Abstract: A light guide plate includes a light introduction unit that confines light incident from a point light source through the light incident surface and a light guide plate body. The light introduction unit includes an inclined surface inclined toward an end of a surface of the light guide plate body from a surface in a portion having the thickness greater than that of the light guide plate body. The light guide plate body includes a directivity conversion pattern located between the light introduction unit and an effective illumination region of the light guide plate body. The directivity conversion pattern converts a directivity direction of the light passing through an effective illumination region from the light introduction unit such that an angle formed by the light and a direction perpendicular to the light incident surface increases when viewed from a direction perpendicular to a light exit surface.

Abstract: An electronic device is provided. The electronic device includes a light source, a light guide, a display unit and a frame. The light source provides a light beam. The light guide includes a light emitting surface and a light entering surface, wherein the light beam enters the light guide through the light entering surface, and is emitted from the light emitting surface. The display unit is corresponding to the light emitting surface, wherein the light beam is partially emitted from the light guide, passes through the display unit to display an image. The frame covers the display unit and the light guide, wherein the frame has a display portion and a transparent portion, the image is displayed in the display portion, and the light beam is partially emitted from the light guide toward the transparent portion and passes through the transparent portion.

Abstract: A light guide plate includes a body portion, and a plurality of unit shaped elements defining a light exit surface and arranged on one-side surface of the body portion side by side in an arrangement direction intersecting a light guide direction. Each unit shaped element extends in a direction intersecting the arrangement direction. A light exit surface angle ?a, which is the angle of the contour of each unit shaped element with respect to the one-side surface, is more than 10° and not more than 30° in a zone of the contour of each unit shaped element, the width of the zone along the arrangement direction being not less than 35% and not more than 70% of the full width of the unit shaped element.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a liquid crystal display panel including pixels and a backlight unit disposed at a rear side of the liquid crystal display panel to supply first and second color lights having different wavelengths to the liquid crystal display panel. In each pixel, first and second color filters having first and second colors different from each other are sequentially arranged in a first direction. Each pixel also includes a first open portion allowing the first and second color filters to be spaced apart from each other in the first direction and a second open portion allowing the second color filter to be spaced apart from a color filter of an adjacent pixel in the first direction. The backlight unit supplies the first and second color lights to the liquid crystal display panel during first and second sub-fields obtained by dividing a frame.

Abstract: An electronic display comprises an electro-optic layer comprising electro-optical material. The display includes a first electrically conductive layer and a second electrically conductive layer, the electro-optic layer being disposed between the first electrically conductive layer and the second electrically conductive layer. A first substrate is disposed adjacent the first electrically conductive layer and a second substrate is disposed adjacent the second electrically conductive layer. The first substrate and the second substrate are formed in a shape that has at least one outer peripheral edge boundary, excluding any ledges. Internal ledges are disposed inside the at least one outer peripheral edge boundary. A first of the internal ledges comprises a portion of the first substrate and an exposed portion of the first electrically conductive layer and a second of the internal ledges comprises a portion of the second substrate and an exposed portion of the second electrically conductive layer.

Abstract: A polarizing plate includes a polarizer, and a protective film on one side of the polarizer and including a reverse dispersion liquid crystal coating layer having ?/4 retardation. An optical display panel includes the polarizing plate. The polarizing plate has a depolarization function and allows for viewing of the display panel through polarizing sunglasses.

Abstract: A transparent liquid crystal display device includes: first and second substrates facing and spaced apart from each other; a polarizing plate over an outer surface of the first substrate; first and second electrodes and a passivation layer between the first and second electrodes over an inner surface of the first substrate, the first electrode having a plate shape, the second electrode having a shape of bars; a third electrode over an inner surface of the second substrate; at least one color filter over an outer surface of the second substrate, the at least one color filter including a colored dichroic dye material; and a liquid crystal layer between the first and second substrate, the liquid crystal layer including a liquid crystal material and a black dichroic dye material.

