Abstract: Embodiments of methods and systems for Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) with a random backoff time on a Power Line Communication (PLC) network are disclosed. The CSMA/CA method is independent of the algorithm used to update a contention window, so any contention window algorithm is supported. The PLC node runs an energy detection process first and then uses preamble detection only after energy detection is positive, or the node may run both energy detection and preamble detection simultaneously. Upon detection of a possible transmission on a PLC line due to energy detection, the PLC node will freeze a backoff counter decrementing process and will then wait for preamble detection to complete. If no energy is detected on the line, or if no preamble is detected after energy is sensed on the line, then the node will transmit is allowed by the contention window value.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising a memory, and a processor coupled to the memory and configured to receive a mapping rule that associates a downstream internal Internet Protocol version four (IPv4) address prefix to an upstream external IPv4 address prefix, receive a first IPv4 packet from an upstream network node with a destination address field comprising an external IPv4 address comprising the external prefix, and perform a first network address translation IPv4 to IPv4 (NAT44) process by replacing the external IPv4 address in the first IPv4 packet's destination address field with an internal IPv4 address based on the mapping rule, wherein the internal IPv4 address comprises the internal prefix and a port set identifier (ID) associated with set of destination ports at a downstream node assigned to receive the first IPv4 packet.

Abstract: A method is implemented in a host node for communicating with a corresponding node. The host node has connections to a plurality of networks, where each of the plurality of networks includes a network address translation 64 (NAT64) node, each NAT64 node utilizes a distinct prefix to generate virtual Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) addresses, each of the plurality of networks is an IPv6 network, but the corresponding node is an Internet protocol version 4 (IPv4) node. The host node implementing this method is able to maintain connectivity with the corresponding node despite having connections to the plurality of networks that each have NAT64 nodes that utilize distinct prefixes for virtual IPv6 addresses.

Abstract: In one embodiment, excess committed network appliance resources are shared for providing services within a network appliance. One approach maintains service resources in a committed service resource pool and one or more other pools of service resources. Service resources are taken from a corresponding pool as needed. Service resources are reallocated to the committed resource pool as needed to ensure that service resources are available to service corresponding packet streams at their corresponding committed rate. Examples of such services provided by a network appliance include, but are not limited to, network address translation (NAT), firewall, Internet Protocol Security (IPsec), virtual private network (VPN), or deep packet inspection (DPI) services.

Abstract: A communication device having a Media Access Control (MAC) layer and a physical (PHY) layer may include a first physical channel for transferring at least one packet between the PHY layer and the MAC layer. The communication device may further include a second physical channel for transferring, to a transmitting device, a first table that indicates a number of bits to be loaded onto each of a plurality of tones and a second table that indicates a transmission power for the plurality of tones. The PHY layer may receive the at least one packet from the transmitting device over the plurality of tones and may transfer the at least one packet to the MAC layer via the first physical channel.

Abstract: A reception IF receives a frame from a transmission source. A transmission IF outputs the frame received from the transmission source. A frame counting unit counts a frame having a size not more than a predetermined value, out of the frames output from the transmission IF, for each transmission source. When a transmission source from which a predetermined number of frames having a size not more than the predetermined value are continuously counted is present, a fragment control unit fragments a frame having a size larger than the predetermined value from other transmission source than the transmission source, and outputs the fragmented frame from the output IF.

Abstract: Systems and methods for increasing preambles are provided. In some aspects, an electronic device configured for use as a node in a home network is provided. The electronic device includes a preamble generator configured to generate an outbound preamble for a data signal. The electronic device also includes a preamble increasing circuit configured to increase a size of the outbound preamble based on a switching signal.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for transmitting a multimedia data packet are provided. The method includes generating Media Abstraction Layer (MAL) information for abstracting information on the multimedia data to be transmitted, generating a multimedia data packet including said MAL information, and transmitting the generated multimedia data packet to a network entity.

Abstract: A networking device includes a plurality of network ports and a clock synchronizer. Each network port is configured to receive a respective signal over a respective physical medium. A selected network port is configured to recover a clock signal from the respective signal received by the selected network port. Each of the network ports is configured to be selectable as the selected network port. The clock synchronizer is configured to generate a transmit clock signal in response to the clock signal recovered by the selected network port. The selected network port is configured to transmit data over the respective physical medium according to a local clock signal generated by a clock signal generator local to the networking device. Each network port other than the selected network port is configured to transmit data over the respective physical medium according to the transmit clock signal generated by the clock synchronizer.

