Abstract: A lens for distribution of light predominantly toward a preferential side from a light emitter having an emitter axis and defining an emitter plane. The lens has an emitter-adjacent base end forming an emitter-receiving opening to an emitter-surrounding cavity defined by an inner surface which includes a front sector centered on the preferential side and a back sector centered on the non-preferential side radially opposite the preferential side. The front and back sectors differ in their respective configurations for refracting light from the emitter. The lens further includes an primary back surface positioned to receive light from at least a portion of the inner-surface back sector and configured for total internal reflection (TIR) thereof. The inner-surface back sector and the primary back surface extend along substantially elliptical cross-sections in planes substantially parallel to the emitter plane.

Abstract: The present invention provides a heat dissipation device having lateral-spreading heat dissipating and shunting heat conductive structure, in which the central area of heat conductive interface of the heat dissipation device (100) where a heat generating unit being disposed is installed with a close-loop shunting heat conductive structure, so the heat at the central area of the heat generating unit (101) can be conducted to a distal heat dissipating segment (104) for being dissipated to the exterior, thereby through working with the heat dissipation operation of the heat dissipation structure at the periphery of the heat generating unit (101) and leaded to the distal heat dissipating segment (104), the temperature distribution at the central area and the peripheral area of the heat generating unit (101) can be more even.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel cup-shaped heat dissipater (100) having the outer cup bottom of the cup-shaped heat dissipater formed as a planar or convex or concave surface for accommodating the electric luminous body (200), so the heat can be dissipated to the exterior from the surface of the heat dissipater (100), and with the enlarged heat dissipation surface formed in the cup-shaped inner recessed structure of the heat dissipater (100) opposite to the installation location of the electric luminous body (200), the heat can also be directly dissipated through the larger heat dissipation area, furthermore, flow guide holes allowing airflow to pass are formed on the heat dissipater (100) for performing heat dissipating convection through the heat dissipating fluid.

Abstract: The present invention utilizes the outer cup bottom of the cup-shaped heat dissipater (100) having heat conductive rib therein being formed as a planar or convex or concave surface for accommodating the electric luminous body (200), and the enlarged heat dissipation surface formed in the cup-shaped inner recessed structure of the heat dissipater (100) opposite to the installation location of the electric luminous body (200) can directly dissipate the heat through the larger heat dissipation area; moreover, with the heat conductive rib structure (310) connecting with the inner periphery of the cup-shaped inner recessed structure of the heat dissipater (100) and the heat source zone having its bottom being installed with the electric luminous body (200), the heat in the central heat source zone can be assisted to be dissipated to the surrounding through the annular surface of heat dissipater (101).

Abstract: The present invention provides a cup-shaped heat dissipater having heat conductive rib and flow guide hole, in which the outer cup bottom of the cup-shaped heat dissipater (100) is formed as a planar or convex or concave surface for accommodating the electric luminous body (200), so with the heat dissipation surface formed opposite to the cup-shaped inner recessed structure of the heat dissipater (100) and with the heat conductive rib structure (310) connecting between the inner periphery of the cup-shaped inner recessed structure of the heat dissipater (100) and the heat source zone having its bottom being installed with the electric luminous body (200) and the solid or tubular central column (103), the heat in the central heat source zone can be dissipated to the periphery through the surface of the heat conductive rib structure (310) and the surface of the heat dissipater (100).

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel cup-shaped heat dissipater (100) having the outer and/or inner surface of the cup-shaped heat dissipater served for accommodating the electric luminous body (200), so the heat can be dissipated to the exterior from the surface of the heat dissipater (100), and with the enlarged heat dissipation surface formed in the cup-shaped inner recessed structure of the heat dissipater (100) opposite to the installation location of the electric luminous body (200), the heat can also be directly dissipated through the larger heat dissipation area, furthermore, flow guide holes allowing airflow to pass are formed on the heat dissipater (100) for performing heat dissipating convection through the heat dissipating fluid.

