Abstract: A toner for electrostatic latent image development of the present invention includes toner particles containing toner mother particles and an external additive. The external additive contains fatty acid metal salt particles, and a volume based particle diameter (size) distribution of the fatty acid metal salt particles has two peaks on a side of smaller size and a side of larger size, respectively. A volume based mean particle diameter of the fatty acid metal salt particles having the peak on the side of smaller size is 3.0 ?m or smaller and a volume based mean particle diameter of the fatty acid metal salt particles having the peak on the side of larger size is larger than a volume based mean particle diameter of the toner mother particles.

Abstract: A toner composition includes a resin, optionally a wax, a colorant, and an acicular surface additive. The toner composition is suitable for use in a single component development system and which composition possesses excellent charging, stability, and flow characteristics.

Abstract: Disclosed are a toner for electrostatic image development and an image formation process using the same which can achieve high varnish application property and high adhesion of a heat-fixed image to a varnish layer even when the varnish layer is formed on the fixed image formed by an image formation process of an electrophotographic system. The toner for electrostatic image development includes toner particles containing at least a binder resin, a colorant and a parting agent, and the binder resin contains a polyfunctional acrylate-modified polyester resin obtained by modification with a polyfunctional acrylate compound. In the toner for electrostatic image development, it is preferable that the toner particles have a core-shell structure, in which the surface of a core particle is coated with a shell layer, and tine polyfunctional acrylate-modified polyester resin is contained in the shell layer.

Abstract: Disclosed is a toner for electrostatic image development that has excellent low-temperature fixability and also has sufficient heat-resistant storage stability. The toner for electrostatic image development includes toner particles containing an amorphous resin including amorphous resins A and B and a crystalline polyester resin. The toner particles have a domain-matrix structure in which a domain phase including fine core particles of the crystalline polyester resin is dispersed in a matrix phase formed of the amorphous resin A composed of a vinyl-based polymer. The surface of the fine core particles of the crystalline polyester resin is coated with the amorphous resin B composed of a vinyl-based polymer.

Abstract: A method for producing a toner that comprises toner particles, each of which comprises a binder resin, which comprises a resin (A) capable of forming a crystalline structure, and a colorant, the method including: a pressure holding step of, after preparing toner particles, holding the toner particles for 5 minutes or more at a pressure of 2.0 MPa or more under conditions of a temperature T1 (° C.) represented by formula (1): 20?T1?Tp2??(1) (wherein, Tp2 represents the onset temperature of the maximum endothermic peak derived from the resin (A)), wherein a peak temperature Tp1 of the maximum endothermic peak derived from the resin (A) during the first temperature rise of the toner particles as determined by differential scanning calorimetric measurement is 50° C. to 90° C.

Abstract: Embodiments in accordance with the present invention encompass water soluble polycyclic vinyl addition polymers having a norbornene type repeat unit derived from a norbornene type of monomer that encompasses a saccharide functional moiety. Embodiments in accordance with the present invention also encompass low and high molecular weight polymers with low catalyst loading.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a positive working lithographic printing plate precursor, comprising: (1) a substrate; and (2) an imaging layer, formed on the substrate, comprising a water-insoluble and an alkaline aqueous solution-soluble or dispersible resin and a photo-thermal converting material, wherein the imaging layer comprises either polyurethane or polyurethane urea or both of the polyurethane and the polyurethane urea, the polyurethane and the polyurethane urea comprising a unit having a substituent having an acidic hydrogen atom and a unit having a polysiloxane moiety in a side or main chain. The present invention can provide a lithographic printing plate precursor which has high printing durability, good scratch resistance, and good developing properties, as well as enhanced ink receptivity.

Abstract: The present invention provides a drawing apparatus for performing drawing on a substrate with a plurality of charged particle beams, the apparatus including an aperture array member in which a plurality of first apertures, for generating the plurality of charged particle beams, is formed, and a generating device configured to individually generate electric potentials in a plurality of regions of the aperture array member, wherein each of the plurality of regions corresponds to at least one of the plurality of first apertures.

Abstract: A method for forming a semiconductor structure having an opening is provided. First, a substrate is provided, wherein a first region and a second region are defined on the substrate and an overlapping area of the first region and the second region is defined as a third region. A pattern density of the first region is substantially greater than that of the second region. Then, a material layer is formed on the substrate. A first hard mask and a second hard mask are formed on the material layer. The first hard mask in the first region is removed to form a patterned first hard mask. The second hard mask in the third region is removed to form a patterned second hard mask. Lastly, the material layer is patterned by using the patterned second hard mask layer as a mask to form at least an opening in the third region only.

