Abstract: The slant of a first mirror (21), the slant of a second mirror (22), and the laser output when the slant of the first mirror (21) is an initial value and when the slant of the first mirror (21) is made to move from the initial value by exactly a predetermined value in the positive and negative directions are used as the basis to calculate a first approximation curve of the laser output with respect to the slant of the first mirror (21) and second approximation curve of the laser output with respect to the slant of the second mirror (22), set a value which corresponds to a local maximum value of the first approximation curve as the slant of the first mirror (21), and set a value which corresponds to a local maximum value of the second approximation curve as the slant of the second mirror (21).

Abstract: A sensor system includes a housing defining a cavity, an actuator formed from an alloy transitionable between first and second states, a plunger attached to the actuator, and a resilient member configured for translating the plunger within the cavity. The plunger is not translatable during a first condition in which a coating of debris is disposed on the housing as the alloy transitions between the first and second states to define a first stress on the actuator. The plunger is translatable during a second condition in which the housing is substantially free from the coating as the alloy transitions to define a second stress on the actuator that is less than the first stress. The alloy transitions from the first to the second state at a first transformation temperature during the first condition, and at a second transformation temperature that is less than the first temperature during the second condition.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a time-temperature indicator system useful for monitoring the time and temperature exposure of foods, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, chemicals and other products. The system provides improved time-temperature sensitivity, time-temperature sensitivity control and a response which better reflects that of the reactions leading to quality loss of the monitored product. Further, the invention also relates to a combination comprising a time-temperature indicator system and a product storage container or a bag closure device. A method for producing said time-temperature indicator system is also part of the present invention.

Abstract: The proposed temperature compensation for a measuring probe to be received in a workpiece-processing machine provides a measuring probe, measuring in contacting or non-contacting manner, for registering measured values in respect of a workpiece and for outputting signals that are representative of the measured values, whereby the measuring probe exhibits a probing device for one-dimensional or multi-dimensional probing of a workpiece, at least one probing sensor for converting such probing operations into the representative signals, at least one temperature sensor which has been received in the measuring probe in order to generate a signal that is representative of the temperature of the measuring probe, and a linking device which links the signals of the probing sensor with the signals of the temperature sensor to yield a temperature-compensated probing signal which is intended to be output to a numerical control system of the workpiece-processing machine.

Abstract: A system for determining when an electrical contact or other component reaches a predetermined temperature. In operation, a trace material is dispersed into a surrounding environment (e.g., head space within a compartment above insulating oil), where the trace material is detected. A barrier may be ruptured or broken by temperature-induced gas pressure, or pierced by a spring-loaded member that is located within the same section that contains the trace material, and devices may be provided for moving the trace material through the foil barrier as the barrier is ruptured. The barrier may be opened solely by internal gas pressure. According to another embodiment, improved fail-safe operation may be achieved by providing a spring-loaded member and configuring the barrier to be ruptured by the pressure of the detectable gas material before the barrier is ruptured by the spring-loaded member.

Abstract: A temperature detecting element is fixed reliably at an accurate position to enable improvement in a rising characteristic of a temperature and high-accuracy temperature control. Provided is a temperature sensor including a temperature detecting element detecting a temperature in a branch tube branched from a main tube and a positioning supporting mechanism positioning and supporting the temperature detecting element. Tension is applied to a cord of the temperature detecting element. The positioning supporting mechanism is supported by the tensioned cord to position and support the temperature detecting element. The positioning supporting mechanism includes a supporting tube supporting the temperature detecting element, a positioning member supporting the supporting tube and fixed at a set position, and a tensioner applying tension to the cord of the temperature detecting element.

Abstract: A communication device is described comprising a receiver configured to receive a receive symbol vector resulting from a transmission of a transmit symbol vector from at least one transmitter to the receiver wherein the transmit symbol vector comprises a plurality of transmit symbols wherein each transmit symbol is associated with a modulation type and a detector configured to determine a detection order for the plurality of transmit symbols based on the modulation types and to determine, for at least one bit of at least one transmit symbol, at least one soft value based on the receive symbol vector according to the detection order.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for common mode testing for a system using an Ethernet subsystem. The Ethernet subsystem generates test signals that can be introduced at various points in the system to detect the effect of noise introduced by various elements of the system. By introducing test signals at various points in a system, common mode noise introduced into the system can be more accurately determined.