Abstract: A communication system includes a control device that deteitnines packet processing rules; a forwarding node that processes a received packet using a processing rule that includes one of a plurality of processing rules transmitted from the control device and that corresponds to the received packet; a comparison unit that compares a first value with a second value wherein the first value is calculated from a first processing rule group held in the forwarding node and the second value is calculated from a second processing rule group determined by the control device for transmission to the forwarding node; and a confirmation unit that confirms if the forwarding node and the control device are synchronized based on the comparison result.

Abstract: “A process of scheduling stream packets for output from a multiplexing network device involves prioritizing the output of packets first according to stream priority, and within a particular priority, by stream ID.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are described for compensating for frequency and phase variations of electronic components by processing packet delay values. In one embodiment, a packet delay determination module determines packet delay values based on time values associated with a first and a second electronic component. A packet delay selection module selects a subset of the packet delay values based on the maximum frequency drift of the first electronic component. A statistical parameter determination module evaluates a first and a second parameter based on portions of the subset of packet delay values. A validation module validates the parameters when each portion the subset of packet delay values includes a minimum of at least two packet delay values. An adjustment module compensates for at least one of a frequency variation and a phase variation of the first electronic component based on the parameters if the parameters are both validated.

Abstract: An optical device, suitable for use either as a coherent receiver or analog-to-digital converter, of optical phase modulated signals borne on a carrier. The signal is four-wave mixed with a pump to generate a non-linear comb of a series of harmonic components of the signal. The modulation-free carrier is also combined with the pump to generate an equivalent linear comb matched in frequency to the components of the non-linear comb. The harmonic and modulation-free components are linearly combined so they interfere in a pairwise manner, and then the interfered frequency components are separated out in an optical wavelength division demultiplexer into a plurality of frequency-specific optical output channels. A plurality of photodetectors connected to respective ones of the optical output channels then converts the analog values in each channel to respective electronic signals which are then digitized using a processor into binary digits using a thresholding process.

Abstract: An economical slab laser for high power applications. The laser is a lamp driven slab design with face-to-face beam propagation and an end reflection that redirects the amplified radiation back out the input surface. Also presented is a side-to-side larger amplifier configuration, permitting very high average and peak powers due to the electrical efficiency of converting and getting energy into the crystal, optical extraction efficiency, and scalability of device architecture. Cavity filters adjacent to pump lamps convert the unusable UV portion of the pump lamp spectrum into light in the absorption band of the slab laser thereby increasing the overall pump efficiency. The angle of the end reflecting surface is changed to cause the exit beam to be at a different angle than the inlet beam, thereby eliminating the need to separate the beams external to the laser with the subsequent loss of power.

Abstract: A laser system for generating optical pulses at an operating wavelength of the laser system. The system has an optical resonator comprising first and second reflectors, and a tapered optical fiber disposed between the first and second reflectors. The tapered optical fiber has a core which has a tapered input section which tapers from single mode to multimode at the laser operating wavelength, an inner section of substantially constant diameter capable of supporting multiple modes at the laser operating wavelength and a tapered output section which tapers from a first diameter to a second diameter that is smaller than the first diameter.

Abstract: Signal generating systems and methods are described. One signal generation system includes first and second lasers configured to generate first and second laser beams having respective frequencies wherein a difference in the respective frequencies corresponds to an output frequency, a photodetector configured to produce a signal at the output frequency, and first and second electro-optic modulators configured to respectively electro-optically modulate the first and second laser beams using the signal to produce respective first and second modulated optical signals, each of the first and second modulated optical signals having a respective sideband corresponding to the frequency of the other one of the first and second laser beams. The first laser is seeded with the respective sideband of the second modulated optical signal and the second laser is seeded with the respective sideband of the first modulated optical signal to phase-lock the first and second laser beams to each other.

