Abstract: A system or a method for performing capacitive sensing of humidity/liquid, primarily in conductive or non-conductive liquid/gas mixtures, having a control unit and at least first and second sensor electrodes, the capacity between the first and the second electrodes being measured,. To measure humidity/liquid in a circulating gas/liquid mixture at least one of the sensor electrodes is formed as a tube which is placed in the liquid/gas mixture. Based on the capacitive measurements, a calculation of at least one dataset for control of a second system is performed. The tube can be more or less filled up with liquid or gas and the capacity can be measured as it depends on the content around or inside the tube, and if a dry gas is there will be one value of capacity and in a situation where the gas is being replaced by liquid, the capacity value will change rapidly.

Abstract: An air-conditioning system performance monitor measures the temperature of air on either side of the evaporator. Then a microcontroller means calculates the temperature drop in the air flowing across the evaporator. If the temperature drop is less than a predetermined threshold temperature, the microcontroller means alerts the house owner via display units, alarm, internet enabled devices and cell phones to call for service. This unit can be used on central air-conditioning systems, window air-conditioning systems and automobile air-conditioning systems.

Abstract: A device cooling an item having a cooling chamber having a cooling cavity with a top opening sized and shaped for receiving the item, at least one cooling element which cools the cooling cavity during a cooling session, an elevation mechanism for lifting and lowering the item, from and into the cooling cavity, via the top opening, and a control unit which controls the elevation mechanism according to at least one of a measurement of a temperature in the cooling cavity during the cooling session, a measurement of a temperature in the cooling cavity after the cooling session, and a duration of the cooling session.

Abstract: A method for reducing perceived defrost noise in a heat pump is provided. The method may include energizing a fan configured to urge a heat transfer medium across a heat exchanger, and initiating a defrost cycle to warm the heat exchanger. Initiating the defrost cycle may include de-energizing a compressor fluidly coupled to the heat exchanger, and delaying for a first delay period with the fan energized and the compressor de-energized. Initiating the defrost cycle may also include energizing a reversing valve after the first delay period, to reverse a flow of a refrigerant flow between the compressor and the heat exchanger, and delaying for a second delay period with the fan energized, the compressor de-energized, and the reversing valve energized. Initiating the defrost cycle may also include de-energizing the fan. The method may also include defrosting the heat pump during the defrost cycle, and terminating the defrost cycle.

Abstract: A device for cool drying a gas in the direction of flow of the coolant includes a closed cooling circuit with successively a compressor, a condenser and an expansion device and an evaporator that is the primary part of a heat exchanger and that has a secondary part through which the gas to be dried is guided. A bypass pipe in the cooling circuit can be closed by a bypass valve with a valve element and a pressure-sensitive element acting on it that is exposed to a local control pressure in the cooling circuit. A control pressure pipe connects the pressure sensitive element to the closed cooling circuit upstream of the outlet of the evaporator.

Abstract: A method maintains, in a compressed gas dryer, working through condensation of moisture contained in the air and with dryer thermal load demands, an operation that keeps the temperature of the evaporator, near the outflow of the compressed air, in range between a value sufficiently high to avoid freezing the moisture in the compressed air and a value sufficiently low to avoid compromising the effect of moisture condensation generated by the decreased temperature. This objective is achieved with a compressor by-pass conduit on which is mounted a selectively controllable adjusting valve. The operation includes: measurement of the evaporation temperature (Tev), and verification the temperature is higher than a preset value (Set_Tev); starting the compressor; opening the valve for a preset time, and then closing it; verification that the temperature is higher than a preset value; if the time elapsed is longer than a predetermined time, then the valve is opened.

Abstract: Cooling systems using adsorption are described. The cooling systems use an adsorption cycle without continuous heat input and over a long duration. The cooling system can function by vaporizing a liquid at a reduced pressure. The cooling systems have applications in developing countries, in both arid and non-arid regions, allowing, for example, for the operation of refrigerators and small air conditioners without electrical input. The cooling systems can be used for cold storage. The cooling systems can present a greener alternative to conventional cooling methods in developed countries.

Abstract: An air conditioning system for appropriately controlling the air conditioning capacity by preventing occurrence of cavitation of a refrigerant pump and a method of operating the system are provided.