Abstract: A spotlight device includes a support member, a pivot joint mechanism, and a lighting member. The pivot joint mechanism includes a first pivot connection part provided on the support member, and a second pivot connection part connected rotatably to the first pivot connection part. The lighting member includes a base plate on which the second pivot connection part is mounted, a light emitting component mounted on the base plate, and a light directing cap extending from a periphery of the base plate and cooperating with the base plate to define a receiving space. The light emitting component is disposed in the receiving space.

Abstract: A vehicle lighting unit is capable of enhancing the light utilization efficiency by effectively utilizing the part of light emitted from the semiconductor light emitting element that typically does not enter the light guide lens while being reflected by the light incident surface of the lens. The vehicle lighting unit can include a light guide lens a first surface configured to be disposed on a front side of a vehicle body, a second surface configured to be disposed on a rear side thereof and a recessed portion including a third surface; and a light emitting element disposed substantially at a reference point of the light guide lens. The second surface can include a reflection area extending from the recessed portion. The third surface can surround the semiconductor light emitting element, so that the light emitted from the semiconductor light emitting element can be incident on the third surface.

Abstract: An improved fender mainly includes a fender, tunnel, and a translucent cover formed integrated. The tunnel is protruding from an inner side of the fender for receiving a LED illumination device and its wiring. The translucent cover is formed above the tunnel for revealing and diffusing the light of the LED illumination device inside the tunnel. Though the tunnel and the translucent cover, the LED illumination device is easily arranged to the fender and well protected from the climate. Moreover, the alarm and indication effect will be achieved through the translucent cover diffusing the light of the LED illumination device.

Abstract: A vehicle headlamp includes a lamp body including a lamp housing having an opening and a cover covering the opening in the lamp housing, and a lamp unit disposed in the lamp body and including, a light source unit having a light source configured to emit light, a structural unit having a projection lens configured to project the light emitted from the light source and a lens holder configured to hold the projection lens, an irradiating direction changing mechanism configured to change an irradiating direction of the light emitted from the light source and projected by the projection lens, and a bracket configured to being operated by a driving force of the irradiating direction changing mechanism and to change an orientation of an optical axis of the projection lens. The structural unit and the light source unit are mounted on the bracket.

Abstract: A projector type vehicle headlamp includes a metal supporting member that has an upper surface to which a circuit board to which a light-emitting device is mounted is mounted; a projection lens; a reflector that reflects light of the light-emitting device toward the vicinity of a rearward focal point of the projection lens; a driving source provided in front of the metal supporting member; a movable shade configured to be arranged near the rearward focal point of the projection lens, or removed from near the rearward focal point, by the driving source; and a cooling fan that is provided below the metal supporting member, and that faces a lower surface of the metal supporting member.

Abstract: A LED light module for a vehicle includes a reflective light frame having an elongated light reflective channel, a LED light assembly supported along the light reflective channel for generating light along the light reflective channel to provide an even light intensity distribution therealong, and a light diffusion holder enclosing the LED light assembly within the light reflective channel, wherein the light diffusion holder diffuses the lights at the light reflective channel to generate a uniform light effect along the light diffusion holder.

Abstract: A lighting device may include: at least one two-dimensional semiconductor light source, at least one reflector unit, which can be switched between a plurality of reflector settings, wherein in a first reflector setting, a first reflector surface of the reflector unit can be illuminated by the at least one semiconductor light source, and in a second reflector setting, a second reflector surface of the reflector unit can be illuminated by the at least one semiconductor light source.

