Abstract: A coaxial ground heat exchanger and installation method are disclosed where the heat exchanger has a central core tube that can be provided with a thermally insulating casing and an outer tube that delimits an annular gap which extends radially outwards from the core tube. The core tube and the annular gap can be configured such that a flowable heat transfer medium can flow through. The outer tube is formed by a tubular expandable cover that directly adjoins a wall of a ground heat exchanger borehole when the heat exchanger is installed.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed toward a downhole tool for separating fluids into a liquid and a gas component. The downhole tool includes an inlet for receiving a multiphase fluid, the multiphase fluid comprising a gas component and a liquid component. The tool also includes a hydrocyclone portion where the flow of the multiphase fluid is vortical and the liquid component migrates to an inner surface of the hydrocyclone portion and the gas component is forced to a central area of the hydrocyclone portion and exits the downhole tool via a gas outlet. The tool further includes a liquid outlet permitting the liquid component to exit the downhole tool.

Abstract: In a completion for producing methane the bottom hole assembly has a base pipe with porous media surrounding it for equalizing flow along the base pipe. A shape memory polymer foam surrounds the porous media. The borehole can be reamed to reduce produced methane velocities. Surrounding the shape memory polymer is an exterior layer of consolidated proppant or sand that can self-adhere and/or stick to the polymer foam. The proppant or sand can be circulated or squeezed into position although, circulation is preferred. The borehole may enlarge due to shifting sands in an unconsolidated formation as the methane is produced. The bottom hole assembly helps in fluid flow equalization and protects the foam and layers below from high fluid velocities during production.

Abstract: A gravel pack assembly includes screen sections with a packer between them. A first screen section communicates an uphole annulus with the assembly's interior passage, and a second screen section communicates a downhole annulus with the interior passage. A housing of the packer has an internal bore communicating with the assembly's interior passage and has an internal bypass communicating external ports with one another. A first packer element disposed between the external ports restricts gravel passage at least from the uphole to the downhole annulus. A second packer element disposed downhole from a second of the external ports is independently actuated to isolate fluid passage between the uphole and downhole annulus. One or more transport tubes communicate slurry from the uphole annulus to the internal bypass once the uphole annulus is packed with gravel.

Abstract: Embodiments including methods comprising providing a treatment fluid comprising a first aqueous base fluid and a polymeric gelling agent, wherein the treatment fluid comprises a first surface tension; introducing a fluid mobility modifier into the treatment fluid, wherein the fluid mobility modifier comprises: a first surfactant selected from the group consisting of a non-ionic surfactant; a cationic surfactant; and any combination thereof, and a solvent-surfactant blend comprising a second aqueous base fluid, a second surfactant, a solvent, and a co-solvent, wherein the ratio of the first surfactant to the solvent-surfactant blend is in the range of between about 1:5 to about 5:1, wherein the fluid mobility modifier causes the treatment fluid to adopt a second surface tension that is less than the first surface tension; and introducing the treatment fluid into a subterranean formation.

Abstract: A sintered, generally spherical ceramic body, having an alumina content of from about 52 to about 55 weight percent distributed substantially homogeneously throughout the body, a silica content from about 32 to about 38 weight percent distributed substantially homogeneously throughout the body, an apparent specific gravity of about 2.61 to about 2.65, and a bulk density of about 1.45 to about 1.56 grams per cubic centimeter.

Abstract: A method of using a slurry-like fracturing fluid for hydraulic fracturing in an unconventional reservoir: injecting the slurry-like fracturing fluid into the unconventional reservoir, the slurry-like fracturing fluid comprises a particulate portion and a slurry water, the particulate portion comprises a solid acid component, injecting the slurry-like fracturing fluid is operable to generate a network of fractures, the slurry-like fracturing fluid is operable to reduce a reservoir temperature from a resting reservoir temperature, permitting the slurry-like fracturing fluid to cure into a permeable bed, allowing the reservoir temperature to return to the resting reservoir temperature to trigger the hydrolysis of the solid acid, hydrolyzing the solid acid to produce a liquid acid, and stimulating the network of fractures with the liquid acid to increase permeability of the permeable bed in the network of fractures in the unconventional reservoir, the increased permeability operable to create a sweet spot.