Abstract: A laser light source module includes a laser source, a connecting unit, a controlled switch unit, and a verification unit. When a verification signal is received, the verification unit judges whether the verification signal complies with a verifying condition. If the verification signal complies with the verifying condition, the controlled switch unit is in the on state, so that a first output voltage is transmitted to the laser source through the controlled switch unit to drive illumination of the laser source. Whereas, if the verification signal does not comply with the verifying condition, the controlled switch unit is in the off state, so that the first output voltage fails to be transmitted to the laser source through the controlled switch unit and the laser source is turned off.

Abstract: A beam control structure for semiconductor lasers that allows modification of the shape of a beam allowing, for example, higher coupling into an optical fiber. The structure may comprise one or more of a tilted patio, a staircase, a reflective roof, and a reflective sidewall.

Abstract: This provides a semiconductor laser device of a high light output efficiency, which is high in current confinement effect, small in leak current, and favorable in temperature property, and indicates a low threshold current, and can effectively confine laser light to a stripe region, and is favorable in beam profile. This semiconductor laser device includes the laminated structure of an n-AlInP clad layer, a superlattice active layer section, a p-AlInP first clad layer, a GaInP etching stop layer are formed, and on top of that, there are a p-AlInP second clad layer, a GaInP protective layer and a p-GaAs contact layer, which are processed into a stripe-shaped ridge. A p-side electrode is directly coated and formed on the etching stop layer of ridge top surface.

Abstract: Use of semiconductor materials having a lattice constant of within +/?1.6% of 6.1 angstroms facilitates improved semiconductor device performance and new semiconductor structures, for example integration of field-effect devices and optoelectronic devices on a single wafer. High-mobility channels are enabled, improving device performance.

Abstract: The invention refers to an industrial furnace cover. Such a furnace can be, i.a., any metallurgical melting and/or treatment vessel, for example an electric arc furnace.

Abstract: Detecting TIM between a heat sink and an integrated circuit, the heat sink including TIM detection points, each TIM detection point adapted to receive TIM upon installation of the heat sink, each TIM detection point including a TIM detection device configured to be activated upon contact with TIM, including: receiving, upon installation of the heat sink on the integrated circuit and the TIM, TIM in one or more of the TIM detection points; activating, by the TIM in each of the one or more TIM detection points receiving the TIM, a TIM detection device; and determining, by a TIM detection module in dependence upon the activations of the TIM detection devices, sufficiency of the TIM between the heat sink and the integrated circuit.

Abstract: Detecting TIM between a heat sink and an integrated circuit, the integrated circuit including TIM detection points adapted to receive TIM upon installation of the heat sink and including a TIM detection device configured to be activated upon contact with TIM, including: receiving, upon installation of the heat sink on the integrated circuit and the TIM, TIM in one or more of the TIM detection points; activating, by the TIM in each of the one or more TIM detection points receiving the TIM, a TIM detection device; determining, by a TIM detection module of the integrated circuit in dependence upon the activations of the TIM detection devices, sufficiency of the TIM; and responsive to determining that the TIM between the heat sink and the integrated circuit is insufficient, controlling, in real-time by the TIM detection module, operation of the integrated circuit to reduce heat generated by the integrated circuit.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for monitoring waterbed environment are described. The method may comprise determining a first temperature at a location within the water column of a surface body of water that is representative of the upper thermal boundary condition between surface water and pore water environments, and determining at least a second temperature at the location at a first depth below a waterbed surface. The first and second temperatures are then used to monitor a waterbed environment. Certain embodiments are particularly useful for monitoring spatiotemporal variations of riverbed surface elevations, such as scour and deposition, over a time period. Probe/sensor assemblies are disclosed for practicing the method.

Abstract: A method for determining false temperature measurements using a food temperature measuring device. The method comprises: (a) measuring a first temperature of a first food item using a temperature probe; (b) commanding a second temperature measurement to be executed; (c) determining a time interval between executing the steps (a) and (b); and (d) indicating a false temperature measurement responsive to step (c).

Abstract: A volatile organic compound (VOC) sensor device can comprise a sensor located in proximity to a tank vent of a storage tank, wherein the sensor can be configured to monitor flumes from the tank vent; a controller operatively coupled to the sensor, wherein the controller can be configured to receive a measured input from the sensor, wherein the measured input can be VOC measurement data of the flumes; and a wireless communication device coupled to the controller, wherein the wireless communication device can be configured to communicate with a coordinator.