Abstract: A method of performing channel estimation includes receiving a frame that includes, for each subcarrier of a subset of subcarriers in the frame, a pair of pilot symbols in the subcarrier. The subcarriers of the subset are regularly spaced apart from one another in the frequency domain. Time-averaged channel estimates for each subcarrier of the subset are generated based on the pairs of pilot symbols. Frequency-averaged channel estimates for respective subcarriers are generated based on the time-averaged channel estimates. Interpolation is performed between respective frequency-averaged channel estimates to generate interpolated channel estimates for subcarriers between the respective subcarriers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a low-power and high-speed transmission and reception apparatus which reduces consumption power of a sending-end circuit by increasing a value of a termination resistor included in a sending-end circuit and a receiving-end circuit so that the value is greater than a characteristic impedance value of a transmission line.

Abstract: A base station initializes pseudo-random sequence generators on which wireless devices base generation of uplink reference signals. The base station determines a first sequence from a first subset of possible initialization sequences for a sequence generator of a first device, and determines a second sequence from a second subset of possible initialization sequences for a sequence generator of a second device. The range of this second subset spans at least the range of the first subset. The base station further encodes the first sequence as a first set of two or more parameters, and encodes the second sequence as a second set of one or more parameters. This second set includes at least one parameter not included in the first set, and comprises fewer bits than the first set. The base station initializes the sequence generators by transmitting the first and second sets of parameters to the devices.

Abstract: Through the use of a least squares minimization concept, the loop length, the number of bridged taps and length of the bridged taps on a transmission line can be determined from readily available modem data. In particular, the loop length, the number of bridge taps and the length of bridged taps can be estimated by comparing a measured frequency domain channel impulse response of the transmission line to a model of a loop that is comprised of multiple sections and multiple bridge taps.

Abstract: A mobile communication device to equalize a Doppler shifted received signal according to one embodiment is configured to: extract one or more pilot signals from a segment of the received signal; perform Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) filtering on the extracted pilot signals, wherein the filter provides estimated pilot signal impulse responses; estimate the amplitudes of one or more path components of the estimated pilot signal impulse responses; estimate the phases of one or more path components of the estimated pilot signal impulse responses; and combine the estimated amplitudes and the estimated phases of the path components of the pilot signal impulse responses, wherein the combination provides an estimated channel impulse response.

Abstract: In Software defined elastic optical networks, modulation format and constellation size may be flexibly modified. As a result, digital signal processing (DSP) algorithm should be compatible with different modulation schemes or readily reconfigurable at the optical coherent receiver. Therefore we propose a novel cascaded adaptive blind equalizers based on decision-directed modified least mean square (DD-MLMS) algorithm for polarization separation and carrier phase recovery. The algorithm is square quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) independent so that it could be applied in the elastic optical systems. The 28 Gbaud polarization multiplexing quadrature phase shift keying (PM-QPSK) and PM-16QAM back-to-back transmission is demonstrated. The results show that the performance is very close to the general algorithm but with a benefit of the reduced operation complexity.

Abstract: A communication system having a receiver with a linear path and a nonlinear path. As the receiver receives a data signal, it adaptively equalizes the received signal, and amplitude-limits the equalized signal in the nonlinear path using a saturable amplifier limiter or the like. A slicer extracts data from the limited equalized received signal. In the linear path, a clock recovery circuit generates a clock signal from the equalized received signal. A delay circuit in the linear path at least partially compensates for propagation delay in the limiter. Having the clock recovery occur in other than the nonlinear path, a low jitter clock is generated. The limiter enhances the vertical opening of the data eye by increasing the rise and fall times of the limited signal, providing more noise margin for the slicer to operate with and a greater timing margin in which to sample the sliced data.

Abstract: A multimedia file and methods of generating, distributing and using the multimedia file are described. Multimedia files in accordance with embodiments of the present invention can contain multiple video tracks, multiple audio tracks, multiple subtitle tracks, a complete index that can be used to locate each data chunk in each of these tracks and an abridged index that can enable the location of a subset of the data chunks in each track, data that can be used to generate a menu interface to access the contents of the file and ‘meta data’ concerning the contents of the file. Multimedia files in accordance with several embodiments of the present invention also include references to video tracks, audio tracks, subtitle tracks and ‘meta data’ external to the file.