Abstract: A light source unit includes a primary light source configured to emit primary light, and a connection portion provided on an optical path of the primary light and to and from which an optical conversion unit is attachable and removable, the optical conversion unit including an optical conversion element configured to convert optical properties of the primary light to generate secondary light.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure provide a door handle assembly used in a vehicle door having an illumination module and illumination source that directs light in a first direction and a second direction using a pair of light pipes. The door handle from the door handle assembly includes a first illumination aperture oriented in the first direction and a second illumination aperture oriented in the second direction. As the illumination source generates light, the first light pipe receives a first portion of light and directs it toward a first illumination surface and the first illumination aperture in the first direction. By molding the second light pipe around the first light pipe, remaining light is captured from the illumination source as a second portion of light. The second portion of light reflects along the interior surfaces of the second light pipe towards the second illumination surface oriented in the second direction.

Abstract: A display front lighting device comprises an optically transmissive sheet member that provides reflective means to evenly distribute light for the illumination of the text and/or graphics of display modules while permitting the text and/or graphics to visibly pass through the sheet member for viewing. The transmissive sheet member has LEDs offset mounted at an angle relative to one side of the sheet member such that a portion of the light emitted by the LEDs is reflected by the one side onto the adjacent dis play. The LEDs are mounted on a flexible printed circuit board, or alternatively on the conductive traces bonded to the sheet member.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a transparent emissive window element (100, 700), i.e. a transparent window element capable of emitting light. According to a first aspect of the present invention, the window element (100) comprises a light guide (110) for guiding light emitted from at least one light source (150) by total internal reflection, a glass pane (120) arranged in proximity to the light guide and scattering structures (130) for coupling the light out of the light guide. The scattering structures (130) are sandwiched between the light guide (110) and the glass pane (120) such that spacing areas (140), at which optical contact between the light guide and the glass pane is prevented, are formed between the scattering structures.

Abstract: A surface light source device has a light source, and a light guide plate introducing light of the light source from a light incidence surface and emitting the light from a light exit surface to outside. The light source being is provided at a position facing the light incidence surface of the light guide plate. The light guide plate includes a light introducing part for enclosing the light from the light source entering from the light incidence surface and a light guide plate main body having a thickness smaller than a maximum thickness of the light introducing part, provided so as to be continued to the light introducing part, and emitting the enclosed light from the light exit surface by light emitting portion to outside.

Abstract: An LED lighting apparatus of the invention includes a substrate having a length in a first direction and a width in a second direction. LED chips are supported on the substrate along the first direction. A light guide, having a thickness in the second direction, includes an incident surface, a reflective surface and an emitting surface. The incident surface faces in a third direction perpendicular to the first and second directions for receiving light emitted from the LED chips. The reflective surface spreads in the first and third directions and reflects light from the incident surface in the second direction. The emitting surface spreads in the first and third directions and allows light from the reflective surface to exit. The substrate is supported by a case that includes side plates around the light guide and a bottom plate connecting the side plates.

Abstract: There is provided a planar lighting device which can emit light with high light use efficiency and small luminance unevenness. This object is achieved by having a light guide plate including two or more layers overlapping in a direction perpendicular to a light exit surface and having different particle concentrations of the scattering particles, thicknesses of the layers in the direction perpendicular to the light exit surface varying so that a combined particle concentration has, in a direction perpendicular to a light incidence surface, a first local maximum value closer to the light incidence surface and a second local maximum value located farther from the light incidence surface than the first local maximum value and being larger than the first local maximum value; and a micro-lens film having a plurality of spherical micro-ball lenses formed on a film.

Abstract: A backlight assembly includes a light source unit configured to supply light, a light guide plate configured to guide light incident from the light source unit to an upper surface thereof, a reverse prism sheet disposed on the light guide plate and having a prism-shaped lower surface and an auxiliary film disposed between the light guide plate and the reverse prism sheet, in which the light guide plate includes a light-incident portion on which light is incident from the light source unit and a light-facing portion facing the light-incident portion.