Abstract: A method and system for monitoring the flow of heat into and out of a building comprising at least one infrared detector adapted to be positioned on opposite sides of a building opening; at least one processor for processing data obtained from the at least one infrared detector; the at least one infrared detector operatively connected to the at least one processor; whereby the at least one infrared detector operates to detect heat transfer through the building opening for processing by the at least one processor, the at least one processor being operative to detect energy usage.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a device for measuring a temperature distribution, which can measure a temperature distribution without contacting a minor sample having a three-dimensional structure. More particularly, the device for measuring the temperature distribution can measure a three-dimensional temperature distribution for a sample, wherein the temperature distribution in a depth direction (direction z) of the sample is measured by a thermo-reflectance technique using a chromatic dispersion lens, a diffraction spectrometer and an optical detection array; and the temperature distribution in parallel directions (direction x-y axes) of the sample is measured by the thermo-reflectance technique using a biaxial scanning mirror.

Abstract: Embodiments of a handheld probe are described. The handheld probe may have a housing. The housing of the handheld probe may have a handle section and a probe shell section that is configured to house a probe. The handle section may have a hexagonal-shaped profile so that the handheld probe can be positioned on a flat surface of the hexagonal-shaped profile. In some embodiments, the handle section may have a center hole that is configured to accept a cable. The cable may be potted in the center hole filled with epoxy to prevent moisture from getting into the cable. In some embodiments, the probe shell section may be configured to have a thin wall so that the handheld probe can have a rapid response to temperature changes. A tip of the probe shell section may also be silver brazed to help with fast temperature response.

Abstract: Provided is a system for monitoring temperature and pressure of an enclosed derrick structure communicating with a moonpool, which senses abnormal internal temperature and pressure of the enclosed derrick structure by monitoring the temperature and pressure of the enclosed derrick structure, thereby effectively coping with dangers. The system may include: one or more temperature sensors installed in the inside of the enclosed derrick to monitor an internal temperature of the enclosed derrick; one or more pressure sensors installed in the inside of the moonpool to monitor an internal pressure difference of the moonpool; and one or more damping units installed in a side of the enclosed derrick to supply air to the inside of the enclosed derrick or exhaust air to the outside of the enclosed derrick in order to cope with an abnormal internal temperature of the enclosed derrick and an abnormal internal pressure variation of the moonpool.

Abstract: Use for measuring temperatures of a coordination complex presenting formula I, wherein M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 are chosen, each independently of the others, in the group consisting of: CuI, AgI, AuI, PdII; n is equal to the sum of the oxidation states of M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 minus 3; II represents a respective portion of each tridentate ligand having the formula III in which R1 is chosen in the group consisting of: Ph, C1-C4 alkyl, halo-alkyl C1-C4 substituted phenyl; R2 is chosen in the group consisting of: Ph, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 halo-alkyl-, substituted phenyl; R3 is chosen in the group consisting of: C3-C18 alkyl, benzyl, substituted benzyl, C1-C20 hydroxy-alkyl, C1-C20 alkoxy silane.

Abstract: Temperature accuracy is improved, conversion gain is increased without increasing current density and parasitic resistance errors and other problems with conventional bandgap reference temperature sensors are eliminated by generating a signal proportional to temperature from four samples, where the signal is defined as a difference between a first difference and a second difference, the first difference comprising a difference between the second sample and the first sample, the second difference comprising a difference between the fourth sample and the third sample, and where the signal is defined to cancel parasitic components in the first, second, third and fourth samples.

Abstract: Described is a technology by which available radio frequency channels are switched/varied by communicating devices according to a frequency hopping pattern. The pattern may be a pseudorandom pattern, which may be weighted based at least in part on channel interference data. As also described herein, interference-related data may be used in a decoding scheme.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses, including computer programs encoded on computer-readable media, for receiving monitor data from a lighting equipment monitor. A data stream is created based upon the monitor data. A first signal strength of a signal from the access point received at a first antenna is measured. A second signal strength of the signal from the access point received at a second antenna is measured. One or more antennae are selected to transmit the spread data stream based upon the first signal strength and the second signal strength. The data stream is transmitted using the one or more selected antennae.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses, including computer programs encoded on computer-readable media, are configured for receiving monitor data from a fault circuit indicator. A data stream is created based upon the monitor data. The data stream is spread with a common pseudo-noise (PN) code that is used by a plurality of nodes in communication with an access point. The spread data stream is transmitted at a first time based on a slot start time and a first randomly selected timing offset. The spread data stream is transmitted while at least a portion of a second spread data stream is transmitted at a second time based on the slot start time and a second randomly selected timing offset. The second spread data stream is spread with the common PN code.