Abstract: A method that forms a film of photoresist composition on a substrate and exposes a first and second region of the film to radiation through a first and second mask having a first and second image pattern, respectively. The photoresist composition includes a polymer comprising at least one acid labile group, a photosensitive acid generator capable of generating a first amount of acid upon exposure to a first dose of radiation and of generating a second amount of acid upon exposure to a second dose of radiation, and a photosensitive base generator capable of generating a first amount of base upon exposure to the first dose of radiation and of generating a second amount of base upon exposure to the second dose of radiation. The photosensitive acid generator includes (trifluoro-methylsulfonyloxy)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboximide (MDT), N-hydroxy-naphthalimide dodecane sulfonate (DDSN), or a combination thereof. The photosensitive base generator includes a quaternary ammonium salt.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for heating an end section of a plastic pipe (1) to prepare for the formation of a sleeve on the plastic pipe, such that the end section can be heated to the deformation temperature of the plastic pipe or even higher by heating on the exterior by means of external heating jaws (2, 3) and on the interior by means of a heating mandrel (4) that can be inserted from the end into the plastic pipe (1).

Abstract: A limestone preheater which segregates material according to particle size and further provides for material bed depth adjustment, preferably during operation.

Abstract: The heat transfer efficiency is improved. A heat treatment furnace includes a furnace body 10, a hearth 12, a blowing apparatus 14, a wind passing member 16, a heating apparatus 18, and a rack 20. The furnace body 10 has a doored opening 36. The wind passing member 16 has a cylindrical portion and wind guiding portions. The cylindrical portion has an entrance port and rack-opposing flow-out ports. Wind enters through the entrance port. The rack-opposing flow-out ports are opposed to the rack 20. Wind flows out from the rack-opposing flow-out ports. The wind guiding portions are attached to the cylindrical portion. The wind guiding portions block part of the wind which flows along the inner circumferential surface of the cylindrical portion, to guide the wind to the rack-opposing flow-out ports.

Abstract: An orthodontic device-setting tool is provided with: a fitting section having a fitting surface, which covers and fits together with at least one of the incisal margin, the dental cusp, or the occlusal surface of a tooth; a foundation section, which has a back surface that adheres closely to the labial/buccal surface or the lingual surface of the tooth and has, on the surface opposite the back surface, a front face on which the orthodontic device is mounted; and a connecting section that connects the fitting section and the foundation section. The tool has a frame section, which protrudes from the front face of the foundation section and can fit together with the orthodontic device.

Abstract: The present invention provides improved devices, systems and methods for repositioning teeth from an initial tooth arrangement to a final tooth arrangement. Repositioning is accomplished with a system comprising a series of polymeric shell appliances configured to receive the teeth and incrementally reposition individual teeth in a series of successive steps. The individual appliances may be formed from layers having different stiffnesses (elastic moduluses), and the stiffnesses of successive appliances may be different, or both.

Abstract: A dental orthotic strut having at least one multi-axis rotable joint connecting the strut to either a maxillary and/or mandibular retainer attached to the teeth. Jaw advancement may be accomplished by periodically replacing the strut with a new strut having a slightly longer minimum length, thereby advancing the resting position of the closed jaw. The rotable joint or joints allow greater freedom of movement and comfort when the jaw is opened in a non-sagittal plane. A plurality of strut pairs having a same length, but with progressively longer sets of strut pairs is generally supplied, so that left and right struts can be progressively replaced with longer struts over time.

Abstract: A sleeve may be attached to a syringe. The sleeve may include a hollow tube configured to slide on, or attach to, a syringe. The sleeve may also include a plurality of lighting devices located near a distal end of the hollow tube. The plurality of lighting devices may be configured to illuminate when the sleeve is activated.

Abstract: A positioning bite tab for a dental sensor, said positioning bite tab comprising: a base element, said base element defining a substantially plate-shaped biting portion; and a strap movable between a strap open configuration and a strap closed configuration, wherein, in said strap open configuration, said strap is generally planar, and in said strap closed configuration, said strap forms a loop for receiving said dental sensor thereinto and securing said dental sensor thereto; said base element being attachable to said strap in a first orientation and in a second orientation, said biting portion being oriented differently relative to said strap in said first and second orientations.

