Abstract: A control system for a refrigeration appliance is provided. The control system uses a linear model that is designed to minimize or remove excess enthalpy from one or more compartments and/or features of the appliance. At least one variable speed compressor is operated at a speed that will remove excess enthalpy within a desired time period while also operating at an optimized speed for energy efficiency.

Abstract: Provided is a method for selecting a lubricant and a refrigerant for use in a vapor-compression refrigeration device such that the combination of the lubricant and refrigerant produces a fluid system having a lubricant-rich phase and a refrigerant-rich phase, yet exhibits miscible-type properties.

Abstract: A method including: determining a cooling value; and comparing the cooling value to an activation point of a lead compressor. The lead compressor is in a tandem set of scroll compressors of a cooling system. The tandem set of compressors comprises a lag compressor. The method further includes: activating the lead compressor when the cooling value is greater than the activation point; activating the lag compressor subsequent to activating the lead compressor; and determining whether conditions exist including: an alarm associated with the lag compressor being generated, and the lead compressor being deactivated. The method further includes deactivating the lag compressor when at least one of the conditions exists in the cooling system.

Abstract: A method including determining whether an OFF criterion is satisfied for a lag compressor of a tandem set of scroll compressors. The tandem set of scroll compressors includes a lead compressor. The method further includes: initiating at least one process when the OFF criterion is satisfied; and maintaining the lag compressor in an ON state for a predetermined period subsequent to the OFF criterion being satisfied. The at least one process includes at least one of: operating the lead compressor at a maximum level; overriding a motor overload protection method, wherein the motor overload protection method protects motors of the lead compressor and the lag compressor; and overriding a proportional integral derivative (PID) method to reduce a speed of a condenser fan. The PID method controls the speed of the condenser fan.

Abstract: A glycol pan chiller comprises a cooling area 110 cooled by glycol contained within a glycol void area 130, the void area defined within an inner liner 160. Under normal conditions, the glycol will remain stationary within the inner liner and will be chilled by a Freon line 140 contained within the glycol void area. For optional cooling, a separate glycol tank 230, stored away from the inner liner, is cooled by the Freon system, upon the cooling area 110 reaching a predetermined temperature, cooled glycol is circulated within the glycol void area.

Abstract: A method of controlling a heat pump system of an electric vehicle, whereby power consumed for air conditioning is reduced during driving in a low load state in a heating mode, includes determining whether a heat dissipation amount insufficient condition of an indoor condenser is satisfied in the heat pump system of the electric vehicle. When it is determined that the heat dissipation amount insufficient condition of the indoor condenser is satisfied, measuring current revolutions per minute (rpm) of a compressor. It is determined whether the measured rpm of the compressor is greater than a minimum rpm limit of the compressor. When it is determined that the measured rpm of the compressor is greater than the minimum rpm limit of the compressor, the rpm of the compressor is reduced.

Abstract: A system for reducing idle time in service vehicles such as police patrol cars. A bank of auxiliary batteries is provided. An electrically-powered auxiliary air conditioning compressor is also provided. The auxiliary air compressor is connected to the discharge and suction lines of an existing an conditioning system so that it can propel refrigerant through an existing refrigerant circulation loop. When the vehicle's internal combustion engine is switched off, the auxiliary batteries are selectively used to power the auxiliary air-conditioning compressor in order to provide cooling for the vehicle's cabin. The auxiliary batteries are also used to provide electricity to the vehicle's other electrical loads—such as emergency lights.

Abstract: In an integrated two-phase accumulator controlled loop cooling system, the pumped refrigerant is employed to cool the supply of refrigerant in the accumulator vessel. No external cooling of the accumulator vessel is required, and a standard heater in the accumulator is sufficient to regulate the boiling pressure. This allows to provide a cooling system in which sub-cooling in the pump is guaranteed by the laws of nature, and which is hence more reliable, structurally simpler, better to control and cheaper.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a freezer system has one or more shelves, each shelf has shelf electronics and can receive one or more racks, each rack has rack electronics and one or more cells for receiving one or more boxes of samples, each box has one or more RFID tags. Freezer electronics communicate with the outside world and with each set of shelf electronics. Each set of rack electronics communicates wirelessly with the corresponding set of shelf electronics and with the corresponding box RFID tags. Power for the rack electronics is derived from wireless signals from the shelf electronics. The freezer system can detect the presence of racks on shelves and boxes on racks to track the location and the orientation of each received box.

