Abstract: Epitaxial films are grown by alternately exposed to precursor dosing regions, inert gas plasma regions, hydrogen-containing plasma regions, chlorine-containing plasma and metrology regions, or regions where an atomic hydrogen source is located. Alternately, laser irradiation techniques may be substituted for the plasma energy in some of the processing regions. The film growth process can be implemented at substrate temperatures between about 25 C and about 600 C, together with optional exposures to laser irradiation to cause the surface of the film to melt or to experience a near-melt condition.

Abstract: A pipeline field joint coating applicator machine. The machine having a first frame arranged to be mounted on a pipeline, the frame carrying an induction heating coil which encircles the field joint for heating. A second frame mounted on the pipeline and rotatable thereabout, which second frame carries a pipeline field joint coating applicator. A dust extraction hood mounted on the second frame having lateral sides with respective holes therein through which the pipeline may pass. The dust extraction hood is coupled to a vacuum source and a filter such that air may be drawn into the hood via one or both of the holes so that coating material-contaminated air is filtered.

Abstract: A Film (7) is provided on at least a part of a surface of each of a vapor deposition preventing plate (3) and a shutter (4) of a vacuum chamber (5) on which surface vapor deposition particles are vapor-deposited, the film (7) being provided so as to be peeled off from the each of the vapor deposition preventing plate (3) and the shutter (4), and the film being made of a material differing in at least one of a melting point, a sublimation point, solubility in a given solvent, microbial biodegradability, and photodegradability from a material of which a vapor-deposited film that is formed on the film (7) is made.

Abstract: Vapor delivery systems for chemical depositions are shown in which the vapor delivery systems are capable of simultaneous buffering and fast response. The vapor delivery systems achieved the functionality using a two-volume system. The first volume mainly functions as a buffer to stabilize perturbations in vapor flow upstream. The second volume is smaller than the first volume so that the second volume responds to a change in vapor flow quickly. Optionally, a fixed flow restrictor is connected to the second volume and the fixed flow restrictor buffers downstream fluctuations.

Abstract: A thin film deposition apparatus includes a vacuum chamber, a substrate supporter disposed in the vacuum chamber to support a target substrate on which a thin film is deposited, and a deposition source that evaporates a deposition material and supplies the evaporated deposition material to the target substrate. The deposition source includes a crucible that includes a deposition material-containing portion to accommodate the deposition material and a first flange at an upper end of the deposition material-containing portion, a spray nozzle that includes a spray portion through which the evaporated deposition material is sprayed and a second flange at a lower end of the spray portion to make contact with the first flange, and a cooling member attached to an outer surface of the first flange and the second flange.

Abstract: A gate arrangement to a fenced area for at least one animal includes a gate movably arranged between a closed position and open position in an opening to the fenced area, and a lock mechanism that locks the gate when the gate is in the closed position. The lock mechanism locks the gate in the closed position with an adjustable specific locking force such that the gate is opened by applying a larger force than the specific force on the gate, and the gate arrangement includes a force adjusting unit that sets the lock mechanism in an unlocked state and in at least two different locked states, in which the gate is locked by two different specific locking forces.

Abstract: A method for training, exercising, and entertaining an animal comprises providing a dispenser in a first location accessible to a predetermined animal. The dispenser comprises a storage compartment configured to store rewards and to dispense rewards, a first signaling module configured to generate a reward signal, and a wireless module configured to receive a dispense signal. A target is provided in a second location, wherein the second location is a fixed distance from the first location and the fixed distance is based on a training condition for the animal. A system configuration of the dispenser and the target is set. The target comprises a second signaling module, a sensor, and a wireless module configured to transmit a dispense signal. The sensor is configured to detect a predetermined animal behavior. In one embodiment, the predetermined animal behavior comprises depression of a touch sensor.

Abstract: A freestanding trough has an elongate trough body 12 and transverse restraints 14. The trough body has a bottom portion 16 integrally formed with two side wall portions 18 from a resilient semi-rigid sheet. The restraints 14 extends transversely across the inside of the trough, intermediate the ends of the trough body 23, lower than upper edges of the side wall portions but higher than the bottom portion. The side wall portions 18 are restrained from moving outward, away from a longitudinal centreline of the trough, at least in part by a tension in the restraint 14 and the side wall portions are maintained upright in part by the tension in the restraint, and in part by the resilient semi-rigidity of the sheet.