Abstract: An optical element that is capable of reventing an increase in size while increasing the light intensity of fluorescent light includes: a light-guide plate (21) that propagates light incident from a light source (1); a phosphor layer (22) that is provided on the light-guide plate (21) and that generates fluorescent light by means of light from the light-guide plate (21); a metal layer (23) that is layered on the phosphor layer (22); and a diffraction grating that is formed at the interface of the phosphor layer (22) and the metal layer (23).

Abstract: Disclosed are an optical member and a display device including the same. The optical member includes a wavelength conversion layer to convert a wavelength of an incident light; a first anti-reflective layer on a first surface of the wavelength conversion layer; and a second anti-reflective layer under a second surface of the wavelength conversion layer opposite to the first surface.

Abstract: A ring-shaped light guiding member includes a ring-shaped light guiding main body having a circumferential surface, and a light introducing portion formed on the circumferential surface. The light introducing portion includes a flat light incident surface perpendicularly connected to the circumferential surface and a curved side surface connected between the light incident surface and the circumferential surface. A backlight module using the ring-shaped light guiding member is also provided.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an edge-type lighting device which is configured such that when a light guide plate thermally expands, a light source is prevented from being pressed. In the lighting device according to the present invention, a light guide plate (2) is slidably supported so that the light guide plate (2) can expand in the planar direction, and a light source (3) disposed on an edge of the light guide plate (2) is movably supported in the same direction. A light-guide-plate stopper (4b) is disposed at a position facing an edge (2A) of the light guide plate (2) to prevent the light guide plate (2) from expanding excessively. Thus, the light source (3) can be prevented from being pressed toward a frame member (4).

Abstract: A backlight assembly includes an optical member, a receiving container and a combining member. The optical member is configured to change optical characteristics of light. The receiving container includes a bottom plate and a sidewall. The bottom plate is disposed under the optical member and is configured to receive the optical member thereon. The sidewall extends from the bottom plate to form a receiving space with the bottom plate. The optical member is received in the receiving space. The combining member includes a first frame, a second frame and a third frame. The first frame partially covers a bottom surface of the optical member. The second frame protrudes upwards from the first frame. The third frame protrudes from an inner surface of the second frame to partially cover an upper surface of the optical member.

Abstract: An isolated flyback converter having temperature compensation (TC) uses primary side sensing and an output diode, the output diode having a variable voltage drop related to its temperature. A feedback voltage VFB, proportional to the output voltage VOUT, in a feedback loop is compared to a fixed reference voltage VREF for setting a duty cycle of a power switch, wherein VFB is caused to approximately equal VREF. A TC circuit has a voltage source configured to generate a proportional-to-absolute-temperature voltage VPTAT, wherein VPTAT is at approximately VREF at a calibration temperature T0 and rises as a temperature exceeds T0. The voltage source is connected to the VFB node via a TC resistor RTC, so that at T0 no current flows through RTC. Therefore, the selection of the optimal RTC does not affect the selection of a scaling resistance for generating VFB. The current through RTC at elevated temperatures compensates VOUT.

Abstract: System and method for regulating an output voltage of a power conversion system. The system includes an error amplifier coupled to a capacitor. The error amplifier is configured to receive a reference voltage, a first voltage, and an adjustment current and to generate a compensation voltage with the capacitor. The first voltage is associated with a feedback voltage. Additionally, the system includes a current generator configured to receive the compensation voltage and generate the adjustment current and a first current, and a signal generator configured to receive the first current and a second current. The signal generator is further configured to receive a sensing voltage and to generate a modulation signal. Moreover, the system includes the gate driver directly or indirectly coupled to the signal generator and configured to generate a drive signal based on at least information associated with the modulation signal.

Abstract: A power supply control circuit includes a threshold detection circuit coupled to a first terminal to measure a signal at the first terminal during a duration of an initialization period after a fourth terminal has been charged to a supply threshold value. A regulator circuit is coupled between a second terminal and the fourth terminal to charge the fourth terminal to the supply threshold value during the initialization period of the power supply control circuit. A selection circuit is coupled to the threshold detection circuit to select a parameter/mode in response to the signal measured at the first terminal. The first terminal is further coupled to receive one or more additional signals during normal operation at times other than the initialization period to provide at least one additional function for the power supply control circuit after the initialization period is complete.