Abstract: In an air-conditioning apparatus, a heat source side heat exchanger, intermediate heat exchangers, and use side heat exchangers are separately formed and adapted to be disposed at separate locations, respectively. There is provided a defrosting operation function to melt frost attached around the heat source side heat exchanger, and a heating function during defrosting operation that drives a pump to circulate a heat medium and supply heating energy to the use side heat exchangers in need of heating to perform heating operation. The defrosting operation function can be executed by switching a four-way valve to cooling side to introduce a high-temperature high-pressure refrigerant flowed out of the compressor into the heat source side heat exchanger.

Abstract: An ice making assembly includes an ice tray extending along a longitudinal axis. The ice tray includes a first section disposed at a longitudinal first end of the ice tray, the first section including a plurality of first cavities projecting into the ice tray. The ice tray further includes a second section disposed at a longitudinal second end of the ice tray that is opposite from the longitudinal first end. The second section includes an elongated second cavity extending in a direction that is substantially transverse to the longitudinal axis of the ice tray. The second cavity has a shape that is longer in length than a length of each of the first cavities.

Abstract: A refrigerant circuit of a humidity control apparatus is provided with two adsorption heat exchangers. In the refrigerant circuit, refrigerant can circulate in reverse directions. A switching mechanism of the humidity control apparatus switches between a transfer path of the outdoor air to be supplied into a room and a transfer path of the indoor air to be exhausted to the outside the room. In a first operation of the humidity control apparatus, a direction of refrigerant circulation and a flow path of the air are changed every predetermined period. In a second operation of the humidity control apparatus, the refrigerant circuit is stopped, and the flow path of the air is changed every predetermined period.

Abstract: A refrigeration device includes a radiator, an evaporator, a compressor, a heater and a control device. The radiator causes a refrigerant to radiate heat. The evaporator causes the refrigerant to evaporate. The compressor compresses the refrigerant circulating between the radiator and the evaporator. The heater heats lubricating oil in the compressor. The control device controls the heater so that an oil temperature of the lubricating oil in the compressor reaches an oil temperature target value obtained by adding a predetermined temperature to saturation temperature of the refrigerant in the compressor.

Abstract: A hot water supply air conditioning system performs a first cold-storage operation, a second cold-storage operation, and a cold-used air-cooling operation. In the first cold-storage operation, a hot-water-supply-side heat exchanger serves as a condenser, and a thermal-storage-side heat exchanger serves as an evaporator. Moreover, a hot water supplier heats water of a hot water storage tank, and a thermal storage stores cold thermal energy in a thermal storage tank. In the second cold-storage operation, a heat-source-side heat exchanger serves as a condenser, and the thermal-storage-side heat exchanger serves as an evaporator. Moreover, the thermal storage stores cold thermal energy in the thermal storage tank. In the cold-used air-cooling operation, the hot water supply air conditioning system cools room air using cold thermal energy stored in the thermal storage tank.

Abstract: A cooling apparatus includes a generator for receiving a first heat load from first electric components, a evaporator for receiving a second heat load from second electric components, a closed compartment enclosing the generator and evaporator, and a third cooling element arranged outside of the closed compartment for receiving heated fluid from at least one of the generator and evaporator and for transferring heat from the heated fluid to outside of the closed compartment. To obtain an efficient and reliable cooling apparatus, a flow channel of the evaporator is configured to receive a fluid in a liquid state and a fluid in a gas state, where the fluid in the gas state reduces a partial pressure of the fluid in a liquid state and the temperature required for evaporating the fluid in the liquid state, such that the fluid in the liquid state is evaporated.

Abstract: An air-conditioning system includes a pump that sends, to an evaporator, a cooling fluid that exchanges heat with a refrigerant at the evaporator, and a first heat exchanger that exchanges heat between ambient air and the cooling fluid that has undergone the heat exchange at the evaporator. A sensible heat exchange cycle is formed by annularly connecting the evaporator, the heat exchanger, and the pump by using a pipe. This system is also includes an air-sending unit that sends air to a second heat exchanger, moisture absorbing-and-desorbing devices that are provided at a passage of the air sent by the air-sending unit and that are disposed in front of and behind the first heat exchanger, and an air-path switching device that reverses a passing direction of air passing through the moisture absorbing-and-desorbing device, the first heat exchanger, and the moisture absorbing-and-desorbing device.