Abstract: A pivotal cover assembly for a poultry drinker includes a sleeve that fits over the top of a drinker. Connected to the sleeve and extending upwardly from the drinker is a primary support. Pivotally connected to the primary support, in spaced relation to the drinker, is a cover member.

Abstract: A finfish aquaculture containment pen having a plurality of panels that when joined together form the majority of the exterior surface of the containment pen. The panels each comprise tension-bearing mesh material forming the exterior surface of the containment pen, a plurality of compression-bearing struts extending along the boundaries between panels, wherein the mesh material is attached to the struts along the lengths of the struts, and a plurality of hubs at which a plurality of struts and the corners of a plurality of panels abut each other. The panels can form a polyhedral structure. The mesh can comprise coated wire mesh. The struts can be curved members with convex curvature.

Abstract: A shield for use in bathing an animal includes an open-floor tent having at least three sides and a top. Two of the three sides are in substantial opposition to one another. Each of the three sides has an opening defined therein. Streamers are coupled to the tent such that a first portion of the streamers is coupled to the tent to hang freely over the opening in a first of the three sides, and such that a second portion of the streamers is coupled to the tent to hang freely over the opening in a second of the three sides.

Abstract: A colony basket and method of using the same for handling poultry from DOC through the growing process and on to a production facility comprising a harvesting system, a loading system, a transport system, an unloading and storing system, hanging system and cleaning system. The system and method performs the steps of harvesting and colonizing live poultry into a singly stackable and transportable colony basket, stacking and loading the trays on a transport, unloading and temporarily storing the poultry for subsequent processing. The system and method further includes the use of a modular colony basket for interchangeable use with the described system.

Abstract: A pet training apparatus and waste receptacle that allows a pet to simulate urinating outdoors in an indoors environment. A base frame supports a grated cover on which a permeable sheet is positioned. As a pet urinates, the urine is passes through the permeable sheet and through a plurality of openings in the grated cover. The urine is then collected in a receptacle positioned below the base frame. The permeable sheet includes a plurality of synthetic fibers in order to give the appearance of natural grass. An enclosure can be attached to the base frame, such that the together the enclosure and base frame form a pet crate in which the pet can urinate. A bed can also be placed on the permeable sheet in order to differentiate a sanitary area for the pet to rest. A splash guard prevents urine from leaving the confines of the grated cover.

Abstract: A micro layering pest control system that includes combining generally immiscible ingredients in a container, maintaining the ingredients in a combined state by substantially continuously agitating and homogenizing the combined ingredients under pressure, and discharging the combined ingredients in one or more applications. The system further includes selecting an insecticide for controlling certain insects and selecting an oil, based on predetermined conditions, for mixing and applying to animals via the micro layering pest control system.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a toy ball. The toy ball has an exterior surface, an interior, a water chamber located in the ball interior, a water fill aperture that is located in the ball exterior surface and is in fluid communication with the water chamber, a first rope aperture located in the exterior surface, a second rope aperture located in the exterior surface, and a rope chamber extending from the first rope aperture through the ball interior and to the second rope aperture. A rope is placed in the rope chamber. The toy ball is particularly configured for use as a pet toy (e.g., dog toy). The water chamber allows the weight of the ball to be adjusted depending on the strength and weight of the pet.

Abstract: The animal deterrent device of the present disclosure utilizes and automatic system to detect the presence of an animal in a designated area. Upon detection, the animal deterrent device releases a deterring stimulus. The deterring stimulus is intended to remove the animal from the designated area, and through continuous use, eventually training the animal from entering the designate area. The designation area can include: furniture, such as a couch, chair, table, etc; a room or portions thereof; plants, indoor or outdoor gardens; and the like.

Abstract: A pet collar with one or more decorative elements that can be repeatedly attached and detached from the collar. The means for attachment may comprise Velcro, snaps, ties, or other similar devices. The pet collar may be of any size and shape, and the size and shape of the decorative element may change to match the collar size and shape. Multiple decorative elements may be attached to a collar. The decorative elements may be made of cloth, fabric, leather, polyester, metal, other suitable material, or combinations thereof.