Abstract: A CDMA communication system includes a signal processor which encodes voice and nonvoice signals into data at various rates, e.g. data rates of 8 kbps, 16 kbps, 32 kbps, or 64 kbps as I and Q signals. The signal processor selects a specific data rate depending upon the type of signal, or in response to a set data rate. When the signal is received and demodulated, the baseband signal is at the chip level. Both the I and Q components of the signal are despread using the conjugate of the pn sequence used during spreading, returning the signal to the symbol level. Carrier offset correction is performed at the symbol level. A lower overall processing speed is therefore required.

Abstract: In some embodiments of the invention, OFDM symbols are transmitted as a plurality of clusters. A cluster includes a plurality of OFDM sub-carriers in frequency, over a plurality of OFDM symbol durations in time. Each cluster includes data as well as pilot information as a reference signal for channel estimation. In some embodiments, a plurality of clusters collectively occupy the available sub-carrier set in the frequency domain that is used for transmission. In some embodiments of the invention data and/or pilots are spread within each cluster using code division multiplexing (CDM). In some embodiments pilots and data are separated by distributing data on a particular number of the plurality of OFDM symbol durations and pilots on a remainder of the OFDM symbol durations. CDM spreading can be performed in time and/or frequency directions.

Abstract: A CDMA multi-code joint demodulation solution in which impairment suppression and channel matching operations are performed prior to despreading. Embodiments include a linear front end that performs chip-level suppression of signal components that are not included in a subsequent joint demodulation process. The pre-processing stage also carries out metric preparation and provides a vector decision statistic that is processed by a joint demodulation stage to extract per-code soft values for the symbols of interest in the received signal. Both code-specific and code-averaged versions of the linear processing are disclosed, as are several front-end configurations with equivalent performance, but different complexity trade-offs. These new approaches use a block formulation, requiring a set of input chip samples as an input, and perform all operations as matrix-vector multiplications, which is an approach amenable to efficient DSP or hardware implementation.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed for processing a received spread spectrum signal containing multiple signals of interest and one or more interfering signals with known spreading codes. An example method begins with the generation of a despread signal vector for each signal of interest, for a given symbol time, using a corresponding group of correlators for each of the signals of interest. The method continues with the calculating of a covariance matrix for the given symbol time, the covariance matrix representing impairment correlations among the correlators from sources other than the signals of interest, as well as from inter-symbol interference in and among the signals of interest. The covariance matrix includes diagonal blocks that each represent impairment correlations among a single one of the groups of correlators; the diagonal blocks are calculated based on first terms that account in a code-specific manner for same-symbol-time interference from each of the interfering signals.

Abstract: A method comprising: at a first transceiver, transmitting a plurality of signals to a second transceiver and receiving corresponding receive signals from the second transceiver, wherein each transmitted signal is sent using a channel perturbation; measuring a plurality of phase values, wherein each phase value is a phase difference between one of the plurality of transmitted signals and corresponding receive signal; masking a subsequent phase modulated signal employing phase rotation at the first transceiver using the plurality of phase values.

Abstract: A portable electronic device that has a radio frequency communication subsystem operationally connected switch-mode power supply subsystem. The switch-mode power supply subsystem generates a pulse-width modulation electrical signal that produces electromagnetic interference. The switch-mode power supply subsystem can reduce the slew rate of the pulse-width modulation electrical signal when the radio-frequency communication subsystem is active. This reduces the level of the electromagnetic interference signal only during radio frequency communication, which improves the efficiency of the radio frequency communication. Not having the reduced slew rate when there is no radio frequency communication allows for higher modulation efficiency.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a receiver circuit is configured to receive a modulated signal from a transmitter that is galvanically isolated from the receiver circuit. The receiver circuit is configured to demodulate the modulated signal by using two comparator circuits that respectively detect the presence or absence of first and second signal states of a carrier signal. Based on the detection of the first and second states, the receiver circuit determines whether the carrier signal is present or absent in the modulated signal to determine a demodulated value of the modulated signal.

