Abstract: To provide a scribing method by blasting that allows forming a groove at high accuracy without masking, a blasting machine that includes an ejection nozzle having a slit-shaped ejection opening with a width of 10 to 500 ?m and a length of 5 to 5000 times the width, and an abrasive with a median diameter equal to or less than one-half of a width of the ejection opening of the ejection nozzle and with a maximum particle diameter smaller than a width of the ejection opening are used; and the abrasive is ejected together with compressed gas on a surface of a workpiece at an ejection distance of 0.1 to 3.0 mm without masking so that an ejection quantity of the abrasive is to be 0.25 cm3 or less relative to discharge gas amount 1000 cm3 in a range of ejection pressure of 0.2 to 0.6 MPa.

Abstract: A method of monitoring dressing of a polishing pad is provided. The method includes: rotating a polishing table that supports the polishing pad; dressing the polishing pad by pressing a dresser against the polishing pad while causing the dresser to oscillate in a radial direction of the polishing pad; calculating a work coefficient representing a ratio of a frictional force between the dresser and the polishing pad to a force of pressing the dresser against the polishing pad; and monitoring dressing of the polishing pad based on the work coefficient.

Abstract: The purpose of the present invention is to provide a long-lived laminated polishing pad wherein a polishing layer is resistant to detachment from a support layer even when high temperatures are produced by long periods of polishing. This laminated polishing pad is characterized that: a polishing layer and a support layer are laminated together with an adhesive member interposed therebetween; said adhesive member is either an adhesive layer containing a polyester-based hot-melt adhesive or double-sided tape that has one of such adhesive layers on each side of a substrate; and for each 100 weight parts of a polyester-resin base polymer, said polyester-based hot-melt adhesive contains 2 to 10 weight parts of an epoxy resin that has at least two glycidyl groups per molecule.

Abstract: A sand blaster is provided that includes an engine carried by an engine mounting plate. A frame is included and an engine support isolator engages the frame and carries the engine mounting plate. The engine support isolator has a stud that extends through a first coil and a stud guide that has a tapered inner surface. The stud extends through the stud guide. In other arrangements an air regulator that is adjustable is provided, and a nozzle that features reduced wear is provided.

Abstract: An elastic membrane is used in a substrate holding apparatus for holding a substrate such as a semiconductor wafer and pressing the substrate against a polishing surface. The elastic membrane includes a plurality of concentrically circumferential walls configured to define a plurality of pressurizing areas for pressing the substrate. The pressurizing areas includes a central pressurizing area located at a central part of the elastic membrane, an annular edge pressurizing area located at the outermost part of the elastic membrane, and a plurality of intermediate pressurizing areas located between the central pressurizing area and the annular edge pressurizing area. The area width of at least one of the intermediate pressurizing areas is set in a range to allow a polishing rate responsive width not to vary even when the area width is varied.

Abstract: A self-contained fibrous buffing article. The self-contained fibrous buffing article includes at least one layer of a spunlaced nonwoven fabric having a hardened adherent coating comprising a thermosetting binder, abrasive particles, and a lubricant.

Abstract: A utility vehicle comprises a plurality of ground engaging members and a frame supported by the plurality of ground engaging members. The frame includes a front frame portion, a mid-frame portion, and a rear frame portion. The utility vehicle further comprises an attachment supported at the front frame portion. Additionally, the utility vehicle includes an operator area supported by the frame and including an operator seat and an adjacent passenger seat spaced apart from the operator seat. The operator seat and the passenger seat are in a side-by-side arrangement. The utility vehicle also comprises an auxiliary power assembly having an attachment shaft configured to be operably coupled to the attachment. The attachment shaft extends in a generally longitudinal direction of the utility vehicle and projects outwardly from the front frame portion.

Abstract: A system for supplying passengers with air comprises an air supply line and an individual air panel with at least one air nozzle. The air supply line can be fitted with a plurality of laterally situated air outlets, which are spaced apart at uniform distances from each other. The individual air panel comprises an air tap opening with a width and length, wherein the length is several times greater than the width. The individual air panel can be variably positioned in the longitudinal direction on the air supply line in such a way that the air tap opening in the longitudinal direction is arranged parallel to the air supply line, and that the air tap opening covers at least one air outlet. In this way, air can flow out of the air supply line through the air outlet and air tap opening to the air nozzle.