Abstract: A fashion dog harness manufactured from fabric material is made by cutting a section of fabric that is long enough to accommodate the belly circumference of a target dog size group, plus some overlap. A preferred embodiment using a facsimile of the waistband areas of jeans or trousers is contemplated. A neck hole is cut in a bell-shape to accommodate the dog's neck. A set of hook and loop closure patches is sewn or otherwise affixed to the outer ends of the piece, and a metal D-ring is attached at the top center of the harness, by linking it to a strip of polypropylene webbing concealed longitudinally within the harness. The harness is used by slipping the dog's head through the neck hole, fastening the hook and loop closure under the belly, and attaching a leash to the metal D-ring.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a boiler having horizontally arranged flat rectangular water tubes comprising: a water chamber; an inner water chamber to be connected with horizontal water tubes, said horizontally arranged water tubes forming multi-step water tube groups; induction plates provided in the inner water chamber blocking the water path of the horizontal water tubes alternatingly in such a manner as to bend the water path in a zigzag manner; an exhaust gas discharge conduit in straight lattice lines formed by narrow gaps between the horizontal water tubes; and an exhaust gas discharge chamber formed in an upper water chamber. The flat horizontally arranged rectangular water tubes are narrow in their width, making it possible to arrange them densely in the limited space of the combustion chamber, and with their increased heat receiving areas, the water tubes can heat the water in the boiler fast.

Abstract: An air intake adjusting system for a motor vehicle includes a plurality of struts which are arranged at distances from one another and can each be rotated about an axis of rotation such that, in a first position of the struts, the air intake adjusting system is open and, in a second position of the struts, the air intake adjusting system is closed. The struts each have a rotating section, through which the axis of rotation of the respective strut extends, and a flap section, which extends from the rotating section and, in the second position, rests against the rotating section of an adjacent strut. The rotating sections of the struts each have a first side and a second side which, when the struts are in the second position, converge against an intended approach flow direction of the air intake adjusting system such that they form an approach flow edge.

Abstract: To provide a vehicle front portion structure that efficiently cools a cooling unit. A duct, whose upper end opens at a cowl panel side and whose lower end opens above a vehicle front side of a cooling unit, is provided at a vehicle front portion. A blower fan is provided at an intermediate portion of the duct. The blower fan is rotated, and external air, that has been drawn-in from a cowl side, can be blown as cooling wind from a lower end side of the duct toward a condenser and a radiator. Therefore, heat exchange efficiency can be improved as compared with a case of only traveling wind that is introduced in from an opening of a front bumper cover.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for adjusting a dual grille shutter system based on engine operating conditions. A position of a first group of grille shutters may be adjusted by a motor in response to engine temperature, CAC temperature, and driving conditions. A position of a second group of grille shutters may be adjusted based on the position of the first group of grille shutters.

Abstract: A closure lid for an expansion tank of a cooling system of an internal combustion engine has integrated therein a directional control valve that decouples the expansion tank from the cooling circuit by pressure control or temperature control and integrates the expansion tank again into the cooling circuit after the internal combustion engine has reached its operating temperature.

Abstract: A device for delivering compressed air for pneumatically operated equipment in motor vehicles, in particular of brake systems in commercial vehicles, whereby compressed air can be tapped via a controllable valve from the combustion chamber of at least one cylinder of an internal combustion engine, includes a valve arranged outside the combustion chamber and connected to the combustion chamber, in particular via a connecting passage which opens into the combustion chamber.

Abstract: A method for estimating the angular position of a crankshaft of a 4-stroke internal combustion engine prior to synchronization of the engine having a plurality of camshafts provided with a number n of targets (CAM_i) secured respectively to n camshafts, each target defining a plurality of events over one revolution of the camshaft to which it is secured, the crankshaft having a securely attached target (CRK) including a plurality of standard teeth and at least one reference tooth which define a plurality of events over one crankshaft revolution, the method including: estimating a range of plausible positions of the crankshaft prior to synchronization, at a given moment, from events detected on the n camshaft targets, correlated with events detected on the crankshaft target, as corresponding to the shortest angular window that is common to all the members of rank i using the following formula: Pos_Crk ? _est = ? i = 1 i = n ? ? _ ? ? CAM ? List_event ? _plaus ? _CAM ? _i + Dist_ang

Abstract: A valve timing control apparatus includes a temperature sensing member which expands at a main lock phase when a temperature of an engine is higher than or equal to a predetermined temperature so as to prohibit a main lock component from moving out of a main lock hole to a guide slot. The temperature sensing member shrinks at the main lock phase when the temperature of the engine is lower than the predetermined temperature so as to allow the main lock component to move out of the main lock hole toward the guide slot.