Abstract: A humidity control apparatus performs a humidification operation in which outdoor air is supplied to the inside of a room through a moisture-desorption adsorption heat exchanger serving as a condenser and room air is discharged to the outside through a moisture-absorption adsorption heat exchanger serving as an evaporator. The humidity control apparatus includes a preheat heat exchanger which, in the humidification operation, is positioned upstream of the moisture-desorption adsorption heat exchanger in the flow of outdoor air in an air passage and serves as a condenser to heat outdoor air in a refrigerant circuit, and a heat-recovery heat exchanger which, in the humidification operation, is positioned downstream of the moisture-absorption adsorption heat exchanger in the flow of room air in the air passage and serves as an evaporator to recover heat from room air in the refrigerant circuit.

Abstract: A refrigerator includes a main body that defines a storage space, a door configured to open or close the storage space, and a dispenser located in the door and configured to dispense cooled water and purified water. The refrigerator also includes a purified water input part that inputs a command for dispensing the purified water, a cooled water input part that inputs a command for dispensing the cooled water, and a dispensing amount input part that sets an amount of purified water to be dispensed based on the purified water being selected through the purified water input part. The refrigerator further includes a filter device located within the storage space to purify water supplied from a water supply source, and a water tank storing water that has passed through the filter device in a cooled state.

Abstract: A system for decreasing the response time of a vehicle heating ventilation and air conditioning (“HVAC”) system is described. A fan circulates air through a HVAC casing. Circulating air through the HVAC casing creates a high-pressure zone within the HVAC casing. A thermal expansion valve is located outside of the HVAC casing. An outlet port is located on the HVAC casing to allow air to be ported from the high-pressure zone toward the thermal expansion valve. Air ported from the high-pressure zone may be directed toward the thermal expansion valve by a nozzle. The air increases the temperature of the thermal expansion valve and allows additional refrigerant to flow through the thermal expansion valve.

Abstract: The invention relates to a refrigeration device (1) comprising: an inner container (2) with a coolable interior space (3, 4); a refrigerant circuit (21) provided for cooling the interior space (3, 4); a door panel (5, 6) provided for opening and dosing (lie interior space (3, 4); and a control device (22) designed to control at least one component (23, 24) of the refrigeration device (1) on the basis of the opening state of the door panel (5, 6). The refrigeration device (1) further comprises an electrical door opening assistance mechanism (25), which operates independently of the control device (22), is designed to at least support an opening of the door panel (5, 6), and therefore comprises information on the current opening state of the door panel (5, 6), and which is connected to the control device (22) and is designed to transmit information on the opening state of the door panel (5, 6) to the control device (22).

Abstract: A single use multi-layered food service product such as paper cups, food containers, or sleeves constructed of materials including at least one phase changing material (PCM) with one or more additives to produce a thermal conductivity ratio of at least 2.0 W/mK and a melting point between 45 degrees C. and 80 degrees C. An inventive pattern for the placement and distribution of the PCM within its multilayered walls is described. The PCM is configured in order to minimize manufacturing cost and environmental impact while providing insulation and maximizing its ability to rapidly reduce and then maintain a safe and preferred temperature for served food or beverages.

Abstract: A cooling apparatus for electric equipment includes a generator configured to receive a heat load from first electric components, a evaporator configured to receive a heat load from second electric components, a closed compartment enclosing the generator and evaporator, and a absorber transferring heat from heated fluid to the outside of the closed compartment. To obtain an efficient and reliable cooling apparatus, the cooling apparatus includes a first expansion device which reduces the pressure of the fluid, and forwards the fluid in a liquid state and with a lower pressure to the secondary cooling element, which transfers heat to the received fluid from the second electric components for evaporating the fluid.

Abstract: The method and device according to the invention provide for recovery of high-pressure oxygen and high-pressure nitrogen by low-temperature separation of air in a distillation-column system. This system comprises a high-pressure column, a low-pressure column, and a main condenser. A first air feed stream is cooled at a first subcritical pressure in a main heat exchanger to approximately dew point and introduced at least partially into the high-pressure column. A second air feed stream is brought to a second, supercritical, pressure, cooled, depressurized, and introduced at least partially into the distillation-column system. A first partial stream of the second air feed stream is cooled in the main heat exchanger, and a second partial stream is cooled in a high-pressure heat-exchanger system. The first and second partial streams are then merged and work-expanded in a liquid turbine.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method, a device and/or a system of an alternating bi-colored pattern necklace formed through a light offset of a first chain and an nth chain interlaced to form the alternating bi-colored pattern necklace. A width of an nth battery chamber forms an approximately one-half period offset from each of a first set of lights that are equally spaced with each other such that, when the first chain and the nth chain are mechanically coupled together when the first clipping end of the male connector orientation is mechanically coupled with the nth clipping end of the female connector orientation, the nth set of lights interlace with the first set of lights to form a bi-colored set of lights equally spaced apart in alternating colors of the first color and the nth color at a density of twice of any one of the first set of lights of the first chain and the nth set of lights of the nth chain.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an ornamental component is provided for use with jewelry (a bracelet or necklace). The ornamental component has a through hole allowing the ornamental component to be strung on an elongated member of the jewelry. The ornamental component includes a self-supporting housing and an insert assembly. The housing has a through hole with first and second openings at first and second sides, respectively, of the housing. The insert assembly is inserted in the through hole of the housing, and the insert assembly is assembled from a first tubular element and a gripping element. The first tubular element has a through hole that forms at least a part of the ornamental component through hole. The gripping element is configured to frictionally grip a part of the jewelry item. The first tubular element is configured to secure the gripping element inside the through hole of the ornamental component.