Abstract: A system and method are disclosed for equalizing an overpressure in the interior of an aircraft cabin. The system includes a fluid flow path for providing fluid communication between the interior of an aircraft cabin and the exterior of the aircraft and a check valve having an opened state and a closed state. The check valve enables fluid flow through the fluid flow path from the interior of the aircraft cabin to the exterior of the aircraft and blocks fluid flow through the fluid flow path in the reverse direction when the check valve is in the opened state, and blocks fluid flow through the fluid flow path in both flow directions when the check valve is in the closed state. The system also includes a control operatively coupled to the check valve for controlling the check valve to switch between the opened state and the closed state.

Abstract: A system and method for providing a substantially constant volume exhaust or ventilation air terminal system is shown for controlling exhaust and/or return airflow rates in a system having a central fan or ventilator. The system and method permits zone-by-zone or area-by-area airflow regulation or control in non-demand areas in response to a demand or call for ventilation in demand areas. In one embodiment, the system employs at least one constant airflow controller or regulator situated in a damper. In one embodiment, a terminal houses a plurality of sub-ducts each having an airflow regulator. At least one of the sub-ducts has a damper. When the damper is open, a maximum airflow through the terminal is a sum of maximum airflow permitted by the regulators.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide a ventilation assembly comprising a main housing adapted for installation into standard 2?×4? wall or ceiling construction within a building or space. The main housing can include a fluid inlet through which fluid is received within the main housing, and a fluid outlet through which fluid exits the main housing. The ventilation assembly can be installed in place of an existing ventilation exhaust fan assembly, or can be installed in a space where no ventilation assembly has previously existed. The main housing can provide support to a blower assembly, including a scroll and a blower wheel positioned within the scroll. A motor may be nestled within the scroll and coupled to the blower wheel. Electrical power can be supplied to the motor to cause the motor to rotate the blower wheel to generate a flow of fluid out of the fluid outlet.

Abstract: A non-directional smoke control damper includes a central blade (11), a plurality of outer blades (12) and a blade advancing/retreating device; an outer edge of the central blade (11) overlaps with an opening edge of the plurality of outer blades (12); a support shaft (110) is disposed to pass through the overlapping portion of the edges; a rear end of the support shaft (110) is coupled through a shaft coupling plate (230); and if the central blade (11) advances forwards, the plurality of outer blades (12) advance forwards in order so that a gap is formed at each edge between the central blade (11) and an adjacent outer blade and between a prior-order outer blade and a posterior outer blade to form a blowing passage, thereby allowing an air current to flow into the vestibule through the blowing passage.

Abstract: A heating, ventilation and air conditioning system includes a blower unit that has a first interior air intake, a second interior air intake and an exterior air intake. Three doors are moved between open and closed positions to define a recirculation mode, a fresh mode and a partial recirculation mode. As the doors move between their open and closed positions, a variable partial mode and a variable fresh mode are defined.

Abstract: A heating, ventilation and air conditioning system includes a blower unit that has an interior air intake and an exterior air intake. Three doors are moved between open and closed positions to define a recirculation mode, a fresh mode and a partial recirculation mode. As the doors move between their open and closed positions, a variable partial mode and a variable fresh mode are defined.

Abstract: A vent cover includes a body having an inner portion and a outer portion, a vent exhaust hole defined in the body through the inner portion and the outer portion, an enclosure defined between the inner portion and the outer portion; and a door movably coupled to the body, the door including a biasing portion and a door portion, the door moveable between a first position and a second position, the door in the first position at least partially covering the vent exhaust hole, the second position having a clearance between the door portion and the vent exhaust hole, the biasing portion enclosed within the enclosure of the body and including a biasing element biasing the door to the first position.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide a ventilation exhaust fan comprising a main housing adapted to interchangeably receive a upgrade cartridge assembly. The main housing can include a fluid inlet through which fluid is received within the main housing, and a fluid outlet through which fluid exits the main housing. The ventilation exhaust fan can be installed in a structure in place of an existing ventilation exhaust fan assembly. The main housing can provide support to a scroll and a blower wheel positioned within the scroll. A motor may be nestled within the scroll and coupled to the blower wheel. A capacitor including a motor harness and plug can be electrically coupled with the motor. Electrical power can be supplied to the capacitor and motor to cause the motor to rotate the blower wheel to generate a flow of fluid out of the fluid outlet.