Abstract: A length indicator (23) associated with an encoded representation (20) of a slice (3) is parsed. The length indicator (23) is indicative of a length of an extension field (24) present in a slice header (21) of the encoded representation (20). A decoder (40) can then determine to ignore, during decoding of the encoded representation (20), any value of the extension field (24) in the slice header (21) where these values are identified based on the length indicator (23). As a consequence, extension fields (23) can be added to slice headers (21) and still enable legacy decoders (40) to correctly decode the encoded representations (20).

Abstract: An input receives a video signal comprising a plurality of frames, each comprising a plurality of image portions. Each of the image portions is encoded by an encoder, to generate an encoded signal. An adaptation module selects a respective encoding mode used to encode each of the image portions. The selection is based on a process that balances an estimate of distortion for the image portion if encoded using the respective encoding mode and a bitrate that would be incurred by encoding the image portion using the respective encoding mode. The adaptation module is also configured to determine, within each of one or more frames of the video signal, at least two different regions having different perceptual significance, and to adapt the above-mentioned process in dependence on which of the regions the image portion being encoded is in.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a moving picture coding apparatus and a moving picture coding method capable of further improving coding efficiency, the moving picture coding apparatus comprises a controller. The controller performs control such that coded data are created using an inter-prediction structure in which the maximum number of consecutive B-pictures in a GOP is set to “N”, and the number of layers in a reference relationship between the B-pictures is set to “L”.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a moving image encoding device and a moving image encoding method improving encoding efficiency are provided. In the embodiment, moving image encoding device includes controller. The controller generates a B picture by using a GOP structure enabling reference from a reference B picture in a GOP to another reference B picture in the GOP.

Abstract: A moving image encoding apparatus configured to use an image one frame before a target image for encoding to calculate a filtering coefficient for each intra prediction mode of a decoded image from the decoded image and the original image, extracts a filtering coefficient to perform a filtering process to a reference pixel for intra prediction mode determination of a peripheral block of the target block for encoding according to the intra prediction mode of the peripheral block and to generate a reference image for intra prediction mode determination, uses the reference image for intra prediction mode determination to select an intra prediction mode for the target block for encoding, and generates an intra prediction image of the target block for encoding.

Abstract: Systems, apparatus and methods are described including determining a prediction residual for a channel of video data; and determining, using the first channel's prediction residual, a prediction residual for a second channel of the video data. Further, a prediction residual for a third channel of the video data may be determined using the second channel's prediction residual.

Abstract: A video processing method for a video image consisting of a plurality of units includes: generating a plurality of information types of at least a first unit and a second unit neighbouring the first unit; and storing the plurality of information types of the first unit in a first continuous address space in a buffer and storing the plurality of information types of the second unit in a second continuous address space in the buffer, wherein the first continuous address space is adjacent to the second continuous address space. The plurality of information types of the first and second units are required for coding a specific unit, and the order of the stored plurality of information types of the first and second units is manipulated in each of the first and second continuous address spaces.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for deblocking of reconstructed video are disclosed. In one embodiment, the method divides a block boundary into two sub-boundaries and separates lines or column across the sub-boundaries into two groups. The deblocking filter decision for each group is determined based on the lines or columns in the respective group. In another embodiment, the method divides block edges of blocks in the LCUs into two edge groups, where the first edge group corresponds to horizontal block edges between two LCUs and the second edge group corresponds to remaining block edges not included in the first edge group. The number of lines processed by a vertical filter in the first edge group is less than the number of lines processed by a vertical filter in the second edge group. Accordingly, a system embodying the present invention has reduced storage requirement.

Abstract: A previously signaled reference picture set (RPS) corresponding to a current picture is indicated. A first flag for a picture in the previously signaled RPS is set if the picture is to be used as a reference picture for the current picture. A bitstream is sent.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for coding of syntax elements are disclosed to allow prediction units in P and B slices to share the same syntax coding table. In one embodiment according to the present invention, the method and apparatus coding of syntax elements selectively apply a syntax coding table to encode or decode the syntax element associated with the partition mode of a coding unit of a picture region according to the slice type of the picture region. A first syntax coding table is used to process the syntax element if the slice type is an I mode and a second syntax coding table is used to process the syntax element if the slice type is not an I mode.