Abstract: Provided is a liquid crystal display device provided with light fastness, stabilized alignment of liquid crystal, and excellent display quality. The liquid crystal display device of the present invention is a liquid crystal display device in which at least one of a pair of substrates includes a photo-alignment film, and an electrode in the stated order from the liquid crystal layer side; the photo-alignment film aligns liquid crystal molecules horizontally to the photo-alignment film surface; a polarization transmission axis direction of a polarizing element in the observation surface side of the liquid crystal cell crosses an alignment direction of liquid crystal molecules at a voltage lower than the threshold voltage in the liquid crystal layer; and a material constituting the photo-alignment film contains a material for aligning liquid crystal molecules in a direction crossing a polarization direction of polarized light by polarized light irradiated to the photo-alignment film.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a first pixel, a second pixel, and a third pixel each displaying a different color. A first data line is positioned between the first pixel and the second pixel, and a second data line is positioned between the second pixel and the third pixel. A first pixel electrode, a second pixel electrode, and a third pixel electrode are respectively positioned in the first, second, and third pixels. An interval between the first pixel electrode and the first data line is larger than an interval between the second pixel electrode and the first data line. An interval between the second pixel electrode and the second data line is smaller than an interval between the third pixel electrode and the second data line.

Abstract: An LCD panel and a method for manufacturing the LCD panel are disclosed. The LCD panel comprises: an array substrate, a color filter substrate, and a liquid crystal layer filled between the array substrate and the color filter substrate. The color filter substrate comprises: a transparent conductive metal oxide film, and first and second conductive metal strips electrically connected with the transparent conductive metal oxide film. The first and second conductive metal strips are configured to conduct a current, which flows through the transparent conductive metal oxide film, causing the transparent conductive metal oxide film to heat the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a display area and a non-display area. The liquid crystal display includes a first base substrate, a pixel disposed on the first base substrate in the display area, a second base substrate, a common electrode disposed on the second base substrate, a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first base substrate and the second base substrate, and an electric field control line disposed on the first base substrate in the non-display area. The electric field control line is disposed on a same layer as the pixel electrode.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a liquid crystal display device includes a first substrate including a pixel electrode and a dummy pixel electrode, a second substrate including a light-shield layer including a first light-shield portion opposed to a position between the pixel electrode and the dummy pixel electrode, a second light-shield portion located in an active area and a third light-shield portion located in a peripheral area, a color filter opposed to the pixel electrode, and a dummy color filter opposed to the dummy pixel electrode, a first columnar spacer creating a first cell gap in the active area, and a second columnar spacer creating a second cell gap that is equal to the first cell gap in the peripheral area.

Abstract: The present invention provides a liquid crystal display device capable of preventing a decrease in voltage holding ratio (VHR) of a liquid crystal layer and an increase in ion density (ID) and resolving the problem of display defects such as white spots, alignment unevenness, image sticking, and the like. The liquid crystal display device of the present invention is characterized by preventing a decrease in voltage holding ratio (VHR) of a liquid crystal layer and an increase in ion density (ID) and suppressing the occurrence of display defects such as image sticking and the like, and is thus particularly useful for a VA-mode or PSVA-mode liquid crystal display device for active matrix driving, and can be applied to liquid crystal display devices such as a liquid crystal TV, a monitor, a cellular phone, a smart phone, and the like.

Abstract: There is provided a liquid crystal display device capable of preventing a decrease in voltage holding ratio (VHR) of a liquid crystal layer and an increase in ion density (ID) and resolving the problem of display defects such as white spots, alignment unevenness, image sticking, and the like. The liquid crystal display device prevents a decrease in voltage holding ratio (VHR) of a liquid crystal layer and an increase in ion density (ID) and suppressing the occurrence of display defects such as image sticking and the like. The liquid crystal display device is thus useful for a VA-mode or PSVA-mode liquid crystal display device for active matrix driving. The application of the device includes liquid crystal display devices such as liquid crystal TVs, monitors, cellular phones, and smart phones.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display device that includes a particular liquid crystal composition and a color filter that uses a particular pigment. The present invention provides a liquid crystal display device that prevents a decrease in voltage holding ratio (VHR) and an increase in ion density (ID) in a liquid crystal layer and resolves the problems of display defects such as white streaks, alignment nonuniformity, and image sticking. Since the liquid crystal display device of the present invention prevents a decrease in voltage holding ratio (VHR) and an increase in ion density (ID) in the liquid crystal layer and resolves the problems of display defects such as image sticking, the liquid crystal display device is useful as VA-mode and PSVA-mode liquid crystal display devices of an active matrix drive type, and is applicable to liquid crystal display devices of liquid crystal televisions, monitors, cellular phones, smart phones, etc.