Abstract: A roof vent is provided comprising a base with an opening for air inlet/outlet, wherein the base opening may have raised venting edges. The base is connected to a cover over the base opening including at least one louver for air flow and a front opening. Sloped side walls connect the base and cover. The front edge of the top of the cover has a lip angled down over the front opening. The lip reduces leakage into the vent. A mesh grill or cover can be included in the front opening. A rectangular strip with drainage holes can be included at the bottom of the front opening, to secure the mesh grill in place. The rectangular strip can include drainage holes. Shingles can be placed on the cover so the vent blends in with the roof.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a broadcast receiver acquires first position data from information relating (ZIP code) of the receiver by referring to information managed in a server, and acquires second position second position data of a neighboring area, and finally acquires broadcasting service lists from these position data by referring to information managed in the server.

Abstract: A mobile device peripheral that incorporates a repeater antenna inside of a protective case for a mobile device to extend the range of short-range communications while minimizing interference caused by the thickness or materials of the protective case. The repeater antenna can be capable of receiving a wireless signal from an antenna in the mobile device and transmitting the same signal or an amplified version of the same signal. The repeater antenna can be capable of receiving a wireless signal from an external antenna and transmitting the same signal or an amplified version of the same signal to the mobile device. The mobile device peripheral can also include a battery that provides additional power the mobile device. Without a repeater antenna, the materials and/or thickness of the additional battery and/or the case can partially or completely block a short-range, low-frequency, or low-power communication signal such as Near Field Communication (NFC).

Abstract: In one or more embodiments, a cellular signal is received and directed to a path bypassing active amplifier circuitry. This may be in response to the active amplifier circuitry being non-operational (e.g., in a fault state) or detecting that an RF environment does not necessitate amplification. Bypassing the active amplifier circuitry may enable transmission of a non-amplified cellular signal when active circuitry is in a fault state or while traveling through areas of strong cellular service (e.g., proximate a cell tower).

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for paired-beam satellite communications in a flexible satellite architecture. Embodiments include one or more “bent pipe” satellites having multiple transponders for servicing a number of spot beams. Implementations include novel types of paired-beam transponders that communicatively couple gateway terminals and user terminals in different spot beams. Some implementations also include loopback transponders that communicatively couple gateway terminals and user terminals in the same spot beam. The transponders can use similar components, can provide for flexible forward-link and return-link spectrum allocation, and/or can provide other features. Certain embodiments further include support for utility gateway terminal service and/or redundancy (e.g., active spares) for one or more active components.

Abstract: A first apparatus at a first base station changes directivity of a first antenna connected in a direction of a cell of a second base station adjacent to the first base station, where directivity of some antennas of a second apparatus at the second base station is changed to a cell of the first base station and some radio resources are assigned to wireless communication with the first apparatus. The first apparatus receives a signal of a first frequency from the second apparatus via the first antenna, converts the received signal into a signal of a second frequency, demodulates the signal of the second frequency, corrects a delay of the demodulated signal caused by propagation of a radio wave and frequency conversion, and modulates the corrected signal to a signal of a third frequency which is transmitted to a cell of the first base station via a second antenna.

Abstract: A method for configuring communication with medical devices includes a receiving, at a configuration interface, a first input indicative of first configuration parameters for a first medical device from a user and a second input indicative of second configuration parameters for a second medical device from the user. The first configuration parameters include at least one of a frequency parameter, a selection parameter, a compression parameter, an output parameter, and a port parameter. The method further includes receiving, at the configuration interface, first patient parameters from the first medical device and second patient parameters from the second medical device. The method further includes transmitting a first selected subset of the first patient parameters based on the first configuration parameters and transmitting a second selected subset of the second patient parameters based on the second configuration parameters.

Abstract: An underwater communications system is provided that transmits electromagnetic and/or magnetic signals to a remote receiver. The transmitter includes a data input. A digital data compressor compresses data to be transmitted. A modulator modulates compressed data onto a carrier signal. An electrically insulated, magnetic coupled antenna transmits the compressed, modulated signals. The receiver that has an electrically insulated, magnetic coupled antenna for receiving a compressed, modulated signal. A demodulator is provided for demodulating the signal to reveal compressed data. A de-compressor de-compresses the data. An appropriate human interface is provided to present transmitted data into text/audio/visible form. Similarly, the transmit system comprises appropriate audio/visual/text entry mechanisms.