Abstract: The invention relates to a quasi-resonant push-pull converter and the method for controlling the same, said push-pull converter comprising: a direct current (DC) input power supply configured to supply DC input for the converter; a first power input unit and a second power input unit, connected to said DC input power supply, respectively and configured to supply input for the converter in different periods, comprising a first power switching tube and a second power switching tube, a first primary winding and a second primary winding; a power output circuit, configured to supply output of the converter, comprising secondary windings and full-bridge rectification circuits; a first output capacitor and a second output capacitor connected to said power output circuit and configured to store DC electric energy output by the power output circuit in which a resonant element is arranged to achieve a quasi-resonant switching circuit through voltage feedback; and a switching circuit being controlled through voltage fee

Abstract: A drive train comprising an electric machine including a rotor and a stator, the stator being connected to an alternating grid and having a stator frequency, and a bidirectional system for converting an alternating current into another alternating current. The conversion system is connected between the grid and the rotor, and comprises an AC-DC converter connected to the grid, an inverter connected between the AC-DC converter and the rotor, and a device for controlling switches of the inverter according to a control law. The control law is such that the active power exchanged by the inverter with the rotor is essentially always lower than 0.3 times the nominal power of the direct current specifically circulating between the AC-DC converter and the inverter, for the frequencies of a target interval of between 0.6 times the stator frequency and 1.4 times the stator frequency.

Abstract: A series-switch bridgeless power supply provides common-mode EMI filtering. The power supply includes a center-tapped inductive device bifurcated into first and second windings. The AC input, provided at first and second input terminals, is applied to the center-tap of the inductive device. First and second switches are connected to distal ends of the first and second windings, respectively, and are connected in series with one another to form a circuit path from the first input terminal, through the inductive device and each of the series-connected switches, back through the inductive device and to the second input terminal. A controller turns the switches On and Off to modulate the current through the inductive device. Common-mode voltage generated by the modulation of the first and second switches is filtered by connection of each switch to a junction defined between a pair of capacitors connected in series between the first and second input terminal.

Abstract: The embodiments disclosed herein describe a method of a controller of a switching power converter that provides a configurable power factor control method for the switching power converter. In one embodiment, the controller combines power regulation control methods of constant on-time control and constant power control to adjust the power factor of the switching power converter.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method, includes: a first stepped-impedance transmission line configured to receive a first signal of a first differential signal; a second stepped-impedance transmission line configured to receive a second signal of the first differential signal, where the first stepped-impedance transmission line and the second stepped-impedance transmission line superpose the first signal of the first differential signal on the second signal of the first differential signal to obtain a first frequency multiplied signal; a first inverse stepped-impedance transmission line configured to be inversely ground-coupled with the first stepped-impedance transmission line and grounded at an end near an output end of the first stepped-impedance transmission line; a second inverse stepped-impedance transmission line configured to be inversely ground-coupled with the second stepped-impedance transmission line and grounded at an end near an output end of the second stepped-impedance transmission line.

Abstract: A semiconductor memory device includes a plurality of functional bit lines, at least one dummy bit line, and a dummy bit line selection unit. The at least one dummy bit line is adjacent to an outermost bit line of the functional bit lines. The dummy bit line selection unit activates the at least one dummy bit line in response to a selection control signal of one of the plurality of functional bit lines that is not adjacent to the at least one dummy bit line. The semiconductor memory device may ensure a photo margin, so that the pattern size of the functional bit lines can be made uniform.