Abstract: The present invention provides an alignment film material, which is used for a liquid crystal display with polymer stabilized vertical alignment, it comprises: a polymer, an oligomer, and a solvent, wherein, the polymer and/or the oligomer comprise group structures of the benzophenone and methyl acrylate. Accordingly, the present invention also provides a liquid crystal panel using the above alignment film. The embodiments according to the present invention regulates the reaction rate of the polymerizable monomer and the polymerizable monomer residues in the polymer stabilized vertical alignment crystal mixture using the alignment film material, which controls the contents of the movable ion in the liquid crystal panel, in order to improve the reliability of the quality of the LCD panel.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a liquid crystal display device includes an array substrate including a common electrode, an insulation film disposed on the common electrode, and a pixel electrode disposed on the insulation film, opposed to the common electrode and provided with a slit, a counter-substrate disposed to be opposed to the array substrate, and a liquid crystal layer formed of a negative-type liquid crystal material held between the array substrate and the counter-substrate, wherein the liquid crystal layer includes liquid crystal molecules which are initially aligned at an angle of 10° to 45° to a direction which is perpendicular to a direction of extension of the slit.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes: a first substrate; a first subpixel electrode positioned on the first substrate and configured to receive a first voltage; a second subpixel electrode positioned on the first substrate and configured to receive a second voltage; an insulating layer positioned between the first subpixel electrode and the second subpixel electrode; a second substrate facing the first substrate; and a common electrode positioned on the second substrate. A portion of the first subpixel electrode and a portion of the second subpixel electrode overlap each other with the insulating layer interposed therebetween, and a difference between the first voltage and a common voltage is larger than a difference between the second voltage and the common voltage.

Abstract: An array substrate has at least one array structure, the array structure having a first pixel unit, a second pixel unit and a third pixel unit arranged row-by-row; each of the first pixel unit and the third pixel unit has a single-domain inclining direction, and the second pixel unit has a plurality of domain inclining directions; the single-domain inclining direction of the first pixel unit is different from that of the third pixel unit; the domain inclining direction of the second pixel unit, at a side adjacent to the first pixel unit, is the same as the single-domain inclining direction of the third pixel unit, and the domain inclining direction of the second pixel unit, at a side adjacent to the third pixel unit, is the same as the single-domain inclining direction of the first pixel unit.

Abstract: In an electro-optical device, an electro-optical material is doubly sealed with a first seal member and a second seal member. In the second seal member, first particles are located in a gap between a first substrate and a second substrate, and second particles are located outside of the gap between the first substrate and the second substrate, so as to cover the opening of the gap.

Abstract: A cycloidal diffractive waveplate (50) comprising first and second substrate layers (52, 54), a liquid crystal layer (60C, 60H) provided between the first and second substrate layers, and transparent positive electrodes (56) and transparent negative electrodes (58) provided on the first substrate layer. The liquid crystal layer has a diffractive state (60C) in which the optical axes of the liquid crystal molecules are periodically rotated across a plane of the waveplate and a non-diffractive state (60H) in which the optical axes of the liquid crystal molecules are all orientated in the same direction in the plane of the waveplate. The electrodes (56, 58) are arranged in an alternating series, such that when an electric voltage is applied to the electrodes an electric field is produced in the plane of the waveplate and the liquid crystal layer is switched from the diffractive state to the non-diffractive state. A method of manufacturing the cycloidal diffractive waveplate is also provided.

Abstract: An optical apparatus includes an optical combiner, an image lens, and an external scene lens. The optical combiner has an eye-ward side and an external scene side and includes a partially reflective diffraction grating that is at least partially reflective to image light incident through the eye-ward side and at least partially transmissive to external scene light incident through the external scene side. A first mount is positioned to hold the image lens in an optical path of the image light to apply a first corrective prescription to the image light. A second mount is positioned to hold an external scene lens over the external scene side of the optical combiner to apply a second corrective prescription to the external scene light. The optical combiner combines the image light with the scene light to form a combined image that is corrected according to the first and second corrective prescriptions.