Abstract: An aircraft system for exchanging data between an aircraft having multiple aircraft systems and an operator, includes a first near-field communication interface located within the aircraft and operably coupled to at least some of the multiple aircraft systems and a handheld device having a second near-field communication interface and a method of securely transferring information between the first near-field communication interface located within the aircraft and the handheld device.

Abstract: A wireless device for providing notifications associated with a mobile electronic device is provided. The device comprises: an indicator; a body enabled to mate with a mobile electronic device, the body comprising the indicator such that when the body is mated to the mobile electronic device, the indicator is not obscured by the body; an induction device for wirelessly receiving signals from the mobile electronic device to control the indicator; and, a circuit connecting the induction device to the indicator, the circuit enabled to receive the signals and control the indicator in response thereto.

Abstract: Described herein are techniques related one or more systems, apparatuses, methods, etc. for a wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) based wireless docking in an enterprise environment. In an implementation, a separate low radiating antenna is constructed and installed at a bottom surface of a wireless device and at a docking surface of a docking station. In this implementation, the low radiating antenna is configured to provide local wireless communication (i.e., Wi-Fi based communication) between a docking pair that includes the wireless device and the docking station.

Abstract: The embodiments herein relate to Near Field Communication and, more particularly, to facilitating one time readability of tags for secured near field communication. A tag with one time readability enabled provides encrypted data to any reader that request for data. Only an authorized reader that possesses a proprietary application can decode received data. Once the data is decoded, the authorized reader marks the tag as read. Once the tag is marked as “read”, it invalidates any further data access request from any reader. Further, the tag can be reused to write fresh data onto it.

Abstract: A device, method and system for recovering an operating system may comprise a near field communication module; a high speed wireless communication module; and a recovery manager. In some embodiments, the recovery manager may initiate a session between a portable communication device and another portable communication device through a near field communication connection established by the near field communication module; continue the session to receive an operating system image from the another portable communication device through a high speed wireless connection established by the high speed wireless communication module; and recover the operating system of the portable communication device with use of the operating system image.

Abstract: A reference image acquisition unit (171) obtains a reference image for guiding a portable device (1) to a position in which near field wireless communication with a terminal device (2) is possible on the basis of portable device identification information for identifying a type of the portable device (1). A reference image display control unit (172) displays the reference image obtained by the reference image acquisition unit (171) on a display unit (12) provided on an opposite surface of the portable device (1) to a surface that opposes the terminal device (2) when the portable device (1) is brought close to the terminal device (2). A reference image correction unit (173) corrects a position of the reference image in response to an image moving operation for aligning the reference image displayed on the display unit (12) with a target mark formed on a front surface of the terminal device (2).

Abstract: A method for sharing content includes establishing a short range communication link between a first device and a second device, identifying one or more components of a program being executed in at least one of a foreground and a background of the first device, and transmitting, to the second device, common data of at least one of the identified components. A first device includes a control unit to identify one or more components of a program being executed in at least one of a foreground and a background, and a wireless communication unit to establish a short range communication link with a second device, and to transmit, to the second device, common data of at least one of the identified components.

Abstract: A near field communications (NFC) device is disclosed that intelligently routes NFC data from a NFC device between multiple user interfaces based upon a power level of its internal batteries. The communications device utilizes a communications device user interface to send and/or receive the NFC data from the NFC device when its internal batteries are sufficient to operate the communications device user interface. The communications device begins to route some of this NFC data from being sent and/or received by the communications device user interface to a NFC user interface as its internal batteries deplete. Eventually, all of the NFC data will be sent to and/or received by the NFC user interface as the internal batteries of the communications device become so depleted that they are unable to reliably operate the communications device user interface.