Abstract: An appliance body which includes a fluid delivery system providing a fluid flow to the appliance body and an exit for the fluid. A cavitation assembly is responsive to the fluid flow, and includes a constriction or obstruction member, wherein the flow rate to and through the cavitation assembly and the flow velocity and other factors results in a cavitation number in the range of 0.1 to 6, so that hydrodynamic cavitation is produced at the exit of the appliance for delivery to a treatment surface.

Abstract: A method of filling and sealing a root canal during an endodontic procedure, the method comprising: a) filling the root canal with a combination comprising: i) an obturator composed at least in part of a chemically-bondable material; and ii) a self-etching adhesive or self-adhesive resin-based cement or sealer; and b) curing the combination to seal the root canal. Also disclosed is a kit for carrying out the method, the kit comprising: a) an obturator composed at least in part of a chemically-bondable material; and b) a self-adhesive resin-based cement or sealer.

Abstract: A multiuse programmable dental device that allows the user to selectively program various fluid delivery regimens and methods of using and programming the irrigator device. The irrigator may also be operated manually, as desired by the operator. Other features, such as selective delivery of various fluids, monitoring fluids levels of the system, and the capability to store previously used regimens within the systems memory, are found in the present invention.

Abstract: A disposable saliva ejector for connection with a slow-speed suction device has a suction end and a discharge end. The tapered ejector has an ovate shape. A retention orifice helps secure the ejector within the patient's mount, while a larger extraction orifice removes fluid and debris. Placement of the saliva ejector within the mouth lies along the interior of the patient's cheek, keeping the oral cavity clear of viewing obstructions. The discharge end connects to a discharge tube, wrapping around the oral commissure then hooking onto the patient's outer cheek. Once properly placed within the patient's mouth the dental assistant is relieved from providing suction during various procedures.

Abstract: Channel formation for the fixing element of a dental superstructure. The superstructure (1) is fixed to the implantation (3) integrated in the jaw bone by means of a fixing element (2). A channel (7) is formed in the superstructure (1). The axis line (8) of the channel (7) is shaped to follow an arc (9) whose radii pointing to given points of the axis line (8) diverge from the plane of the arc (9) by 0-5%. The channel (7) is shaped in such a manner that the sections determined by the planes perpendicular to its axis line (8) are circles with the same diameter with their centres on the axis line (8). In the method according to the invention a computer controlled device is used for forming the channel.

Abstract: A dental membrane disposed in a deficient region of an alveolar bone to form a space for regeneration of the alveolar bone or to surround a bone graft, wherein the dental membrane is fixed by an insert inserted and fixed in the alveolar bone and a cover member combined to the insert, the dental membrane including: an upper portion surrounding a top surface of the deficient region of the alveolar bone; and a side bending portion bended downward from the upper portion and surrounding a side surface of the deficient region of the alveolar bone, wherein the upper portion includes: a combined portion combined to the insert and the cover member to be fixed; and a protruding portion extending and protruding upward from the combined portion.

Abstract: A prosthetic retention system for edentulous patients comprising a prefabricated bar and two implants; where the said bar consists of a tubular central piece that has a round or ovoid cross section and two hollow capsules at its ends; and where the implants are formed by one single piece, with an upper zone that connects to the bar and a lower zone that is introduced into the patient's bone tissue.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide an oral composition, which can remove tooth stain effectively. The object of the present invention is also to provide an oral composition, which scarcely damages teeth and gums and can be easily applied. An oral composition for removing tooth stain, which comprises 3.5 to 30% by weight of peroxide and 5 to 20% by weight of phosphate polymer (in particular, ultraphosphate having an average chain length of phosphoric acid polymerization of 10 to 30).

Abstract: The present invention comprises a transmitter unit having at least one infrared (IR) transmitter, a target screen, a plurality of photodiode sensors disposed in a spaced apart relationship about the target screen, and receiver circuitry connecting the photodiode sensors together. The transmitter unit continuously emits an IR signal, which is detected by the photodiode sensors. The receiver circuitry then triangulate the position of the transmitter unit by calculating the differential distances between each of the photodiode sensors and the transmitter unit. The receiver circuitry is able to dynamically update the position of the transmitter unit because the transmitter unit continuously emits an IR signal. The transmitter unit is able to simulate a “shot” in a number of different ways, including updating the packet update rate or altering the data packet preamble. No return signal is necessary for the transmitter unit to confirm the “shot.