Abstract: An air conditioning system includes a plurality of air conditioners to which electric power, temperature detection sensors for respectively detecting interior temperatures in air conditioning regions corresponding to the air conditioners, a temperature storage section for storing control temperatures of the plurality of air conditioners and the detected interior temperatures, a power restoration detection section for detecting that power supply is restored after power interruption, and an initiation timing setting section for, in a case where power restoration is detected, comparing the stored control temperatures with interior temperatures detected after power restoration or before power interruption and stored in the temperature storage section, and setting initiation timings of the air conditioners such that the air conditioner corresponding to the air conditioning region having a larger air conditioning load based on a difference between the temperatures is initiated earlier.

Abstract: A vehicle air conditioning apparatus is provided that can extend the mileage of a vehicle by reducing the power consumed by the operation of a compressor and a heater. When a required quantity of heating Q_req is acquired, the minimum power sharing ratio between quantity of heat release Q_hpof a water-refrigerant heat exchanger 22 and quantity of heat release Q_htrof a water heater 32 is calculated, which allows the power consumption W_total to be minimized, and a compressor 21 and the water heater 32 is operated based on the result of the calculation.

Abstract: A voltage-command correction-value computation unit outputs a correction value for correcting a voltage command value according to a bus voltage. A multiplier calculates a voltage command value acquired by correcting the voltage command value based on the correction value. A voltage-command generation unit generates and outputs three-phase voltage command values based on the corrected voltage command value calculated by the multiplier and a phase. A PWM-signal generation unit generates six drive signals corresponding to switching elements of an inverter based on the three-phase voltage command values outputted by the voltage-command generation unit and a carrier signal. The PWM-signal generation unit outputs the generated drive signals to the corresponding switching elements of the three-phase inverter, to cause the inerter to generate a high-frequency AC voltage.

Abstract: An evaporator (500) comprises a first header (501) defining one end formed with a first refrigerant port (5010), a second header (502) defining one end formed with a second refrigerant port (5020), heat-exchange tubes (503) each connected between the headers (501, 502) to communicate the headers (501, 502), fins (504) respectively interposed between adjacent heat-exchange tubes (503), and a defrosting tube (505) defining a first end connected to one of the headers (501, 502) to communicate with an interior of the one header. A position of the first end of the defrosting tube (505) is spaced apart from the one end of the one header by a predetermined distance. A refrigeration system comprises the evaporator. By providing the defrosting tube (505), defrosting speed is increased, defrosting time is shortened, and energy efficiency of the refrigeration system is improved.

Abstract: A motor vehicle having air conditioning unit with a condensate drain and at least one water reservoir for a water using unit, especially a water injection unit, with an supply line to the water using unit. The motor vehicle allows a solid filling of water reservoir the condensate of the air conditioning unit to be filled into the water reservoir.

Abstract: An ice maker is provided that includes a tray having recesses that can include ice-phobic surfaces. The ice-phobic surfaces may include ice-phobic coatings, textured metal surfaces, hydrophobic coatings or other surfaces configured to repel water and ice. The tray can be formed from metal material and may exhibit a fatigue limit greater than about 150 Megapascals (MPa) at 105 cycles. The ice maker further includes a frame body coupled to the tray, and a driving body that is rotatably coupled to the tray. The driving body is further adapted to rotate the tray in a clockwise and/or counter-clockwise cycle such that the tray presses against the frame body in a manner that flexes the tray to dislodge ice pieces formed in the recesses of the tray.

Abstract: An ice maker assembly is provided that includes a tray having a plurality of ice-phobic recesses. The recesses may possess a total water volume of 70 cc or greater. The tray comprises metal material and can be formed with a substantially uniform strain distribution. The ice maker further includes a frame body coupled to the tray, a driving body that is rotatably coupled to the ice-forming tray, and a processor that is operatively coupled to the driving body. The processor controls the driving body to rotate the tray in a manner that flexes the tray to dislodge ice pieces formed in the recesses.