Abstract: An operating method of a multi-bit-per-cell nonvolatile memory device, e.g., first and second variable resistance memory cells connected to one of word lines. The operating method may include receiving first to fourth data sequentially, providing a first program current to the first variable resistance memory cell to program the first and second data to the first variable resistance memory cell, and providing a second program current to the second variable resistance memory cell to program the third and fourth data to the second variable resistance memory cell after verifying whether an actual resistance of the programmed first variable resistance memory cell is within an intended resistance distribution.

Abstract: A storage apparatus includes: a plurality of storage elements configured to have the resistance state thereof changed in accordance with an applied voltage; and a drive portion configured to perform a resistance change operation and a read operation, the resistance change operation involving writing or erasing information to or from the storage elements by changing the resistance state thereof, the read operation involving reading the information from the storage elements; wherein the drive portion includes an amplifier configured to output a read signal upon execution of the read operation, a constant current load, and a control portion configured to perform the resistance change operation and a direct verify operation on the storage elements, the direct verify operation involving carrying out, subsequent to the resistance change operation, the read operation for verifying whether the writing or erasing of the information to or from the storage elements has been normally accomplished.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement for assigning identification address to each element of an array of elements of a phased array, or assigning a unique digital word to a isolated circuit. In one embodiment two external resistors are used to provide an analog voltage. That voltage can be converted to digital word and stored in a chip using latches and registers. The stored digital word can then be use as address for the army element used in phased array. Thereby access to the array element can achieved using the address as a header of a digital bit stream.

Abstract: A semiconductor memory storage device for storing data including: a plurality of storage cells, each storage cell including an access control device configured to provide the storage cell with access to or isolation from a data access port in response to an access control signal. Access control circuitry includes: access switching circuitry configured to connect a selected access control line to a voltage source; and feedback circuitry configured to feedback a change in voltage on the access control line to the access switching circuitry. The access control circuitry is configured to respond to a data access request signal to access a selected storage cell connected to a corresponding selected access control line in response to the feedback circuitry providing a feedback signal indicating that the access control line voltage has attained a predetermined value.

Abstract: A semiconductor memory device includes a memory cell array, a mode register set and a test circuit. The memory cell array includes a plurality of wordlines, a plurality of bitlines, and a plurality of spin-transfer torque magneto-resistive random access memory (STT-MRAM) cells, and each STT-MRAM cell disposed in a cross area of each wordline and bitline, and the STT-MRAM cell includes a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) element and a cell transistor. The MTJ element includes a free layer, a barrier layer and a pinned layer. A gate of the cell transistor is coupled to a wordline, a first electrode of the cell transistor is coupled to a bitline via the MTJ element, and a second electrode of the cell transistor is coupled to a source line. The mode register set is configured to set a test mode, and the test circuit is configured to perform a test operation by using the mode register set.

Abstract: Devices and methods for generating a random number that utilizes a magnetic tunnel junction are disclosed. An AC current source can be in electrical connection to a magnetic tunnel junction to provide an AC current to the magnetic tunnel junction. A read circuit can be used to determine a bit based on a state of the magnetic tunnel junction. A rate of production of the bits can be adjusted, such as by adjusting a frequency or amplitude of the AC current. A probability of obtaining a “0” or “1” bit can be managed, such as by an addition of DC biasing to the AC current.

Abstract: A magnetic resistance memory apparatus capable of implementing various levels and a method of driving the same are provided. The magnetic resistance memory apparatus includes a first magnetic device that includes a fixed layer having a fixed magnetization direction, a tunnel layer disposed on the fixed layer, and a first free layer disposed on the tunnel layer having a variable magnetization direction, and a second magnetic device disposed on the first magnetic device including a plurality of free layers insulated with a spacer layer interposed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus provide a magnetic memory including magnetic junctions on a substrate. The apparatus include an RIE chamber and an ion milling chamber. The chambers are coupled such that the magnetic memory is movable between the chambers without exposing the magnetic memory to ambient. The method provides magnetic junction layers and a hard mask layer on the magnetic junction layers. A hard mask is formed from the hard mask layer using an RIE. The magnetic junction layers are ion milled after the RIE and without exposing the magnetic memory to an ambient after the RIE. The ion milling defines at least part of each magnetic junction. A magnetic junction may be provided. The magnetic junction includes pinned, nonmagnetic spacer, and free layers. The free layer has a width of not more than twenty nanometers and is switchable when a write current is passed through the magnetic junction.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a non-volatile programmable switch according to this embodiment includes first and second non-volatile memory transistors, and a common node that is connected to the output side terminals of the first and second non-volatile memory transistors, and a logic transistor unit that is connected to the common node. A length of a gate electrode of the first and second non-volatile memory transistors in a channel longitudinal direction is shorter than a length of the charge storage film in the channel longitudinal direction.