Abstract: A video encoder includes: a predictive vector selecting unit that selects candidates for a first predictive vector for predicting a motion vector in a first direction, and candidates for a second predictive vector for predicting a motion vector for a second direction; a selection information setting unit that sets first selection information for identifying the first predictive vector from among the first predictive vector candidates, and second selection information for identifying the second predictive vector from among the second predictive vector candidates; and a variable length coding unit that performs variable length coding on the first and second selection information. The video encoder applies predetermined code to the second selection information indicating that the second predictive vector candidate obtained from a motion vector in the second direction, for an encoded block corresponding to the first predictive vector is the second predictive vector.

Abstract: Coding techniques for a video image compression system involve improving an image quality of a sequence of two or more bi-directionally predicted intermediate frames, where each of the frames includes multiple pixels. One method involves determining a brightness value of at least one pixel of each bi-directionally predicted intermediate frame in the sequence as an equal average of brightness values of pixels in non-bidirectionally predicted frames bracketing the sequence of bi-directionally predicted intermediate frames. The brightness values of the pixels in at least one of the non-bidirectionally predicted frames is converted from a non-linear representation.

Abstract: Overlapped block disparity estimation and compensation is described. Compensating for images with overlapped block disparity compensation (OBDC) involves determining if OBDC is enabled in a video bit stream, and determining if OBDC is enabled for one or more macroblocks that neighbor a first macroblock within the video bit stream. The neighboring macroblocks may be transform coded. If OBDC is enabled in the video bit stream and for the one or more neighboring macroblocks, predictions may be made for a region of the first macroblock that has an edge adjacent with the neighboring macroblocks. OBDC can be causally applied. Disparity compensation parameters or modes may be shared amongst views or layers. A variety of predictions may be used with causally-applied OBDC.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for facilitating motion estimation in video processing are provided. In one embodiment, search block is defined within one frame. A relative location of a corresponding block in another frame with respect to the search block is determined based on comparative searching at a predetermined granularity to produce a motion vector for the search block with a first precision. Correlation values are determined with respect to the search block for the corresponding block and for one block or more blocks defined at relative locations of less than the predetermined granularity with respect to the corresponding block in different directions. A refined motion vector for the search block with a second higher precision is determined based on the relative location of the block having a selected correlation value that is selected from among the determined correlation values.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for facilitating processing a reference frame to produce an output frame. Motion vector data for a block of reference frame pels estimates the displacement of the reference frame pels from corresponding pels in a prior input frame. Comparison metrics are produced for a pel of the reference frame with respect to that pel and a plurality of neighboring reference frame pels A first comparison metric is based on a comparison with corresponding pels of a prior output frame that corresponds to the prior input frame as previously processed. A second comparison metric is based on a comparison with corresponding pels of a motion compensated prior output frame derived from applying motion vector data to the pels of the prior output frame. A pel of the output frame that corresponds to the reference frame pel is determined using the first and second comparison metrics.

Abstract: An image encoding method is used for encoding a current picture on a block-by-block basis and includes: generating a reference picture list by (i) assigning a reference picture index to a reference picture referable for encoding the current picture and (ii) including the reference picture assigned the reference picture index into the reference picture list; and encoding a current block included in the current picture with reference to a reference picture that is specified, from the reference picture list, for encoding the current block, wherein, when a reference picture belonging to a reference view different from a current view to which the current picture belongs has a chance of being referenced for encoding the current picture, the reference picture belonging to the reference view is added to the reference picture list in the generating.

Abstract: An image decoding method includes: dividing a current block into sub-blocks; deriving, for each sub-block, one or more prediction information candidates; obtaining an index; and decoding the current block using the prediction information candidate selected by the index.

Abstract: A video signal comprises a sequence of source frames to be encoded. A pre-processing stage determines a region of interest for a plurality of the source frames, and spatially adapts each of the plurality of the source frames to produce a respective warped frame. In the respective warped frame, the region of interest comprises a higher spatial proportion of the warped frame than in the source frame. The pre-processing stage supplies the warped frames to an encoder to be encoded into an encoded version of the video signal.