Abstract: A method of operator competency management includes providing a computing system having a processor running a software application. The software application implements an Operator Competency Model (OCM) which includes a simulated competency exercise including a plurality of simulated tasks for an operator in a processing facility running a physical process, wherein a competency for each simulated task is mapped to an assessment tool, wherein the assessment tools collectively include at least one subjective assessment tool and at least one automatically generated assessment tool. Responsive to the operator performing the simulated competency exercise, the performance of the operator is evaluated using respective ones of the assessment tools for the simulated tasks to generate competency data for the operator.

Abstract: This invention is a device and system for monitoring a person's food consumption comprising: a wearable sensor that automatically collects data to detect probable eating events; a voluntary human-to-computer interface that is used by the person to enter food consumption data wherein the person is prompted to enter food consumption data when an eating event is detected by the wearable sensor; and a data analysis component that analyzes food consumption data to estimate the types and amounts of ingredients, nutrients, and/or calories that are consumed by the person. In an example, the wearable sensor can be part of a smart watch or smart bracelet. In an example, the voluntary human-to-computer interface can be part of a smart phone. The integrated operation of the wearable sensor and the voluntary human-to-computer interface disclosed in this invention offers accurate measurement of food consumption with low intrusion into the person's privacy.

Abstract: This invention is a device and system for monitoring a person's food consumption comprising: a wearable sensor that automatically collects data to detect eating events; a smart food utensil, probe, or dish that collects data concerning the chemical composition of food which the person is prompted to use when an eating event is detected; and a data analysis component that analyzes chemical composition data to estimate the types and amounts of foods, ingredients, nutrients, and/or calories consumed by the person. In an example, the wearable sensor can be part of a smart watch or smart bracelet. In an example, the smart food utensil, probe, or dish can be a smart spoon with a chemical composition sensor. The integrated operation of the wearable sensor and the smart food utensil, probe, or dish disclosed in this invention offers accurate measurement of food consumption with low intrusion into the person's privacy.

Abstract: There is a system and method for promoting travel education including a toy having a particular geographic association represented visually on the toy. The toy includes a unique identifier observable on the toy and associated with the particular geographic association. The system includes a management module configured to interact with the toy and thereby promote travel education. The management module includes a user account management module associated with the unique identifier of the toy and configured to manage a user account associated therewith and to receive location information in regards to the toy. The management module includes a geographic rules module in communication with the user account management module and configured to store, provide and enforce a set of rules on the user account based on the particular geographic location of the toy associated with the user account.

Abstract: The method includes receiving selection of text to be read in a group reading session; identifying a plurality of participants for the group reading session; and upon receiving the selection of the text and the identification of the plurality of participants, automatically, without user intervention, generating a reading plan for the group reading session, wherein the reading plan divides the text into a plurality of reading units and assigns at least one reading unit to each of the plurality of participants in accordance with a comparison between a respective difficulty level of the at least one reading unit and a respective reading ability level of the participant.

Abstract: A method of tracking promises from a user, which includes the steps of providing a learning and training phase to the user for learning promise techniques, recording a plurality of viable promises made by the user in a chainlike manner to form a promise chain; guiding the user to keep each of the viable promises from the promise chain; and determining a promise score of the user regarding to the promise chain, which is an incentive to motivate the user to keep the promise score as high as possible, wherein when one of the viable promises is broken, the promise chain is then broken to have a negative affect on the promise score.