Abstract: A continuously variable valve lift device with improved lift amount change accuracy includes a rocker arm causing an engine valve to perform an opening/closing operation with a cam of a cam shaft, and an engine valve lift amount change mechanism. The mechanism has a control shaft which has an eccentric circular disc cam, a control arm which swings about the eccentric circular disc cam and having a cam contact portion in contact with a first cam and a first aim, second biasing means for biasing the cam contact portion against the first cam, a second cam portion of a free-form surface shape contacting with the second arm and the rocker arm, a cam member supported so as to be capable of turning around the shall main body, and a link arm with both ends supported so as to be capable of turning by the first arm and the second arm.

Abstract: A valve train system includes a camshaft with a camshaft lobe that is rotatable about a camshaft axis. A control shaft is rotatable about a control shaft axis and includes an eccentric control shaft slot. An input rocker engages the camshaft lobe and has a rocker slot. An output rocker engages a valve actuation member which is engaged with a combustion valve. A rocker pivot shaft has a rocker pivot shaft axis and is fixed to the output rocker and extends through both the control shaft slot and the rocker slot. Rotation of the camshaft causes the input rocker and the output rocker to pivot about the rocker pivot shaft axis and rotation of the control shaft changes the magnitude that the input rocker and the output rocker pivot about the rocker pivot shaft axis and also changes the magnitude of opening the combustion valve.

Abstract: A temperature control system and method that preheats both an engine coolant and an engine lubricant of a work vehicle to promote a successful start-up of the work vehicle, especially when operating the work vehicle in a cold environment.

Abstract: To reduce the amount of exhausted unburned fuel and further improve fuel efficiency of an internal combustion engine 10 provided with an ignition device 12 that ignites fuel air mixture more forcefully than a spark discharge in a combustion chamber 20. The internal combustion engine 10 includes an internal combustion engine main body 11 formed with the combustion chamber 20 and the ignition device 12 that ignites the fuel air mixture more forcefully than the spark discharge in the combustion chamber 20. In addition, the internal combustion engine 10 includes an electromagnetic wave emission device 13 that emits an electromagnetic wave supplied from an electromagnetic wave oscillator 32 from an antenna 41. The electromagnetic wave emission device 13 emits the electromagnetic wave from the antenna 41, thereby creating an electric field for accelerating a propagation speed of a flame.

Abstract: A plasma header gasket for use with an internal combustion engine includes electrodes disposed around the perimeter of apertures in the gasket corresponding to piston cylinders in the engine. The electrodes produce a plasma spark in time with the engine to increase the efficiency of combustion. The plasma spark produces an ignition discharge compatible with various types of engines and types of fuels.

Abstract: A spark plug is provided, which includes a housing, an insulation porcelain, a center electrode, a main ground electrode, a first sub ground electrode and a second sub ground electrode. The first and second sub ground electrode are arranged being opposed to each other. Requirements of Hs1<Hc+Gm, Gm<Gs1+Gg, Gm<Gs2+Gg, Hs2?Hs1 and Hc<Hs2 are satisfied, where Hc is the length of projection of the center electrode, Gm is the size of the main gap, Hs1 is the length of projection of the first sub ground electrode, Hs2 is the length of projection of the second sub ground electrode, Gs1 is the length of the first sub gap in the radial direction of the plug, Gs2 is the length of the second sub gap in the radial direction of the plug, and Gg is the distance between an outer peripheral edge portion and an inner peripheral edge portion of a porcelain tip portion in the radial direction of the plug.

Abstract: A starting system for outdoor power equipment that has a controller and a start button to control the activation of an internal combustion engine. The starting system includes a controller that receives a start signal from a start button. The controller monitors for the presence of an enable device in an enable device receptacle and, upon activation of the start button and the presence of the enable device in the enable device receptacle, the controller provides electric power to the electric load of the power equipment. When the start button is depressed for longer than a minimum engagement period, the controller initiates operation of the engine. If the start button is pressed for less than the minimum engagement period, the controller activates the electric load for an auxiliary period without starting the engine. During engine operation, if the start button is depressed, the controller terminates operation of the engine.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine includes an engine block including a cylinder, a piston positioned within the cylinder, a crankshaft configured to be driven by the piston, a fuel system for supplying an air-fuel mixture to the cylinder, and an electric starting system including a starter motor, a battery receiver, and a lithium-ion battery removably attached to the battery receiver, wherein the lithium-ion battery is configured to power the starter motor to start the engine.