Abstract: A system and method for improved wireless communications at a host device (e.g., a portable computing device, a mobile communications device) having multiple wireless communication abilities (e.g., Bluetooth® and Wi-Fi®). When a component (e.g., a monitor, an Ethernet dongle) having Bluetooth capability is coupled to the host device (e.g., wired or wirelessly), the host device copies its Bluetooth link keys to the component, deactivates its own Bluetooth module and activates (or initiates activation of) the component's. The component's Bluetooth module is operated using a software stack executing on the host device. Thereafter, the component handles Bluetooth operations and the host device communicates with Bluetooth devices via the component. Greater radio isolation is thus provided between antennae used by Bluetooth and Wi-Fi.

Abstract: A method for establishing a communication between a first peer device and a second peer device is provided. The method includes detecting the second peer device by the first peer device. The method also includes checking, by the first peer device, whether there is a deposited second address of the second peer device in an address database of the first peer device. The method further includes setting a role for the first peer device by the first peer device according to a first address and a second address when there is the deposited second address of the second peer device in the address database of the first peer device. The method further includes establishing a connection between the first peer device and the second peer device based on the role set for the first peer device.

Abstract: Method, apparatus, and computer program product example embodiments exchange information between wireless devices for joining.

Abstract: A vehicle computer system comprising a transceiver in a vehicle configured to wirelessly connect with a nomadic device, wherein the nomadic device is capable of running a contextual application which operates at least in part based on vehicle environment data. The vehicle computer system further comprises one or more vehicle modules configured to receive environment data and capable of causing the transceiver to provide the vehicle environment data to the nomadic device for processing by the contextual application.

Abstract: In order to facilitate timely communication between electronic devices via a previously established communication link, a feed-forward technique may be used to transition the communication link from a power-saving mode to an active mode before a software application executing on one of the electronic devices attempts to communicate information. For example, if the software application determines that the information needs to be communicated to another electronic device at a future time, the software application provides a command to an interface circuit in the electronic device to transition the communication link to the active mode. After receiving a confirmation that the communication link is in the active mode, the software application provides the information to the interface circuit for communication to the other electronic device. In this way, the information can be communicated at the time without a time delay associated with the transition.

Abstract: In some embodiments, an electronic device includes a host processor and a module, coupled to the host processor, to communicate over a wireless network using a first wireless communications protocol. The electronic device also includes a controller, coupled to the host processor and the module, to communicate wirelessly with a remote device using a second wireless communications protocol, to obtain a status of the wireless network from the module independently of the host processor, and to transmit the status of the wireless network to the remote device.

Abstract: A consumer electronic device having distributed form factor millimeter wave receiver and transmitter comprising a first motherboard part including a baseband module; a second motherboard part including a receive (RX) active antenna, wherein the RX active antenna is connected to the baseband module using a pair of cables; and a third motherboard part including a transmit (TX) active antenna, wherein the TX active antenna is connected to the baseband module using a pair of cables.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling connectivity information in an electronic device. The method includes receiving connectivity information on at least one wireless device, analyzing the received connectivity information, and establishing a connection with a neighbor wireless device by using the connectivity information. A first electronic device may store connectivity information with respect to the plurality of wireless devices. A second electronic device can receive a connectivity information file transmitted from the first electronic device. In the case where a second electronic device attempts to initially establish a connection with the plurality of neighbor wireless devices, the second electronic device can easily establish a connection with the plurality of wireless devices by decoding a connectivity information file transmitted from the first electronic device.

Abstract: A method and system that configure communication between devices in a network, where one device may support content protection, and another device may or may not support content protection. The devices may support communication utilizing Bluetooth® technology. A first device may determine whether a second device provides content protection support. If the second device does not support content protection, the first device may utilize a configuration that does not require content protection for communicating data with the second device. If the second device supports content protection, the first device may utilize a configuration that requires content protection for communicating data. If communicating data utilizing content protection fails, the first device may revert to utilizing a configuration that does not require content protection for communicating data with the second device.

Abstract: A state updating unit updates first information stored in a storage unit whenever the state of a control unit transitions from an idle state to an active state or from the active state to the idle state. A second power supply unit induces electric power from radio waves received by the antenna unit. An information acquiring unit operates after receiving the supply of electric power from the second power supply unit, acquires second information indicating whether electric power is supplied from the first power supply unit, acquires the first information from the storage unit, and transmits the acquired first and second information to the control device. A diagnosing unit diagnoses faults in the terminal device based on the first and second information transmitted from the information acquiring unit of the terminal device.