Abstract: A therapeutic video game device and method for cognitive bias modification wherein the video game presents negative and positive stimuli in two discrete areas and repeatedly focuses the user's attention away from the negative stimulus by providing a series of objectives which require the user to input commands into an input means to affect the video game environment in an area away from the negative stimulus. The repeated focus of the user's attention away from the negative stimulus results in a decrease in cognitive bias to negative behaviors such as anxiety, stress, depression, addiction, eating disorders, lack of exercise, and lack of self-esteem. The video game provides an engaging, enjoyable experience for the user.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a scheme engine selects a progressive support scheme that promotes wellness by encouraging users to responsibly respond to a health condition. The scheme includes a set of nodes. Each node represents a progression of the health condition being experienced by a user. A node of the set of nodes is associated with a set of tasks, each promoting wellness given a presence of the condition. A progression tracker identifies, for the user, the node as corresponding to a current progression of the condition. A task engine assigns a weight to a task characteristic based on an input received from the user and selects a task from amongst the set of tasks associated with the identified node. The selection of the task is based on the weight assigned to the task characteristic. The task engine further presents the task to the user.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention are directed to a foldable system for a simulated image-guided medical procedure. The system includes a foldable base having at least two portions connected by a hinge, each to support one of the guide tubes two or more guide tubes to guide operational tools and two or more tracking units to detect tracking information of the operational tools. The tracking units are configured to provide tracking information to a processor be used in an image guided computerized medical simulation.

Abstract: A system for simulating an image-guided medical procedure on a computerized anatomy is provided. The system includes a foldable base having two portions connected by a hinged connector, each portion of the foldable base is provided with one or more docking stations. The system further includes two or more working units, each connectable to any one of the docking stations. Each working unit comprises a chamber capable of receiving an operation tool, a diameter sensor to detect diameter information related to the operational tool and a tracking unit configured to detect tracking information related to the operational tool.

Abstract: A surgical operation training device 13 comprises a simulation body 83 subjected to a predetermined treatment during surgical operation training, a holder 84 for holding the simulation body 83 from below, a support 85 for supporting the holder 84 workably, a wire 86 for coupling the holder 84 with the support 85, and a control unit 71 for controlling operation of the holder 84. The wire 86 is formed of a shape memory material which can contract from an original shape when a current flows through the wire. The control unit 71 comprises a drive signal generating means 114 for supplying a current to the wire 86 at a predetermined timing and for performing operation control on the holder 84 with a change in the shape of the wire 86 by varying the supply state of current to the wire 86.

Abstract: An active colonoscopy training model (10) and method of using the same with a colonoscope (60) includes an abdominal model (12), a colorectal tube (16) configured to replicate a human colon, and at least one sensor operably coupled to the colorectal tube (16). The abdominal model (12) comprises an outer body (14) having a hollow interior portion (22), and the colorectal tube (16) is operably coupled to the abdominal model (12) within the interior portion (22). The colorectal tube (16) is configured to receive the colonoscope (60), and the at least one sensor measures one or more of a tension, a force, a pressure, a light, and a position of the colonoscope (60) when the colonoscope (60) is positioned and advanced through the colorectal tube (16).

Abstract: A sensor aided ball as a tool to teach math and science. The ball may include various sensors such as inertial, pressure, magnetic, and temperature sensors. Users can run experiments and then view the results on a computer, tablet, or phone. Measurements such as acceleration, angular rate, velocity, position, heading, pressure, and temperature can be displayed. The ball may be used within an associated system or method.

Abstract: A tridimensional modeling apparatus, system and kit is for representing an exploration network. The apparatus, system and kit include a transparent hollow cube with six plane surfaces for representing an enclosed volume, a plurality of perforations on at least two of the six plane surfaces and indicia around each opening for marking polar coordinates and orientation. The apparatus, system and kit further include a plurality of transparent rods for representing exploration channels. The plurality of perforations on the cube are arranged for receiving rods for tridimensional modeling of the exploration network and each rod is inserted into an opening with an angle and a depth, thereby resulting in a visual representation of the exploration network within the represented volume.

Abstract: Various embodiments for conducting proxy teaching for learning devices within a decentralized system, including an embodiment method with operations for obtaining, by a teacher signaling device, objectives data related to activities of one or more of the learning devices, generating, by the teacher signaling device, teaching routines based on the obtained objectives data, and broadcasting, by the teacher signaling device, teaching signals configured to teach one or more of the learning devices based on the generated teaching routines. Other embodiments may obtain objectives data by requesting reflex information from the learning devices or intercepting event report messages transmitted by the learning devices. Other embodiments may include broadcasting discovery signals to identify nearby learning devices and modifying teaching routines when objectives of the generated teaching routines cannot be achieved.

Abstract: A modular learning system provides interfaces to a user device for performing a learning application. The modular learning system receives a performance request from a learning user to perform an application. The modular learning system determines whether the user is permitted to perform the learning application based on compatibility of the user and available services for the learning application. The modular learning system also determines whether the user device is capable of providing adequate instructions and whether the application is to be performed sequentially or simultaneously by several users. The learning application is performed by displaying preview, performance, and review interfaces on the user device display.