Abstract: According to examples of the presently disclosed subject matter, a method of controlling a video content system can include: obtaining a current input frame and a preceding input frame from an input video sequence and obtaining a current degraded frame and a preceding degraded frame from a degraded video sequence corresponding to the input video sequence; computing a first differences value from the current input and the preceding input frames and a second differences value from the current degraded frame and the preceding degraded frame, comparing the first and second differences values, giving rise to an inter-frame quality score; computing an intra-frame quality score using an intra-frame quality measure that is applied in the pixel-domain of the current degraded frame and the current input frame and providing a configuration instruction to the video content system based on a quality criterion related to the inter-frame and the intra-frame quality scores.

Abstract: A receiving apparatus comprises a receiver for receiving a video signal, an output for outputting the video signal to a screen, storage device or further terminal; and a concealment module for applying a concealment algorithm to a lost area of the video signal. The concealment module is configured to determine an estimate of concealment quality selectively directed toward a region of interest within the area in question, and based on this estimate to determine whether or not to apply the concealment algorithm.

Abstract: A method of transmitting a high definition (HD) image and an ultra high definition (UHD) image, the method including obtaining a first HD image by down-scaling an original UHD image, obtaining at least one of a second HD image and a half-resolution UHD image by down-scaling the original UHD image, encoding the first HD image, encoding at least one of the second HD image and the half-resolution UHD image, generating a first transmission stream by multiplexing and synchronizing the encoded first HD image, generating a second transmission stream by multiplexing and synchronizing at least one of the encoded second HD image and the encoded half-resolution UHD image, transmitting the first transmission stream via a first transmission channel, and transmitting the second transmission stream via a second transmission channel differing from the first transmission channel is provided.

Abstract: A USB isolator integrated circuit, including: an isolation barrier disposed between an upstream portion and a downstream portion of the integrated circuit to provide galvanic isolation therebetween; a first USB 2.0 interface configured to receive and transmit USB 2.0 compliant signals between the upstream portion of the integrated circuit and an upstream USB entity; a second USB 2.0 interface configured to receive and transmit USB 2.0 compliant signals between the downstream portion of the integrated circuit and a downstream USB entity; a plurality of signal coupling components configured to allow communication between the upstream portion and the downstream portion of the integrated circuit to allow the upstream USB entity and the downstream USB entity to communicate therebetween using a USB 2.0 protocol while maintaining the galvanic isolation therebetween; and the upstream and downstream portions of the integrated circuit including respective modules configured to automatically detect a USB 2.

Abstract: A service provider device of a local communication network communicates a first frame with an electric vehicle via a first communication medium to associate with the electric vehicle, establish a communication link with the electric vehicle, and to add the electric vehicle to the local communication network. After an association process between the electric vehicle and the service provider device is successfully completed, the electric vehicle and/or the service provider device can execute operations that extend the utility of their respective communication devices by switching to a new communication medium. By switching to the new communication medium, the electric vehicle and/or the service provider device can connect to a remote communication network. The service provider device communicates a second frame with at least a network device of the remote communication network via the new communication medium.

Abstract: An alternating current (AC) zero-crossing indicator apparatus including a current adjusting circuit for adjusting a DC signal current for a duration of time the same as the duration of a received zero-crossing detection signal. The zero-crossing indicator apparatus additionally includes a voltage retainer for maintaining a constant DC voltage applied to a connected load during the adjusting of the DC signal current. Also included is a zero-crossing sensor for generating a zero-crossing indication signal responsive to sensing of the adjusting of the DC signal current.

Abstract: A first modular Ethernet connector and a coupled corresponding second modular Ethernet connector may communicate data based on Ethernet standards. The Ethernet connectors may be configurable and comprise at least twelve contact positions. Different connector configurations may support widely different data rates. The Ethernet connectors may fit within a handheld device and/or may be sized to fit greater than twenty-four connectors in a 1 RU faceplate of a 19 inch rack. A variable number of conductor and/or ground contact positions may be unpopulated or populated with contacts of various materials. The Ethernet connectors may be configured with a properly fitting latching mechanism, with connector shielding and/or to ground cable shielding. The Ethernet connectors may be sized and fitted for secure coupling. The Ethernet connectors may be coupled to a twisted pair cable. Differential pair conductors are terminated adjacently. The Ethernet connectors may comprise POE, a PHY and/or an antenna.