Abstract: A medical system includes one or more medical body area network (MBAN) systems. Each MBAN system includes one or more MBAN devices which acquire and communicate patient data with a hub device via short-range wireless communication. The communication of the patient data via the short-range wireless communication is within a predefined spectrum. The hub device receives patient data communicated from the one or more MBAN devices and communicates with a central monitoring station via a longer range communication. A MBAN channelization scheme defines one or more overlapping channels in the predefined spectrum and a MAC parameter dynamically enables or disables access to each defined channel. A channel regulator manages the MBAN utilization of the predefined spectrum by setting the MAC parameter to dynamically enable/disable the one or more predefined MBAN channels within the predefined spectrum.

Abstract: In one embodiment of the invention, an apparatus includes: a first InDirect connect module configured for removable attachment to a first consumer electronic device, and a second InDirect connect module configured for removable attachment to a second consumer electronic device, the first InDirect connect module including a first wireless processing system for transmitting a signal and the second InDirect connect module including a second wireless processing system for receiving the signal.

Abstract: Conserving battery by a wireless user equipment (UE) device in substantially stationary conditions. A first wireless link may be established with a first cell. It may be determined that the UE device is substantially stationary. One or more signal strength and/or signal quality metrics associated with the first wireless link may be measured. The one or more signal strength and/or signal quality metrics may be below a first threshold. The UE may ordinarily be configured to perform a search for neighboring cells if the one or more signal strength and/or signal quality metrics are below the first threshold. The UE may not actually perform a search for neighboring cells, based on determining that the UE is substantially stationary.

Abstract: A system for generating spectrum environment data receives spectrum sensing data from a wireless electronic device. The sensing data includes, for each of plural channels, a sensing measurement value expressed with a sensing resolution bandwidth and indicative of perceived signal strength. The system normalizes the received sensing measurement values so that each value has a predetermined analysis resolution bandwidth. The system also calibrates the normalized sensing measurement values to adjust for differences between perceived signal strength and predicted signal strength for at least one reference channel on which a protected transmitter with known operational characteristics transmits.

Abstract: Systems, apparatus, and methods are disclosed for accurately identifying a moving thing motion activity (MTMA) associated with a mobile thing (MT) using sensor data from one or more sensors associated with a wireless communication device (WCD) transported by the MT so as to enable or initiate a further one or more activity based actions. One such method, among others, comprises: (a) receiving first and second data from one or more sensors (e.g., accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer, etc.) associated with a wireless communication device (WCD) transported by a mobile thing (MT), the first and second data indicative of movement of the WCD; (b) determining reference data that defines a reference framework from the first data; (c) normalizing the second data with the reference data so that the second data can be analyzed in the reference framework; and (d) identifying an MTMA associated with the MT based upon the normalized second data.

Abstract: A wireless communication apparatus detects strength of electric wave which is transmitted from a wireless communication terminal and received through a leaky coaxial cable and executes the data transmission to the wireless communication terminal by transmitting the electric wave from the leaky coaxial cable if the detected strength of the electric wave is equal to or greater than a set value.

Abstract: There is provided a communication device comprising: a detection unit that detects presence or absence of communication connection with a server storing data related to a communication environment of a communication area where a first communication service is provided; a data acquisition unit that acquires data related to a surrounding communication environment; and a determination unit that determines availability of usage of a second communication service using a part or whole of a spectrum assigned to the first communication service based on the data acquired by the data acquisition unit, wherein when communication connection with the server is not detected by the detection unit, the data acquisition unit senses a communication environment surrounding the communication device or receives data related to a communication environment from another communication device located near the communication device.

Abstract: Communication processing paths include distortions, such as DC offset in the baseband analog path which needs to be accounted for. The use of a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) to inject a DC offset cancellation signal can bring about noise/area/power advantages. The DAC is driven by a mixed signal low pass filter loop. However, the DAC could also be driven in an open loop system, or a combination of open and closed loop. A low noise sign and magnitude DAC with low area and power requirements is implemented using selectively connected programmable current sources to virtual earth input terminals on a transimpedance amplifier (TIA) op-amp circuit. The constant virtual earth voltage eliminates linearity problems that would otherwise exist due to the finite current source output impedance. Current sources are only switched in when required so unneeded sources are out of circuit and do not contribute noise or use any power.