Abstract: An ice maker is provided that includes a tray having recesses that can include ice-phobic surfaces. The ice-phobic surfaces may include ice-phobic coatings, textured metal surfaces, hydrophobic coatings or other surfaces configured to repel water and ice. The tray can be formed from metal material and may exhibit a fatigue limit greater than about 150 Megapascals (MPa) at 105 cycles. The ice maker further includes a frame body coupled to the tray, and a driving body that is rotatably coupled to the tray. The driving body is further adapted to rotate the tray in a clockwise and/or counter-clockwise cycle such that the tray presses against the frame body in a manner that flexes the tray to dislodge ice pieces formed in the recesses of the tray.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a box system for keeping medicine and other payloads at a desired temperature for prolonged periods of time. The system generally includes three or more insulating materials between a refrigerant and the payload so that the payload is not cold-shocked by the refrigerant but instead maintains a desired temperature range during shipment. An advantage of the box system of certain embodiments of the present disclosure is that the system allows a shipper to use a temperature controlled system that is effective in controlling temperature without the need for any expensive phase change materials. A box having foldable tabs for securing the materials to each other is also disclosed herein.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and an installation for producing liquid helium, said installation comprising a cooling/liquefaction device comprising a working circuit that subjects a helium-enriched working fluid to a thermodynamic cycle in order to produce liquid helium, said circuit comprising at least one working fluid compression body and a plurality of heat exchangers. The installation also comprises a plurality of fluid recovery lines having respective upstream ends to be selectively connected to respective reservoirs, and a first collection line having an upstream end connected to the recovery lines and a downstream end connected to a receiving body that can supply the working circuit with a working fluid.

Abstract: A dual function bracelet is formed of a first layer of a resilient flexible material shaped with a width-wise arc; and a set of first tick marks disposed on a bottom surface, the first tick marks being spaced and indicative of standard length increments. The first layer presents a linear orientation in an extended configuration, and presents a coiled orientation when in a wearable configuration initiated by deforming the width-wise arc. The dual function bracelet is dimensioned to encircle a wearer's wrist in the wearable configuration, providing a decorative function. Additionally, the dual function bracelet presents a ruler in the extended configuration, allowing the dual function bracelet to function as a measurement device.

Abstract: A mounting holds a grooved gemstone invisibly to a setting. One end of the mounting has arms or extensions to receive the gemstone and protrusions extending inwardly from the arms to fit in the grooves of the gemstone, the mounting further comprising a holding configuration for holding the mounting to the setting. Insertion of the mounting into the setting may in one version distort the holding configuration and levers the arms to press harder into the groove.

Abstract: The present invention provides an improvement in an article of jewelry of the type in which the ornamental portion of the article is secured or released selectively from the support portion of the article. The removable jewelry setting provides a simplified construction which is used readily by the wearer of jewelry to assemble a particular combination of ornament and support selected from a wide variety of such combinations made available by the improvement. The construction also enhances the ability to tailor a jewelry article to a particular style of dress without unduly multiplying the number of expensive ornaments required to provide a wide range of ornamented articles. The construction enables ease of interchange of the ornamental portion of an article of jewelry.

Abstract: The instant application discloses, among other things, a specific set of cutting proportions tailored for the optical characteristics of Silicon Carbide (“SiC”) Princess cut gemstone.

Abstract: There is provided a method for making hollow microspheres by means of dispensing the feed using vibratory energy, preferably ultrasonic energy, hollow microspheres made using the method, and an apparatus for making hollow microspheres.

Abstract: Method for treating continuous fibreglass filament waste, including comminuting the waste to obtain comminuted fibre pieces of predetermined size; continuously feeding a feedstock of comminuted fibre pieces to a heat treatment; and heating the feedstock of comminuted fibre pieces to cause, in succession, the elimination of any moisture content, the evaporation of volatile components of an organic coating of the continuous fibre, and the combustion of residual components of the organic coating. The feedstock of comminuted fibre pieces is fed to the heat treatment as a web of material. At least the combustion of residual components of the organic coating takes place in a tunnel furnace including heat sources provided above and below the web of material. During the heat treatment, the feedstock of comminuted fibre pieces moves continuously forward, and is brought, in a progressively rising way, from a starting temperature to a final heating temperature greater than the softening point of fibreglass.

Abstract: A method for heating glass sheets includes alternately loading on a conveyor system two different sets of glass sheets with the glass sheets of each set having different properties than those of the other set so as to require different heating than each other; conveying the alternately loaded sets of glass sheets on the conveyor system along a plane of conveyance through a heating chamber having a heating system; and controlling operation of the heating system to provide two different sets of heating zones alternating along the direction of conveyance and respectively moving with the two sets of glass sheets so as to provide heating in the heating chamber of each set of glass sheets as required and in a different way than the heating of the other set of glass sheets.