Abstract: Systems and methods that facilitate on-chip testing are provided. An integrated circuit can include a transmitter configured to transmit a communications signal via a communications channel. The integrated circuit can also include a receiver configured to receive the communications signal via the communications channel. A jitter creation module also can form part of the integrated circuit and can introduce jitter into the system thereby allowing for on-chip jitter testing. The jitter creation module can form either part of the transmitter or receiver and can introduce the jitter by phase interpolation.

Abstract: A method and test instrument for performing a ranging measurement in a DOCSIS network, uses low cost and general purpose electronics instead of a DOCSIS chipset. A downstream CATV receiver, including a CATV tuner and QAM demodulator, accepts the downstream signals from a CMTS. The output of the demodulator is an MPEG transport stream containing DOCSIS signaling messages and data packets. Software algorithms running inside a suitable general purpose processor decode the MPEG transport stream to isolate signaling messages from the data packets. The signaling messages are used to determine the appropriate format and timing of ranging request messages for the CMTS. A burst generator generates the RF return path messages to be sent to the CMTS, using previously computed waveforms.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method includes accessing data encoding a response shift in a signal received through an antenna of a mobile device. The signal corresponds to wireless communication to the mobile device from another device. The response shift is detected and encoded by a modem of the mobile device coupled to the antenna. The method also includes determining an environmental or operational state of the mobile device based at least in part on the response shift encoded in the data.

Abstract: A system and method for testing a radio frequency (RF) multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) device under test (DUT) in which system costs are minimized by using fewer precision RF MIMO testing subsystems together with lower precision integrated RF MIMO signal conversion circuitry to test the DUT.

Abstract: A data receiver is disclosed, including an equalization process part, a multi-value oversampling part, and an equalization controller. The equalization process part equalizes serial received data before binarization and outputs the serial received data being equalized. The multi-value oversampling part binarizes the serial received data being equalized by multiple threshold values, conducts oversampling, and generates the multi-value sampling data. The equalization controller detects an eye pattern of the serial received data being equalized based on the multi-value oversampling data, and controls an equalization characteristic of the equalization process part based on a detection result.

Abstract: Transmissions from mid-bus test equipment to a first device and from a second device to the mid-bus test equipment are equalized. Equalization instructions are passed from the first device through the mid-bus test equipment to the second device. The mid-bus test equipment changes the quality of transmissions sent to the first device in order to steer the first device to produce equalization instructions that will produce optimized transmissions from the mid-bus test equipment to the first device and from the second device to the mid-bus test equipment.

Abstract: A blind equalizer apparatus includes a decision-directed (DD) least mean squares (LMS) blind equalizer. A blind equalizer apparatus includes: a DD LMS blind equalizer, wherein: the blind equalizer uses a finite impulse response filter with tap weights that are adaptively updated using a filter tap update algorithm, wherein blind equalization of one of an in-phase (I) channel and a quadrature (Q) channel is carried out by maximizing the Euclidean distance of binary modulated waveforms, wherein the blind equalizer averages a block to compute an independent phase estimate for a block, wherein the blind equalizer computes an error variable for a block from the phase estimate for the block, wherein the blind equalizer uses the phase estimate and alternating I/Q one dimensional/binary slicing to make a hard decision, and wherein the blind equalizer uses the hard decision to derive an error variable that is used to update the filter tap weights.

Abstract: Certain embodiments of the invention provide a method and apparatus for DRAM 2D video word formatting. In one aspect of the invention, words of data in a DRAM may be arranged for optimal DRAM operating efficiency. The data organization may utilize a 2-dimensional array of samples, for example. In one embodiment of the invention, a 128-bit or 16-byte word or GWord of DRAM may include an 8×2 array of luma samples, comprising 8 horizontal samples and 2 vertical samples from one field, for example. In this regard, either both may be even lines or both may be odd lines. Various other 2-dimensional arrangements may be chosen according to the demands of the video format being processed in accordance with various embodiments of the invention.