Abstract: A method for making a decorative ear cover includes generating a positive mold of a user's ear, placing the mold on a thermoforming machine, placing a thermoforming film in the thermoforming machine such that the thermoforming film is disposed over the positive mold, activating the thermoforming machine, so as to heat the thermoforming film, provide suction on a bottom side of the thermoforming film, and thermoforming the film to a shape of the positive mold, thereby generating a decorative ear cover, de-activating the thermoforming machine and removing the decorative ear cover from the thermoforming machine, and trimming sides of the decorative ear cover such that only portions of the thermoforming film that reflect the shape of the positive mold remain.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for treating zircon-containing forming structures, e.g., zircon isopipes, with one or more treatment glass compositions in which defect-causing reactions between the zircon of the forming structure and molten glass are suppressed at the delivery temperature of the treatment glass. The treatment compositions can be used during start-up of a forming structure, between runs of the same production glass on a given forming structure, and/or when transitioning between runs of two production glasses on a given forming structure. The treatment compositions can be used with production glasses that are ion-exchangeable.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for producing display quality glass sheets are provided in which the batch materials for making the sheets are melted in a furnace whose glass-engaging surfaces comprise zirconia (ZrO2). By using molybdenum electrodes, instead of the conventional tin electrodes, to electrically heat the molten glass, the wear rate per unit area of the furnace's glass-engaging, zirconia-containing surfaces are reduced by more than 50%, thus reducing zirconia levels (solid+dissolved) in the finished glass by at least a similar amount. As a consequence of this reduction, rejection rates of finished glass sheets are lowered, which is of particular value in the production of glass sheets of large dimensions, as desired by display manufacturers and other users of such sheets.

Abstract: A tempered glass of the present invention includes, as a glass composition, in terms of mass %, 45 to 75% of SiO2, 0 to 30% of Al2O3, and 0 to 30% of Li2O+Na2O+K2O and has a ?—OH value of 0.3 to 1/mm.

Abstract: A method and device for bending superposed sheets of glass. The sheets are picked up by a top form furnished with a suction creating an upward airflow blowing over the rim of the sheets, the suction being sufficient to lift and hold the superposed sheets against the top form, then the sheets are pressed between the top form and a full surface solid concave bottom form furnished with openings, the pressing beginning conducted while the suction is not yet finished or is finishing, then the superposed sheets are formed, by suction of the main face of the bottom sheet through the openings of the bottom concave mold, the forming by suction beginning while the pressing is not yet finished, and then the sheets are cooled. Windshields free of optical defects may thus be produced.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing quartz glass includes depositing soot generated by flame hydrolysis of a raw material gas to a starting member, while the starting member is raised and rotated, to form a soot deposition member that includes an effective portion having a substantially constant outer diameter, the effective portion to become a material of a glass product, an upper ineffective portion formed at an upper end of the effective portion, and a lower ineffective portion formed at a lower end of the effective portion, each of the ineffective portions having an outer diameter changing in a tapering form, wherein the depositing includes forming the lower ineffective portion while decreasing a peripheral speed of a surface of the starting member to a predetermined final peripheral speed in a ratio of 1.3 m/minute or below per second during a period after the effective portion is formed.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a primary preform for optical fibres including surrounding at least part of a hollow substrate tube with a furnace set at a temperature T0, supplying doped or undoped gases to the inside of the tube, creating a reaction zone to promote deposition, and moving the zone back and forth along the length of the tube between to form at least one preform layer, wherein the temperature of the furnace is varied linearly as a function of the thickness of the at least one preform layer to compensate for temperature increases of the tube during deposition.