Abstract: Contact lenses incorporating asymmetric radial power profiles that increase the radial dioptric power from the center to the margin of the optical zone of the lenses may be utilized to prevent and/or slow myopia progression. The power profiles vary along different meridians.

Abstract: A method of making a lens having adjustable optical power is disclosed. The lens is adjustable by relative lateral translation of at least two lens elements. The method may comprise providing a function yielding optical properties of the lens from starting geometries for the lens elements; refining the function to approximate required gaze angle optical performance over a range of said lateral translation; and using the refined function to derive geometries for making the lens elements. The function may comprise first and second functional parts respectively for the lens elements, and the method comprises using the function to derive geometries for making the lens elements, wherein the function relates optical path difference to a position across the lens elements, and the rate of change of curvature of the first functional part with position is different to the rate of change of curvature of the second functional part with position. There is also disclosed a lens having adjustable optical power.

Abstract: Soft contact lens having regions of a material forming one or more higher modulus of elasticity zones in the peripheral region of the lenses add stiffness to the contact lenses. This increased stiffness in different zones or regions enable the contact lens to be more easily handled and make it less likely to fold in on itself.

Abstract: The optical article includes an optical substrate comprising a concave surface with a radius of curvature of equal to or greater than 350 mm on one side and a convex surface with a radius of curvature of equal to or greater than 120 mm on the other side, a first antifouling layer directly or through at least one additional layer on the concave surface, and a second antifouling layer directly or through at least one additional layer on the convex surface, and satisfies the conditions below: 0.01??L1?0.12 0.1??L2 ?L1<?L2 wherein ?L1 denotes a coefficient of static friction of a surface of the first antifouling layer, and ?L2 denotes a coefficient of static friction of a surface of the second antifouling layer.

Abstract: The present invention, in some embodiments thereof, provides a method and device for automatically calculating, prior to an IOL (intraocular lens) implantation procedure in a patient, a power and an axis location of the IOL in the implantation procedure, the method comprising: inputting to an electronic device keratometry parameters of the patient; inputting to the electronic device surgical parameters of the IOL implantation procedure on the patient; analyzing the patient keratometry parameters and the surgical parameters by the electronic device; and automatically determining by the electronic device the power and the axis location of the IOL in the implantation procedure in response to the inputs.

Abstract: Optical patches are assigned to prescriptions so as to reduce the total number of patch surfaces which are involved. The prescriptions are produced by varying at least one of a front patch surface (S1) and rear patch surface (S2) which are combined to form an optical patch, in accordance with prescription segments. The front patch surfaces (S1) are pseudo-spherical and the rear patch surfaces (S2) include a Fresnel structure superimposed on a pseudo-spherical base shape.

Abstract: The invention relates to a stereovision optometry apparatus comprising: a 3D display unit for displaying 3D image; a reference 2D display unit for displaying reference 2D image; an eyepiece in opposite side of the 2D display unit configured to view the images; a reflective minor in opposite side of the 3D display unit configured to move toward and away from the 3D display unit; and a half minor arranged between the 3D display and the reflective mirror and disposed at a point where propagation paths of the 2D image and the 3D image intersect; wherein the 2D image penetrates through the half mirror to reach the eyepiece; wherein the 3D image penetrates the half mirror to be reflected on the reflective mirror and then the reflected image is reflected on the half mirror to reach the eyepiece.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for measuring ocular scattering, comprising the steps of: sequentially projecting images from an extensive light source, corresponding to different visual angles, onto the retina; recording the output light in a camera or detector once it has passed through the eye twice; calculating the intensity at the center of each recorded image; calculating the PSF for each angle from the previous intensities; and calculating the average of the value of the PSF between the angles. The invention also relates to a system for carrying out said method. The invention can be used to measure the intensity of the scattered light in an objective manner.

Abstract: An optical coherence tomographic imaging apparatus includes a movement amount acquisition unit configured to acquire the amount of subject's eye movement based on a plurality of images of the subject's eye acquired at different times, a determination unit configured to determine whether the amount of subject's eye movement before a scan by the scanning unit exceeds a threshold value, and a control unit configured to, in a case the amount of subject's eye movement before the scan is equal to or smaller than the threshold value, control the scanning unit to perform scanning position correction between a scan and the next scan based on the amount of movement.