Abstract: A computerized educational presentation system is provided. The system may include a presentation application program. The presentation application program may include a presentation module that is operable in an author mode to create an educational presentation having a plurality of educational resources. The educational resources may include at least a poll. Further, the presentation module may be operable in a presentation mode to make the educational presentation accessible for viewing at a plurality of student computing devices. The presentation application program further may include an interaction module. During the author mode, the interaction module may update one or more educational resources of the educational presentation in response to receiving user edits via an author tool. During the presentation mode, the interaction module may receive student feedback at a teacher computing device in response to presentation of the poll at the plurality of student computing devices.

Abstract: Method and system for evaluating performance a user on an e-learning system is disclosed. A capturing module is configured to capture activity data related to a plurality of entities from the user in un-structured form wherein the activity data comprises a transactional data and a log data. An ETL module is configured to process the transactional data and the log data to derive a structured data. After processing, the ETL module is further configured to load the structured data into a structured database and further determines an evaluation index for the user by performing statistical analysis on the structured data. Based on the statistical analysis, the ETL module is further configured to compare the evaluation index with a benchmark value pre-defined for the evaluation index by other user. Moreover an analytics module is configured to generate a report and an alert for the other user to evaluate the performance of the user based on the comparison.

Abstract: A method for preserving an extracorporeal organ during hypothermic transport of the organ. The method includes placing an organ in a self-purging preservation apparatus to suspend the sample in preservation fluid, and filling the apparatus with a cold preservation solution. The self-purging preservation apparatus is placed in an insulated transport container having a cooling medium. When assembled, the system allows for transport of biological samples for extended periods of time at a stable temperature, thereby increasing the distance that the organ can be transported without compromising organ function.

Abstract: This invention relates to a novel method for growing attenuated mutant Salmonella typhi strains lacking galactose epimerase activity and harboring a recombinant DNA molecule. The method comprises the step of culturing said Salmonella typhi strain without adding glucose to the medium during the fermentation with a starting glucose amount that is depleted before reaching the stationary phase. The invention further relates to attenuated mutant Salmonella typhi strains obtainable by said method and to an attenuated mutant Salmonella typhi strain harboring a recombinant DNA molecule encoding a VEGF receptor protein for use as a vaccine.

Abstract: The invention provides methods and compositions for rapid, sensitive, and highly specific nucleic acid-based (e.g., DNA based) detection of a BK virus in a sample. In general, the methods involve detecting a target nucleic acid having a target sequence of a conserved region of BK viral genomes. The invention also features compositions, including primers, probes, and kits, for use in the methods of the invention.

Abstract: This disclosure describes a structured polynucleotide, devices that include the structured polynucleotide, and methods involving the structured polynucleotide and/or devices. Generally, the structured polynucleotide includes five domains. A first domain acts as a toehold for an input DNA logic gate to initiate binding to an SCS biomolecule. A second domain acts as a substrate recognition sequence for an upstream DNA logic gate. A third domain acts as a toehold for a output DNA logic gate to initiate binding of the SCS biomolecule to the gate. A fourth domain acts as an effector sequence to alter the state of the output logic gate. A fifth domain acts as a cage sequence to lock the effector sequence in an inactive state until an input gate binds to the structured polynucleotide.

Abstract: Provided is an anti-human-norovirus GII antibody which responds to substantially all genotypes of the human noroviruses belonging to GII and which can comprehensively detect such human noroviruses GII. The anti-human-norovirus GII antibody that binds to at least one of epitopes which are contained in amino acid regions represented by the following formulas (1) and (2): P-X1-X2-P-G-E??(1) X3-X4-X5-F-Y-X6-L-X7-P-X8??(2) (wherein, X1 represents L, V, N, T, S, M, or R; X2 represents F, Y, or M; X3 represents V or G; X4 represents N or S; X5 represents Q, P, or S; X6 represents S, T, or I; X7 represents A or S; and X8 represents M or V), and of an epitope formed of amino acid 483 of the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, or an epitope formed of an amino acid corresponding to amino acid 483, the regions and the amino acids being present in the P domain of a capsid structural protein of a human norovirus GII.