Abstract: A telecontrol energy-saving apparatus for simultaneous transmission of multiple signals with powerline technology comprises a supervision control unit, and at least one peripheral unit, equipped with an electricity network user device, and with a digital instrument.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure are also directed towards a method that includes maintaining a transmission period which has a start time and an end time synchronized to metrological time. Further, this method, in response to the start time, begins transmission of a frame, which includes a plurality of symbols. This transmission occurs over power distribution lines that carry power using alternating current (AC). This method also includes synchronizing a transmission time for each symbol of the plurality of symbols according to a time-based parameter of the AC. In response to reaching an end of the frame, a synchronization symbol period is determined for a synchronization symbol, as a function of the transmission times, for the plurality of symbols and time from the end of the frame to the end time. The synchronization symbol is then transmitted on the power distribution lines.

Abstract: An electrical device includes signal ports, transformers, and a differential mode device. The transformers are in communication with the signal ports, respectively. The transformers are configured to receive input signals, respectively, from the signal ports. Each transformer is configured to inject the respective input signal onto a pair of output lines of the transformer. The differential mode device is connected to a first output line of the pair of output lines of a first transformer exclusive of connection to a second output line of the first transformer. The differential mode device is configured to inject a signal from the first output line onto the pair of output lines of a second transformer. Signals from the pair of output lines of the second transformer are injected onto a pair of conductors, respectively, of a communications medium.

Abstract: A system including a transmitter and a receiver that are loosely synchronized, the transmitter encodes signal waveforms having a start time, a width and a height that are determined based on a range of possible relative drifts of a receiver clock with respect to a transmitter clock and the receiver decodes the waveforms based on a sequence of tests, chosen to account for any uncertainty that may arise due to the lack of tight synchronization.

Abstract: A communication system includes a first DAC array, a second DAC array, and a merge component. The first DAC array is configured to receive a first portion of modulation signals and to generate a first RF signal according to a modulation mode. The second DAC array is configured to receive a second portion of the modulation signals and to generate a second RF signal according to the modulation mode. The merge component is configured to receive the first RF signal and the second RF signal. The merge component is also configured to generate an output RF signal according to the first RF signal and the second RF signal, wherein the output RF signal has a modulation format according to the modulation mode.

Abstract: Aspects of a method and system for an improved cellular diversity receiver are described. Aspects of the system may include circuitry that enables generation of an initially decoded output bit sequence by a first frame process for a received bit sequence for a plurality of received multipath signals. The first frame process may utilize redundancy based decoding, which imposes at least one physical constraint during the decoding, which may be performed by a decoding algorithm.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) communication of non-OFDM radio signals are disclosed. The non-OFDM radio signals are force-modulated into OFDM signals. In one example, a non-OFDM signal is received and is processed into an OFDM signal to produce a created OFDM signal. An actual OFDM signal is also received and is processed together with the created OFDM signal.

Abstract: A method of reporting a channel state to a base station supporting downlink multiple input multiple output (MIMO) in a wireless communication system includes measuring a downlink channel based on a downlink signal received from the base station, and reporting a codebook index for precoding of the downlink signal according to the measurement of the downlink channel. In the case in which the UE receives channel state information (CSI)-reference signal (RS) resources for N1 antenna ports, if a report for N2 (N1>N2) antenna ports is set, a codebook for the N2 antenna ports is configured as a subset of a codebook for the N1 antenna ports configured by the base station. Information about the N2 antenna ports is received from the base station.

Abstract: A system and method for channel information feedback in a wireless communications system is provided. A method for communications device operation includes receiving a pilot transmitted by a controller, computing a channel estimate for a channel between the controller and a communications device, the computing based on the pilot, computing a channel correlation matrix for the channel based on the channel estimate, and transmitting a reduced rank representation of the channel correlation matrix to the controller as a first feedback information. The method also includes adapting a first codebook based on the reduced rank representation of the channel correlation matrix, computing a representation of the channel using the adapted codebook, transmitting the representation of the channel as a second feedback information, and receiving a transmission beamformed based on the first feedback information and the second feedback information.