Abstract: A washing machine includes a cabinet for forming the appearance, a tub provided in the cabinet, a drum rotatably provided in the tub, a pulsator rotatably provided in the drum, a driving motor mounted outside the tub, and rotating the drum and the pulsator, and a water flow forming means provided below the pulsator, and forming a water flow ejected into the drum as an upstream flow.

Abstract: A home appliance, such as a clothes washing machine, has a source of noise and an acoustic insulator. The source of noise moves between a first position and a second position during operation of the appliance. The acoustic insulator has a movable portion that moves with the source of noise between the first position and the second position during operation of the appliance and an interface that remains substantially stationary as the source of noise moves between the first and second positions.

Abstract: The invention relates to a dual use cycle accessory which may adopt a first folded configuration in which it forms a mudguard and a second unfolded configuration in which is comprises tow free ends (101, 201) which may be locked together to form a locked loop suitable for locking a cycle, preferably a bicycle, to a stationary object.

Abstract: A lock control device controls a lid lock that locks a lid of a vehicle, the lid being opened when energy is replenished in the vehicle. The lock control device includes a time measurement part that measures elapsed time from a point when a door lock of the vehicle is switched from an unlocked state to a locked state when the vehicle is stopped, and a lid control part, which maintains the lid lock in an unlocked state until the elapsed time reaches determination time, and switches the lid lock to a locked state once the elapsed time reaches the determination time, when the door lock is switched from the unlocked state to the locked state when the vehicle is stopped.

Abstract: A lock includes a cylinder, fixed to a door or door wing, with which a pivot is associated coaxially and rotatably, a lever for closing the door or door wing to a jamb being keyed to the end of the pivot; a separate body can be keyed detachably to the head of the pivot and is provided with magnetic elements for the temporary locking of the rotation of the body with respect to the cylinder.

Abstract: A lock that is inserted and fixed in a receiving body of a motor vehicle is disclosed. The lock includes a stator inside which a rotor rotatably moves. The stator is fixed to the receiving body and includes a cover plate of the rotor fixed to the front face of the stator, where the cover plate has an opening for a key. There is also an anti-pull-out mechanism borne by said cover plate and the stator to fix the cover plate to the stator and to retain the rotor axially in the stator. The anti-pull-out mechanism blocks the cover plate axially on the stator by the positioning of the cover plate and its subsequent pivoting on the stator into an assembled position. The anti-pull-out mechanism includes an element for blocking in rotation the cover plate on the stator interposed between the cover plate and the front face of the stator.

Abstract: A latch has a displaceable latching element in a housing for engagement with a separate striker arm to be latched behind an engagement shoulder of the latching element. The housing mounts a cylinder lock to receive a key from the front. A rotor is mounted on the rear of cylinder lock and rotation of the key causes rotation of the rotor to drive a locking element to engage and lock the latching element. The rotor may also be axial displaceable against spring biasing responsive to a rear unit pushing element whereby unlocking from a rear cylinder lock may rotate the rotor to unlock and pushing causes the latching element to be displaced against its biasing to release the striker arm.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing pelletized fertilizer includes the following steps of: mixing a biodegradable material and a water-soluble polymer material to form a first mixture; mixing a polyol, water and a nutrient salt to form a second mixture; mixing the first mixture and the second mixture to form a conglomerating gathered third mixture, and stirring the conglomerating gathered third mixture to form small lumps of the third mixture; spraying probiotic endo spores on the small lumps of the third mixture to form a plurality of fertilizer blocks; heating the fertilizer blocks, and extruding the fertilizer blocks to form a fertilizer strip; and cutting the fertilizer strip to form a plurality of pelletized fertilizer.

Abstract: Provided herein are microbial inoculants for use in increasing plant growth, plant productivity and/or soil quality, comprising strains of one or more bacterial species selected from Lactobacillus parafarraginis, Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus rapi and Lactobacillus zeae. Optionally the microbial inoculants also comprise a strain of Acetobacter fabarum and/or a strain of Candida ethanolica. Also provided are fertilizer compositions comprising said microbial inoculants.

Abstract: Improved agriculturally useful products are provided, including solid materials such as nitrogenous fertilizers (e.g., urea), together with a polycarboxylated polymer selected from the group consisting of a salts of copolymers containing individual quantities of maleic and itaconic moieties. The polymer composition also includes from about 10-60% by weight of an organic drying agent such as a lower alcohol which enhances the quick drying properties thereof. The compositions may also include an amount of boron, and bimodal vinylic polymer made up of quantities of high and low molecular weight (MW) vinylic polymers such as PVA.

