of the throttle valve and in the airbox, and a delivery pipe disposed inside the airbox and adopted to supply and distribute a fuel to the auxiliary injector. The delivery pipe has both ends which are supported on two side walls of the airbox.

Abstract: A method for increasing a fatigue strength of a hollow body with respect to internal pressure and to such a hollow body itself. For this purpose, the hollow body has a plastic encapsulation which is applied in a sealing layer to a circumferential surface of the hollow body.

Abstract: A direct injector unit includes a fuel pipe and injectors fixed to the fuel pipe. The direct injector unit is assembled to a cylinder head by: mounting the cylinder head in a predetermined posture; holding the direct injector unit while positioning a reference injector and guiding remaining injectors such that their leading end portions are movable; and inserting the injectors into injector mounting holes of the cylinder head by relatively moving the direct injector unit toward the cylinder head in a state in which the reference injector is positioned with respect to a corresponding injector mounting hole.

Abstract: A pressure intensifier (64) is controlled by a control valve (ICV 66) to intensify pressure with which fuel is injected from an outlet port (40) of an injection device (20) into an engine cylinder in comparison to that at which fuel is introduced. A controller operates both a needle control valve (NCV 54) and the ICY valve during an engine cycle to cause: intensified pressure to be applied to fuel in the injector while the fuel outlet port is closed; then the outlet port to open while intensified pressure continues to be applied as fuel is injected; then while the outlet port remains open and fuel injection continues, the intensified pressure attenuates; then after the intensified pressure has attenuated, the outlet port is re-closed to terminate injection; and then the outlet port is re-opened and the attenuated pressure re-intensified to inject fuel at re-intensified pressure.

Abstract: Disclosed is a control device applied to an internal combustion engine provided with a fuel vapor treatment system for treating collected fuel vapor by purging the collected fuel vapor into intake air downstream from an air flowmeter (6) and an exhaust gas recirculation system for recirculating part of exhaust gas in the intake air using intake negative pressure. An electronic control unit (22) performs an advance correction corresponding to the exhaust gas recirculation quantity regarding the MBT ignition timing and the knock limit ignition timing, and corrects the volumetric efficiency of the internal combustion engine, which is used for the calculation of the advance correction quantity used for the advance correction, according to the purge air quantity.

Abstract: A trap canister is configured to capture fuel vapor contained in breakthrough gas discharged from an adsorbent canister. The trap canister has a housing defining an adsorption chamber therein, a breathable partition member disposed in the housing and dividing the adsorption chamber into a first chamber and a second chamber, an adsorbent filled in the first chamber and the second chamber, and a latent heal storage material tilled in the first chamber in a mixed manner with the adsorbent. The first chamber is configured to receive breakthrough gas, while the second chamber is configured to communicate with the atmosphere. The first chamber has a cross-sectional area larger than that of the second chamber.

Abstract: Various methods and systems are provided for diagnosing an engine component condition in an exhaust gas recirculation system. In one example, a method includes selectively routing exhaust from a subset of engine cylinders to an exhaust passage via a first valve and to an intake passage via a second valve, and obtaining one or more of a pressure or temperature from the subset of engine cylinders. The method further includes indicating an engine component condition based on the one or more of the pressure or temperature.

Abstract: A method of controlling cooling flow through a coolant system of an internal combustion engine having an electronic control module, a cooling throttle, an EGR cooler, and an interstage cooler is provided. A pressure within a coolant system is determined. A temperature within the coolant system is determined. A temperature of exhaust gas exiting an EGR cooler is determined. A temperature of intake air exiting an interstage cooler is determined. A position of a cooling throttle within the coolant system is adjusted based upon at least one of the determined pressure within the coolant system, temperature within the coolant system, temperature of exhaust gas exiting the EGR cooler, and temperature of intake air exiting an interstage cooler being above respective predefined thresholds to adjust fluid flow within the coolant system.

Abstract: One embodiment may include a bushing (100, 300) and a seal member (102, 104, 200, 302). The bushing may be located in a cavity (56) of a stationary body (46) of an engine breathing system valve (12). The bushing may be located around a moveable stem (48) of the engine breathing system valve in order to facilitate movement of the valve. The seal member may be located in the cavity and around the stem. The seal member may substantially prevent fluid-flow between an outer diametrical surface (76) of the stem and a confronting inner diametrical surface (120, 128, 202, 308) of the seal member.