Abstract: An optical tomographic imaging apparatus includes a measurement light optical path length changing unit configured to change an optical path length of measurement light. In a case where any one of a plurality of imaging regions of an object (for example, a region of an anterior eye of a subject's eye and a region of a fundus of the subject's eye) is selected, the optical tomographic imaging apparatus can control the measurement light optical path length changing unit according to a size of an imaging range of a tomographic image corresponding to the selected imaging region.

Abstract: An optical coherence tomographic imaging apparatus includes a movement amount acquisition unit configured to acquire an amount of rotation of a subject's eye based on a plurality of images of the subject's eye acquired at different times, and a control unit configured to control a scanning unit to correct, based on the acquired amount of rotation, a scanning position between a scan and a next scan performed by the scanning unit.

Abstract: An optical tomographic imaging apparatus includes an instruction unit configured to issue an instruction on a size of an imaging range of a tomographic image, and a control unit configured to control a measurement light optical path length changing unit to perform alignment in a depth direction with respect an object after the instruction by the instruction unit, and change an optical path length of measurement light by a distance corresponding to a change of the size on which the instruction is issued.

Abstract: An optical tomographic imaging apparatus includes a control unit configured to, in a case where an instruction to narrow an imaging range of a tomographic image is issued, control a measurement light optical path length changing unit to reduce an optical path length of measurement light and make a changing speed of the optical path length of the measurement light lower than in a case where an instruction to widen the imaging range is issued.

Abstract: An ophthalmologic apparatus includes an acquisition unit configured to acquire a fundus image of a subject's eye, a displacement acquisition unit configured to acquire the displacement of an imaging position between the fundus images acquired by the acquisition unit, and a display control unit configured to display on a display unit the fundus image acquired by the acquisition unit and a region of interest which is an area where a tomogram of the fundus is captured, in which the display control unit performs display control to display the fundus image and the region of interest on the display unit based on the displacement acquired by the displacement acquisition unit so that the region of interest is positioned at a predetermined position of the fundus image, and stops the display control based on the position of the subject's eye.

Abstract: Systems for performing sequential multiple function ophthalmic measurements using separate measurement instruments, by mechanical switching between the instruments. In prior art systems, the separate measurement instruments are stacked, and transfer between them is performed by means of a linear mechanical motion stage. The separate measurement instruments of the present application are mounted on a base which is rotatably pivoted around a joint at a location remote from the optical entry apertures of the instruments. The entrance apertures of the measurement instruments then traverse the eye being measured sequentially. A rotational motion around the pivoted joint is thus transformed into a linear motion at the eye of the subject, without the need for a linear motion stage. A Scheimpflug camera corneal thickness measurement is also described, in which the measurement head is tilted during the corneal scan such that the illuminating slit beam always impinges on the cornea normally.

Abstract: An ophthalmologic apparatus includes an imaging unit for imaging the fundus image of a subject's eye, a displacement acquisition unit for acquiring the displacement of an imaging position by the imaging unit between fundus images captured by the imaging unit, and a display control unit for displaying the fundus image captured by the imaging unit and a region of interest on the display unit so that the region of interest is positioned at a predetermined position of the fundus image based on the displacement acquired by the displacement acquisition unit and displaying the region of interest on the display unit by changing a size of the region of interest according to an range where the fundus image is captured.

Abstract: The slit lamp microscope is capable of easily adjusting a slit-light and a backlight. The slit lamp microscope comprises: a slit lamp for emitting a slit-light; a mirror unit having a reflecting mirror or a prism, which reflects the slit-light emitted from the slit lamp toward an eye of an examinee; a microscope unit for observing the eye of the examinee; and a backlight source for emitting a backlight, which illuminates a circumference of the slit-light, toward the eye of the examinee. The backlight source is provided to the mirror unit.

Abstract: An optometric apparatus includes an optotype presenting optical system for presenting part of a plurality of optotypes corresponding to visual acuity to be measured to an examinee's eye and a visible light source for irradiating illumination light to the optotypes presented to the eye through the optotype presenting optical system. A controller is configured to execute processing of changing a light amount of the illumination light to be irradiated to the optotypes from the visible light source between a predetermined first light amount and a second light amount lower than the first light amount and processing of switching the optotypes to be presented to the eye at the time of changing the light amount of the illumination light from the first light amount to the second light amount.