Abstract: In a programming operation that includes repeated bitscan, program, and verify steps, the bitscan steps may be hidden by performing bitscan in parallel with program preparation and program steps. The effect of a program step may be predicted from previous observation so that when a bitscan indicates that the memory cells are close to being programmed, a last programming step may be completed without subsequent verification or bitscan steps.

Abstract: A storage device is provided which includes a plurality of memory chips each nonvolatile memory cells divided into a first memory region and a second memory region; and a memory controller configured to buffer data provided from the exterior and to control the plurality of memory chips to perform a buffer-program operation and a main-program operation. The buffered data is stored at the first memory region at the buffer-program operation and data stored at the first memory region is written at the second memory region at the main-program operation. During a main-program operation of a first memory chip among the plurality of memory chips, the memory controller buffers data to be written at a second memory chip.

Abstract: A system including a controller in communication with a memory. The memory includes memory cells arranged in memory blocks. Each memory cell is capable of storing a plurality of bits. Each memory block defines a plurality of pages. A page in a memory block includes one of the plurality of bits of a plurality of memory cells in the memory block. The controller is configured to write data to selected pages in one or more memory blocks. The system includes circuitry configured to write data from a predetermined number of pages of the selected pages to a memory block other than the one or more memory blocks in response to the predetermined number of pages being full of data. The predetermined number is based on one or more of a number of pages in each memory block and a number of bits in the plurality of bits.

Abstract: An electronic device can include a tunnel structure that includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and tunnel dielectric layer disposed between the electrodes. In a particular embodiment, the tunnel structure may or may not include an intermediate doped region that is at the primary surface, abuts a lightly doped region, and has a second conductivity type opposite from and a dopant concentration greater than the lightly doped region. In another embodiment, the electrodes have opposite conductivity types. In a further embodiment, an electrode can be formed from a portion of a substrate or well region, and the other electrode can be formed over such portion of the substrate or well region.

Abstract: A non-volatile semiconductor device includes: memory strings formed by series connection of memory cells respectively connected to word lines, wherein each memory string is connected between a bit line and a source line via first and second select gate transistors; and a control circuit controlling the first and second select gate transistors, such that when voltage of the word line is raised to a predetermined value for data readout from the memory cell, a first status where the first select gate transistor is turned on and the second select gate transistor is turned off and second status where the first select gate transistor is turned off and the second select gate transistor is turned on are generated alternately.

Abstract: A NAND flash memory bank having a plurality of bitlines of a memory array connected to a page buffer, where NAND cell strings connected to the same bitline are formed in at least two well sectors. At least one well sector can be selectively coupled to an erase voltage during an erase operation, such that unselected well sectors are inhibited from receiving the erase voltage. When the area of the well sectors decrease, a corresponding decrease in the capacitance of each well sector results. Accordingly, higher speed erasing of the NAND flash memory cells relative to a single well memory bank is obtained when the charge pump circuit drive capacity remains unchanged. Alternately, a constant erase speed corresponding to a single well memory bank is obtained by matching a well segment having a specific area to a charge pump with reduced drive capacity. A reduced drive capacity charge pump will occupy less semiconductor chip area, thereby reducing cost.