Abstract: A distributorless ignition kit is provided for retrofitting an existing engine having a distributor mounted in a distributor opening. The distributorless ignition kit comprises a coil pack having a series of spark plug wire terminals. A mounting bracket is provided for mounting the coil pack to the engine or adjacent the engine. A modified crankshaft pulley having a series of circumferentially spaced timing notches is provided in the kit. Further, there is provided a VR sensor that is adapted to be mounted adjacent the modified crankshaft pulley. A bracket is provided for mounting the VR sensor adjacent the modified crankshaft pulley. In order to direct firing signals from the VR sensor to the coil pack, there is provided a VR sensor cord that connects the VR sensor and the coil pack.

Abstract: A control system for an internal combustion engine, wherein in the control system, an in-cylinder oxygen amount is calculated and a compression end temperature, which is a temperature of the pressurized air-fuel mixture, is calculated according to an intake air temperature. A fuel injection parameter is determined according to the compression end temperature, the in-cylinder oxygen amount, and an engine rotational speed. The fuel injector is controlled based on the determined fuel injection parameter. By determining the fuel injection parameter according to the compression end temperature in addition to the in-cylinder oxygen amount, the combustion state is adjusted when the compression end temperature is low, thereby maintaining a stable combustion state.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel pet ball launcher which uses a friction fit, scoop edges, and tuned tines or “fingers” which control the release of the ball and thus arc and distance thereof.

Abstract: Provided is a shot sensor hooping device for a paintball gun, wherein a shot sensor has an insertion portion and a top end ring. The insertion portion is connected to a receiving hole of a gun body. The shot sensor hooping device includes: a hooping ring disposed above the receiving hole of the gun body; an operation unit disposed on a side of the hooping ring; and a hooped portion disposed between the insertion portion and the top end ring of the shot sensor and corresponding in position to an inner wall of the hooping ring and enclosed therein. The shot sensor hooping device enables the coupling and decoupling of the shot sensor and the gun body to be performed easily and quickly without operating any tool by hand.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a striking apparatus of a paintball gun is provided. The striking apparatus is received in a receiving chamber of a gun body. The gun body has a screw-jointing hole for being screwed and fixed to the striking apparatus. The striking apparatus includes a sleeve, a striking unit, a valve, and a pressure adjuster. The striking unit and the valve are received in the sleeve in sequence, and then the pressure adjuster is screwed to the sleeve. Being a unitary structure, the striking apparatus can be separated from the gun body completely and directly, and thus is easy to disassemble, maintain, and assemble.

Abstract: A metal air plenum fitted to the inside walls of a solid fuel burning barbeque grill to provide lower temperatures of the outside walls of the grill and provide temperature enhancement of the flame at the heat source.

Abstract: An insulation system for a thermal oven. The insulation system comprises a cabinet and a liner positioned within the cabinet. The liner defines an oven cavity. The liner includes opposing sides, a top, a bottom, a front and a back. A layer of insulation is positioned between the cabinet and the outside of the opposing sides, top, bottom and back of the liner. The layer of insulation is positioned to create an air gap between the insulation and the opposing sides, top, bottom and back of the liner. The insulation has a thermal energy reflective facing attached to an interior surface facing the liner.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for aerating and deaerating an oven (1), which has at least two oven muffles (2, 3) disposed one above the other, the feed apertures (5, 6) of which are or can be closed in each case by a door (7, 8), comprising the following procedural steps: cooling air (L) is drawn off from an outside area surrounding the oven (1), and the drawn-off air (L) is blown at least partially into interior spaces (9, 10) of the doors (7, 8) and then blown out into the outside area after flowing through at least a part of the interior spaces (9, 10), wherein the drawn-off air (L) is blown into the upper door (7) in an upper section of that door (7) and flows substantially downward from above through the interior space (9) of the door (7), wherein the drawn-off air (L) is blown into the interior space (10) of the lower door (8) at a bottom end section thereof and flows substantially upward through the interior space (10) of the door (8), and that the air blown into the interior spaces (9, 10