Abstract: In two-stroke engines, it is common to provide two compression rings on the piston and an additional oil ring. The oil ring can be on the piston, but yields a longer piston. Alternatively, the oil ring is placed in a circumferential groove in the cylinder liner. One problem with such a configuration is that the compression rings move with respect to the oil ring and the annular volume between the two is compressed during reciprocation of the piston, which can cause pumping of oil into the ports. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, axial slots are formed in the cylinder liner that extends from the circumferential groove toward the ports extending along the bridges and beyond the ports. This provides a vent for the annular volume to avoid pumping the oil into the ports.

Abstract: A monobloc piston body for an internal combustion engine is provided. The piston body includes a first piece which includes a pair of skirt portions and a pair of pin bosses and a second piece which includes a crown portion with an upper combustion surface and an at least partially enclosed oil gallery. The first and second pieces are joined together at a joint that is located on a side of the oil gallery opposite of the upper combustion surface. The firs piece is made through casting or forging, and the second piece is made through an additive manufacturing process, such as direct metal laser sintering.

Abstract: A bearing frame or cylinder head cover of an internal combustion engine may include at least one camshaft mounted therein. The camshaft may be tunnel-mounted in at least two bearing openings arranged along a bearing channel. The bearing openings may enclose the camshaft. At least one axial bearing disc may be arranged on the camshaft. The bearing frame or cylinder head cover may have at least one recess which is open towards the camshaft. The at least one recess may be configured to circumferentially guide the axial bearing disc via two opposing axial bearing end faces of the axial bearing disc interacting with a side wall region of at least one side wall of the at least one recess, thereby forming an axial bearing for the camshaft.

Abstract: A lubrication device of a high pressure pump for a common rail system, may include a first lubrication channel fluid-connecting a shaft chamber formed in a pump housing of the high pressure pump, and a low pressure pump, and a support lubrication channel formed through a shoe such that one end thereof is fluid-connected to the first lubrication channel and the other end thereof is fluid-connected to a friction portion where a roller and the shoe contact each other.

Abstract: A rotary engine and a rotary unit thereof are provided. The rotary engine includes an air-compressed rotary unit provided in an engine body and a power rotary unit moving in coordination with the air-compressed rotary unit. Each rotary unit includes an outer rotor and an inner rotor provided eccentrically within the outer rotor, inner teeth constituted by convex arc surfaces are formed in an inner circumference of the outer rotor and outer teeth constituted by concave arc surfaces are formed in an outer circumference of the inner rotor, such that intake and compression strokes of the air-compressed rotary unit and power and exhaust strokes of the power rotary unit are achieved during the engagement and disengagement between the inner and outer teeth. The rotary engine has a compact structure, a smooth output torque, a high power per liter, and can be widely used in fields of vehicle, power machinery, etc.

Abstract: In a control apparatus for a general-purpose internal combustion engine including a generator as a power supply, the generator includes a main generator coil supplying power to the stepping motor, and an auxiliary generator coil supplying power to an ignition device of the engine. The apparatus includes ignition timing controller for, when starting the engine by a manual starter, detecting that an engine speed reaches or exceeds a predetermined engine speed not exceeding a connecting rotation speed of a centrifugal clutch to retard an ignition timing of the engine, thereby suppressing increase in the engine speed to less than the connecting rotation speed, and for restoring the ignition timing to its normal timing after a predetermined time elapses from start of retarding the ignition timing. Accordingly, it suppresses overshooting of an engine speed above the connecting rotation speed even if a delay occurs in closing a throttle valve by a delay in activating the motor.

Abstract: A device for controlling an internal combustion engine in a motor vehicle having an uneven running ascertaining unit and an injection quantity correction unit, in which one group of cylinders being associated with a lambda sensor, in which the uneven running ascertaining unit determines the uneven running of a cylinder and compares it with a predefinable threshold value. If the ascertained uneven running exceeds the predefinable threshold value, the injection quantity correction unit adjusts the injection quantity of the cylinder in the rich direction and adjusts the injection quantities of the other cylinders of the group, so that on the whole a predefinable lambda value of the group, which may be a lambda value of 1, is achieved, and a lambda deviation is determinable for each individual cylinder in an adaption unit.