Abstract: There is provided a subjective eye refracting power measurement apparatus which measures a refracting power of a subject eye. The apparatus includes a projection optical system which projects a visual target light flux toward the subject eye to form a visual target on a fundus of the subject eye; a correction optical system which changes a refracting power thereof; a relay optical system which relays a light flux passing through the correction optical system and to form an image of the correction optical system in front of the subject eye; a deviation detector which detects a positional deviation of the image of the correction optical system with respect to the subject eye; and a correction unit which optically corrects a formation position of the image based on a detection result by the deviation detector such that the image is formed in front of the subject eye.

Abstract: A device (10) for determining a group of at least one vision aid apparatus suitable for the vision of an individual, includes computing elements programmed to: a) determine at least one characteristic of the vision of the individual, b) determine at least one use of the group of at least one vision aid apparatus, desired by the individual, c) determine the group of at least one vision aid apparatus as a function of the characteristic of the vision and of the use desired by the individual.

Abstract: A method of performing an ophthalmic test on an examinee's eyes utilizes a three-dimensional display screen that includes a right-eye image and a left-eye image to induce ocular responses in the examinee's eyes. The right and left-eye images are varied while detection devices are used to monitor the examinee's eyes ocular responses to the variations. The induced ocular responses of the examinee's eyes are then used to diagnose any ocular, mental or neurological conditions present. The ocular response inducing images are preferably included in a three-dimensional video game such that a players' performance while playing the game will be indicative of any disorders that may be present.

Abstract: An image projection apparatus obtains a first partial image, which is a part of a projection target image. The image projection apparatus also receives, from another image projection apparatus, a first overlap image that is a portion of an image corresponding to a predetermined overlap area in which a projected image that the image projection apparatus projects and a projected image projected by another image projection apparatus overlap with each other, and that is not included in the first partial image. Then, the image projection apparatus projects a combined image obtained by combining the received first overlap image and the first partial image.

Abstract: This lighting device comprises a laser light source, a phosphor having a yellow phosphor that is excited by the laser light source, and a color filter on which fluorescent light emitted from the phosphor is incident. The color filter has first and second segments with different transmission spectrums, the first segment transmitting the entire wavelength band of yellow fluorescent light emitted from the yellow phosphor, and the second segment removing the short wavelength component of the yellow fluorescent light.

Abstract: An illuminator 10 according to one embodiment includes laser light sources 22 and 28 for emitting laser light, at least two phosphor substrates 16 with phosphors 112, 114 and 116 arranged thereon which can be excited by laser light to emit fluorescent light, and an optical element 62 for spatially combining together the fluorescent light emitted from the at least two phosphor substrates 16.

Abstract: The invention provides a projection apparatus having an image source, a projection lens, and a beam-splitting module. The image source provides an image beam, and the image beam includes a first sub image beam and at least one second sub image beam. The projection lens is disposed on a transmission path of the image beam. The beam-splitting module projects the first sub image beam passing through the beam-splitting module onto a first imaging plane, and projects the second sub image beam reflected by the beam-splitting module onto at least one second imaging plane. The first imaging plane is not coplanar with the at least one second imaging plane. The projection lens is disposed on the transmission path of the image beam between the beam-splitting module and the image source.

Abstract: An image projection apparatus includes: an illumination optical system; a projection optical system assembled integrally with the illumination optical system; and a frame fixed to only one system, that has a larger weight, of the illumination optical system and the projection optical system.

Abstract: A projection subsystem includes a light engine that provides a collection lens, a collimator and at least one solid state light emitter. A projection lens assembly receives the image and provides a projection beam having a luminous flux level. The projection subsystem has a portability efficacy.

Abstract: There is provided an illumination optical system for illuminating an illumination objective surface. The illumination optical system includes a first spatial light modulator which has a plurality of optical elements arranged on a first plane, a polarizing member which is arranged in an optical path on an illumination objective surface side with respect to the first plane and which gives a polarization state change to a first light beam passes through a first area in a plane intersecting an optical axis of the illumination optical system, the polarization state change being different from a polarization state change given to a second light beam passes through a second area in the intersecting plane, and a second spatial light modulator which has a plurality of optical elements controlled individually and arranged on a second plane, and which variably forms a light intensity distribution on an illumination pupil of the illumination optical system.