Abstract: A glass substrate laser cutting device according to the invention includes: a working table that has a plurality of vacuum absorbing grooves; a laser cutter; a pressure sensor that measures a pressure sensor when suctioning the glass substrate in a vacuum state; a calculation processing unit that compares the vacuum pressure measured by the pressure sensor with a predetermined threshold pressure and determines whether the glass substrate is broken; a laser cutter that includes a leaser head moving along the cutting direction of the glass substrate and emitting a laser beam; and an optical sensor that is attached to the laser head so as to move together and is disposed at a point in front of the laser beam emitted to the outside so as to detect the breakage of the glass substrate.

Abstract: Certain example embodiments of this invention relate to edge sealing techniques for vacuum insulating glass (VIG) units. More particularly, certain example embodiments relate to techniques for providing localized heating to edge seals of units, and/or unitized ovens for accomplishing the same. In certain example embodiments, a unit is pre-heated to one or more intermediate temperatures, localized heating (e.g., from one or more substantially linear focused IR heat sources) is provided proximate to the peripheral edges of the unit so as to melt frits placed thereon, and cooled. In certain non-limiting implementations, the pre-heating and/or cooling may be provided in one or more steps. An oven for accomplishing the same may include multiple zones for performing the above-noted steps, each zone optionally including one or more chambers.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for manufacturing high purity polysilicon. The apparatus includes a vacuum chamber maintaining a vacuum atmosphere; first and second electron guns disposed at an upper side of the vacuum chamber to irradiate electron beams into the vacuum chamber; a silicon melting unit placed on a first electron beam-irradiating region corresponding to the first electron gun and in which powdery raw silicon is placed and melted by the first electron beam; and a unidirectional solidification unit placed on a second electron beam-irradiating region corresponding to the second electron gun and connected to the silicon melting unit via a runner. The unidirectional solidification unit is formed at a lower part thereof with a cooling channel and is provided therein with a start block driven in a downward direction.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for manufacturing high purity polysilicon. The apparatus includes a vacuum chamber; first and second electron guns disposed at an upper side of the vacuum chamber to irradiate electron beams into the vacuum chamber; a silicon melting unit which is placed on a first electron beam-irradiating region corresponding to the first electron gun and to which powdery raw silicon is fed and melted by the first electron beam; and a unidirectional solidification unit placed on a second electron beam-irradiating region corresponding to the second electron gun. The unidirectional solidification unit is provided therein with a start block driven in a downward direction to transfer molten silicon in the downward direction and is formed at a lower side thereof with a cooling channel. The start block includes a dummy bar having a silicon button joined to an upper portion of the dummy bar.

Abstract: A method of cutting a strengthened glass including a front surface layer and a back surface layer in each of which a compression stress remains, respectively, and an intermediate layer formed between the front surface layer and the back surface layer, in which a tensile stress remains, the method includes: cutting the strengthened glass plate by heating the intermediate layer at an irradiation area of a laser beam at a temperature less than or equal to an annealing point while transmitting 70.0% to 99.8% of the laser beam having a wavelength between 800 to 1100 nm injected into the front surface and moving the irradiation area of the laser beam at a speed greater than or equal to 1.0 mm/sec, so that a crack, which penetrates the strengthened glass plate in a thickness direction of the strengthened glass plate, follows the irradiation area.

Abstract: A method of cutting a strengthened glass including, a front surface layer and a back surface layer each having a remaining compression stress, respectively, and an intermediate layer formed between the front surface layer and the back surface layer, having an internal remaining tensile stress, the method includes heating the intermediate layer at an irradiation area of a laser beam at a temperature less than or equal to an annealing point to generate a tensile stress less than a value of the internal remaining tensile stress of the intermediate layer or a compression stress at the center of the irradiation area for suppressing the propagation of the crack.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a device for continuously processing vacuum glass member.

Abstract: Glass is heated from above and below while the glass resides on rolls (3) in a tempering furnace (1). The upper surface of the glass (4) is heated by hot air jets formed by sucking air from inside the furnace (1) and pressurizing the hot air and recycling it back to the upper surface of the glass. Air which has been taken from outside the furnace (1) and pressurized by a compressor (17) and heated is blown to the lower surface of the glass.

Abstract: A glass base material elongating method of sequentially feeding rod-like glass base materials hung by a glass base material feeding mechanism into a heating furnace, and pulling a glass rod with a smaller diameter by a pulling chuck at a lower part of the heating furnace, includes: aligning, by an alignment guiding device that guides the glass rod, a guiding center of the alignment guiding device with an axis of the glass rod, the alignment guiding device guiding the glass rod between the heating furnace and the pulling chuck.