Abstract: Improved agriculturally useful products are provided, including solid materials such as nitrogenous fertilizers (e.g., urea), together with a polycarboxylated polymer selected from the group consisting of a salts of copolymers containing individual quantities of maleic and itaconic moieties. The polymer composition also includes from about 10-60% by weight of an organic drying agent such as a lower alcohol which enhances the quick drying properties thereof. The compositions may also include an amount of boron, and bimodal vinylic polymer made up of quantities of high and low molecular weight (MW) vinylic polymers such as PVA.

Abstract: Improved agriculturally useful products are provided, including solid materials such as nitrogenous fertilizers (e.g., urea), together with a polycarboxylated polymer selected from the group consisting of a salts of copolymers containing individual quantities of maleic and itaconic moieties. The polymer composition also includes from about 10-60% by weight of an organic drying agent such as a lower alcohol which enhances the quick drying properties thereof. The compositions may also include an amount of boron, and bimodal vinylic polymer made up of quantities of high and low molecular weight (MW) vinylic polymers such as PVA.

Abstract: The invention concerns an anode straightening apparatus (10, 30, 60) for the straightening of an anode (100) typically used in an electrowinning process. In the preferred embodiment the apparatus includes clamps (21, 41, 71) for clamping a busbar (101) of the anode and clamps (22, 42, 71) for clam in a blade of the anode to the apparatus during the course of the straightening process. At least one sensor (29, 52, 85) monitors the curvature of the blade (102) of the anode (100) when the anode is secured to the apparatus by the clamps. The apparatus ((10, 30, 60) includes a movable head (24, 44, 78) housing straightening means for bending the anode in a desired direction in response to feedback received from the sensor. The head is movable in two planes of movement which are transverse to one another.

Abstract: Disclosed is a rolling mill, in particular a rolling mill having more than one mill stand, comprising at least two rolls (30) which are mounted in a roll bearing in a mill stand to absorb rolling forces, further comprising means (40) for moving at least one roll relative to the mill stand as well as means (50) for determining the roll pass, the determining means having a pass reference (54) and a spatial reference (56) as well as means (58) for measuring the relative position between the pass reference and the spatial reference. In order to create a rolling mill that provides as accurate information as possible about the roll pass, the pass reference and/or the spatial reference is/are arranged peripherally in relation to the power flow occurring between the roll and the mill stand.

Abstract: A method for maintaining and using a high concentration of dissolved copper on a surface of a useful article by providing a copper surface without coatings thereon, which increase the wetting angle and which isolate the copper surface and which has a surface roughness between 2 and 50 micro inches Ra, so as to kill microbes thereon.

Abstract: A flat rolling stock of metal passes through roll stands of a finishing train, and a cooling section, in succession. Initial values which characterize the energy content of rolling stock points are determined, at the latest, when said rolling stock points enters into the finishing train. The rolling stock is tracked as it passes through the finishing train and cooling section. The initial values, trackings, and energy content influences are used to determine expected values for the energy content of the rolling stock. The energy content expected for a predetermined location, which lies between the first roll stand and the first cooling device of the cooling section is ascertained and used to determine a target energy content progression, from the predetermined location until the rolling stock passes out of the cooling section. The cooling devices are controlled based on the target energy content progression.

Abstract: In order to simplify roll adjustment in a roll stand when changing the rolls, a roll stand absorbs rolling forces of at least three rolls mounted on both sides in bearing seats of the roll stand that absorb rolling forces, in each instance. At least the bearing seats of one roll are disposed in a stand body jointly with a bearing seat of another roll, in each instance. One of the stand bodies has fixed bearings of the two related rolls, in each instance, and/or one of the stand bodies has floating bearings of the two related rolls, in each instance.

Abstract: A rolling stand for tubes or rounds comprising two or more rolls (10, 20, 30) defining a rolling section of the rolling stand that is coaxial to a rolling axis Y of the same stand, each roll having a respective rolling surface (S1) defining a respective straight line of symmetry (B) passing through the rolling axis and through the center of symmetry of the respective surface, thus determining a first half and a second half of the respective surface, two gap zones having a radial distance of value H2 from the rolling axis and a groove bottom zone (1) having a radial distance of value H1 from the rolling axis at the intersecting point of the respective surface with the respective straight line of symmetry, characterized in that it provides, for each roll on said respective rolling surface, at least one first pushing zone (2) and at least one second pushing zone (3).