Abstract: An engine control system controls an internal combustion engine so that some of a plurality of cylinders in a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine are made to rest and reduced-cylinder operation takes place. Each cylinder comprises a piston, an intake valve and an exhaust valve. In a resting cylinder during reduced-cylinder operation, when the piston moves downwards, the engine control system opens both the intake valve and the exhaust valve, and when the piston moves upwards, the engine control system opens the intake valve and closes the exhaust valve.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine includes a cylinder and a piston journalled to reciprocate therein. The cylinder and piston conjointly delimit a combustion chamber into which a spark plug projects. Ignition of the spark plug occurs at an ignition time point controlled by a control unit. The ignition time point is controlled in an idle speed range according to an idle control having a most advanced ignition time point. The engine has a decompression valve which, when open, connects the combustion chamber to a pressure relief space. The valve is open during engine start and closes when pressure in the combustion chamber exceeds a closing pressure. To close the valve, the ignition occurs in the idle speed range for an engine cycle departing from the idle control at a closing ignition time point lying approximately 5° crankshaft angle ahead of the most advanced ignition time point.

Abstract: A main nozzle (38) of a carburetor (10) communicates with a metering chamber (26) through a first fuel feeding passage (44) originally included in the carburetor and a first additional fuel feeding passage (46). The first additional fuel feeding passage (46) includes a flow rate adjusting valve (48). The flow rate adjusting valve (48) is driven by a solenoid actuator (50). The solenoid actuator (50) is controlled on the basis of engine speed.

Abstract: A method for controlling natural gas injection in a cylinder of an engine through a gas admission valve is provided. The method comprises determination of an amount of substitution, which varies between 30%-85% of a combustible mixture. Duration of injection is determined based on the amount of substitution. Based on the duration of injection, a first crank angle and a second crank angle, selected from a range of 325 degrees to 420 degrees, are determined to start and stop the injection, respectively. The natural gas is injected for the determined duration of injection, by opening the gas admission valve at the first crank angle and closing the gas admission valve at the second crank angle. The amount of substitution of the natural gas is modulated to maintain engine operating parameters at optimal. Based on the modulated duration of injection, the duration of injection for the natural gas is tuned.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for supplying gaseous fuel from a tender car to an internal combustion engine on a locomotive comprising storing the gaseous fuel at a cryogenic temperature in a cryogenic storage tank on the tender car; pumping the gaseous fuel to a first pressure from the cryogenic storage tank; vaporizing the gaseous fuel at the first pressure; and conveying the vaporized gaseous fuel to the internal combustion engine; whereby a pressure of the vaporized gaseous fuel is within a range between 310 bar and 575 bar.

Abstract: A fuel delivery system for a direct injection internal combustion engine having two fuel rails and a plurality of fuel injectors attached to and fluidly connected with each fuel rail. A first fuel pump has its output connected with the first fuel rail while a second fuel pump has its output connected with the second fuel rail. A crossover pipe fluidly connects the outlets of both the first and second pumps. Both the first pump and the second pump each have an intake stroke and a pumping stroke. Furthermore, the intake stroke of the first pump coincides with the pumping stroke of the second pump and vice versa.

Abstract: A fuel injection control device includes a fuel injection control unit and a pump control unit. The fuel injection control unit controls a fuel injection amount of a fuel injection valve. The pump control unit calculates a pump control amount based on feedforward and feedback terms and controls a fuel pump based on the pump control amount. The fuel injection control unit includes a first injection control unit for performing fuel injection by the valve at a starting injection amount in a starting period after commencement of starting of an engine by its starting unit until a predetermined rotation increase of the engine is produced in association with fuel combustion. The pump control unit includes a starting control unit for calculating the feedforward term based on the starting injection amount in the starting period and for calculating the pump control amount using this feedforward term.

Abstract: A system for estimating richness of a gaseous mixture in a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle power plant, including a mechanism injecting an additional combustible gas into a fresh air intake circuit of the engine, a mechanism measuring concentrations of the additional gas in the fresh air intake circuit and in an engine exhaust gas circuit respectively, a mechanism determining a ratio between the measured concentration of the additional gas in the intake circuit and the measured concentration of the additional gas in the exhaust circuit, and a mechanism estimating the richness of the gaseous mixture in the combustion chamber of the engine from the determined ratio.

Abstract: This invention discloses a method for low temperature combustion using at least two fuels with low and high boiling points being directly injected into engine combustion chamber separately and sequentially with two different spray patterns, wherein the low boiling point fuel can be quickly vaporized to form a low temperature zone for containing fuel jet combustion of high boiling point fuels. An internal combustion engine using the disclosed low temperature combustion method is also provided.