Abstract: In an optical fiber preform manufacturing method including: exposing a soot-deposited object to a high temperature of 1000 to 1300° C. in a chlorine-containing atmosphere to dehydrate the soot-deposited object, the soot-deposited object being formed by deposition of silicon dioxide soot; and vitrifying the soot-deposited object into a transparent glass by exposing the soot-deposited object to a high temperature of 1300 to 1600° C. in an atmosphere containing inert gas and fluorine compound gas, but not containing oxygen, the fluorine compound gas does not contain carbon.

Abstract: An optical fiber preform, and method for fabricating, having a first core, a second core spaced from the first core and first and second regions, the first region having an outer perimeter having a first substantially straight length and the second region having an outer perimeter having a second substantially straight length facing the first straight length. One of the regions can comprise the first core and the other comprises the second core. The preform can be drawn with rotation to provide a fiber wherein a first core of the fiber is multimode at a selected wavelength of operation and a second core of the fiber is spaced from and winds around the first core and has a selected longitudinal pitch. The second core of the fiber can couple to a higher order mode of the first core and increase the attenuation thereof relative to the fundamental mode of the first core.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an optical fibre preform includes: producing a core rod having a core rod diameter; inserting the core rod into a glass fluorine-doped intermediate cladding tube so as to form a core assembly, the intermediate cladding tube having an inner diameter and an outer diameter, wherein the inner diameter is larger than the core rod diameter, the radial difference between the inner diameter and the core rod diameter defining an annular gap; and applying a negative pressure inside the annular gap; and forming a core preform by heating the core assembly to collapse the intermediate cladding tube around the core rod while maintaining the negative pressure, wherein heating includes moving a heater outside the intermediate cladding tube and along an axial direction of the same, and forming an overcladding region surrounding the core preform so as to form an optical fibre preform.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a lock and the application thereof. The lock is applied on a base having an inner surface and an outer surface. The lock comprises a locking plate and a motion module. The motion module has a curved surface facing the locking plate. The curved surface has a first surface and a second surface. A main feature of the present invention is that the lock has a close status and a far status. The locking plate contacts with the first surface and has a first distance from the base in the close status, and contacts with the second surface of the base and has a second distance, which is greater than the first distance, from the base in the far status. The invention has the advantages of low cost and simplicity, and solves the long lasting problem of the prior arts.

Abstract: Panic lock for building into a door (2) or similar, with the panic lock comprising a lock case (3); a dead bolt (6); a latch bolt (8); an operating bar (12), characterised in that the panic lock is provided with means that enable the same lock to be converted to realise the panic functions ‘B, D or E’ by simply moving or removing one or two screws, depending on the desired application.

Abstract: The Bio Super Vegetable Gardens (BSVG) obtains the highest bio-productivity of some cash vegetables crops per unit area by planting them utilizing a friendly environment technology, through the addition of organic waste to the soil, e.g. plant wastes (rice straw and compost) and animal wastes (chicken manure), Bentonite or Biochar, Mixture of natural minerals, biopolymers and efficient micro-organisms (EM). Thus, improving its chemical, physical and biological soil properties and hence increasing its productivity. Furthermore, the soil is surrounded with plastic sheet to keep essential nutrients and water from leakage. After that, the BSVG are cultivated with 4 rotation cycle by different kinds of vegetables. A 40% higher yield output and a savings of 60% of irrigation water is achieved compared to traditional untreated soils.

Abstract: Provided herein are systems and methods for biomass digestion and products formed thereof. The products include one or more biogases, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency classified Class A Biosolids, and pathogen reduced organic liquid fertilizer. Through the digestion of waste materials using sequential phases in an efficient digestion process, enhanced biomass conversion efficiency and improved output of products (in quantity and/or quality) are obtained with a significant reduction in dwell time in each phase.

Abstract: An electric cylinder system includes: an electric cylinder; and a control section that controls the electric cylinder. The electric cylinder includes: an outer cylinder; a rod configured to be capable of extending and retracting in an axis direction from an opening on one end side of the outer cylinder; a bearing provided on the inside of the outer cylinder; a rotating shaft rotatably supported by the bearing and driven to rotate with driving force of a motor; a screw mechanism that converts a rotary motion of the rotating shaft into a linear motion of the rod and transmits the linear motion; and a load detecting section that detects a load in an axis direction applied to the rod in a position where the load is transmitted from the rod through the screw mechanism. The control section controls the electric cylinder on the basis of a signal from an encoder of the motor and a signal from the load detecting section.

Abstract: An apparatus (2) for measuring a bending angle of a sheet (3) is described, comprising a processing unit (10) and at least one sensor (4) comprising a light source (42) which projects a light pattern (52) on at least one side (31, 32) of the sheet (3), and recording means (41) adapted to record the image of the projection of said light pattern on a side of the sheet. The processing unit (10) is adapted to control the recording means for recording the image in at least one time instant (Treg1; Treg1, Treg2 . . . Tregn) during the operation of bending the sheet (3); the control unit is capable of transforming the recorded image (56) into a point cloud (57) and comprises a neural network (115) adapted to associated a bending angle value (60, 200) with the point cloud. (FIG.

Abstract: A cooling gas system for a can bodymaker tool pack is provided. The cooling gas system uses a compressed gas to cool a punch and/or a die pack. That is, a compressed gas is delivered to at least one location adjacent the punch and die pack. A nozzle assembly directs the compressed gas toward a selected location. As the compressed gas passes through the nozzle assembly, or immediately after passing through the nozzle assembly, the compressed gas expands. As is known, an expanding gas cools as it expands. Thus, a cool gas is directed to the surface of the punch and the die pack. The cool gas absorbs heat from the punch and die pack thereby cooling the heated components.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a die for shaping metal containers comprises providing an expansion die for manufacturing metal containers and peening at least a portion of the work surface of the expansion die. Another method of manufacturing a die for shaping metal containers comprises providing a die for narrowing a diameter of metal containers and peening at least a portion of the work surface of the die.

Abstract: A manufacturing method forms components having a desired shape. A contoured surface is defined for a forming tool for forming a metal blank into the desired shape, wherein respective portions of the metal blank flow over the contoured surface during forming. An intrinsic material flow pattern resulting from the contoured surface is compared to a desired flow in order to identify regions of the contoured surface having an insufficient flow that creates areas in the formed metal blank receiving less than a desired amount of metal. A surface microtexture is applied onto the contoured surface in a pattern selected to increase metal flow along the identified regions by providing a friction in the identified regions that is reduced relative to adjacent regions of the contoured surface.

Abstract: A lightweight mold for press forming is presented. Molds are characterized in that design forming portions thereof, these design forming portions making contact with a workpiece at the time of press forming and thereby forming a target design on the workpiece, are constructed of rod shaped members (design forming rods). By having the design forming portions be constructed of rod shaped members, the weight of the mold is reduced. It is preferred that the molds are further provided with supporting rods which support the design forming rods, these rod members constituting a framework structure.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a manufacturing apparatus of a center pillar stiffener having a closed section, including: a fixing shape plate; a concave cavity formed on a bottom surface of the fixing shape plate on which a blank is seated; a movable shape plate configured to slide on the fixing shape plate; a convex shaped core formed on the movable shape plate and configured to press and bend the blank toward the cavity; a mandrel inserted into the cavity to fix the bent blank; and a plurality of shape plates configured to slide over the blank and bend both ends of the blank protruding from the fixing shape plate to form a closed section.

Abstract: A method for straightening an age hardened metallic form includes heating an age hardened metallic form comprising one of a titanium alloy, a nickel alloy, an aluminum alloy, and a ferrous alloy to a straightening temperature of at least 25° F. below the age hardening temperature, and applying an elongation tensile stress for a time sufficient to elongate and straighten the form. The elongation tensile stress is at least 20% of the yield stress and not equal to or greater than the yield stress at the straightening temperature. The straightened form deviates from straight by no greater than 0.125 inch over any 5 foot length or shorter length. The straightened form is cooled while simultaneously applying a cooling tensile stress that balances the thermal cooling stress in the metallic form to thereby maintain a deviation from straight of no greater than 0.125 inch over any 5 foot length or shorter length.

Abstract: An automotive urea solution monitoring device is deployed in conjunction with the urea tank of a selective catalytic reduction vehicle. An RF signal of a constant frequency may be generated across a resonant circuit, which may be comprised of an inductor and a PCB trace capacitor, or the like. Electromagnetic radiation is propagated into the automotive urea solution in the urea tank. The conductivity and dielectric properties of the liquid change the impedance of the discrete/trace capacitor and or the discrete/trace inductor. These changes are proportional to ammonia content, temperature, and/or level of the automotive urea solution in the urea tank and are preferably detected by a microcontroller, or the like, and then transmitted to a selective catalytic reduction vehicle engine management system, or the like.