Abstract: Compositions include (1) aggregating compositions capable of forming deformable partial or complete coatings on formation surfaces, formation particle surfaces, downhole fluid solid surfaces, and/or proppant surfaces, where the coatings increase aggregation and/or agglomeration propensities of the particles and surfaces to form particles clusters or pillars having deformable coatings, and (2) aggregation stabilizing and/or strengthening compositions capable of altering properties of the coated clusters or pillars to form consolidated, stabilized, and/or strengthened clusters or pillars. Methods for stabilizing aggregated particle clusters or pillars include (1) treating the particles with an aggregating composition to form aggregated clusters or pillars and (2) treating the aggregated particle clusters or pillars with a stabilizing or strengthening composition to form consolidated, stabilized, and/or strengthened clusters or pillars.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to compositions and methods that may be used for enhanced oil recovery, for modifying the permeability of subterranean formations and for increasing the mobilization and/or recovery rate of hydrocarbon fluids present in the formations. The compositions may include, for example, expandable cross linked polymeric microparticles having an unexpanded volume average particle size diameter of from about 0.05 to about 5,000 microns and a cross linking agent content of from about 100 to about 200,000 ppm of hydrolytically labile silyl ester or silyl ether crosslinkers and from 0 to about 300 ppm of non-labile crosslinkers.

Abstract: A method, apparatus and composition are described for safe energy delivery down hole resulting in increased recovery of subterranean hydrocarbons. The method utilizes, for example, the reaction of non-alkane fuels and selective oxidizers which are non-selective toward alkane chemical compounds. The method further utilizes an acid solution reaction with aforementioned reaction for elimination of any insoluble products of reaction permitting flow within formation strata. The energy released in the subterranean reaction is utilized to heat the production tubing, the wellbore, the formation or the formation hydrocarbons thereby lowering fluid viscosity and permitting greater flow especially for heavy oils, asphaltene deposits and/or paraffin deposits.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for recovering heavy oil from subterranean reservoirs. A steam-utilizing heavy oil recovery process may be used to recover the heavy oil while employing a steam-solvent mixture. The solvent may be a tailored hydrocarbon solvent obtained from a precursor mixture of hydrocarbon compounds from which light end hydrocarbon compounds have been removed.

Abstract: A well treatment additive includes a siloxane surfactant, a solvent and an aqueous phase. The solvent, in some embodiments, is a terpene hydrocarbon. Also disclosed is a method for using the well treatment additive to form and enhance the properties of foams useful for the treatment of oil and gas wells. Methods of using the novel well treatment foams include using the additives in a variety of well treatment processes including, but not limited to, acidizing operations, hydraulic fracturing operations, well remediation operations and water removal operations.

Abstract: Devices, systems and methods are disclosed for re-directing fluid flow from the interior of tubing placed in a well to the exterior of the tubing by use of selectively actuatable valves operable by engagement of a plug on a plug seat. The devices, systems, and methods disclosed may provide a flowback bypass for the flow of fluids around obstructions in the tubing when those obstructions occur at a predicted location within the tubing. The systems, devices and methods may also include a locking system operable by, among other things, plug and plug seat valves, and such locking system may be used to prevent opening of the flowback bypass until after a predetermined event has occurred.

Abstract: Provided are an apparatus and method for solution mining using cycling process in which a solvent is injected into underground useful ores to dissolve the useful ores and then collected again to obtain the useful ores. The cycling solution mining method includes a boring process for excavating the underground up to an ore deposit, a fracturing process to generate cracks in the ore deposit, an injection process for inserting a mining apparatus including an insertion rod having a pipe shape up to a lower portion of the well to inject a solvent that dissolves the useful ores into the ore deposit through the insertion rod, wherein a rotation force is applied to the solvent discharged from the insertion rod to increase a diffusion force of the solvent, and a production process for collecting the solvent, in which the useful ores are dissolved, again.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and system for providing on-site electrical power to a fracturing operation, and an electrically powered fracturing system. Natural gas can be used to drive a turbine generator in the production of electrical power. A scalable, electrically powered fracturing fleet is provided to pump fluids for the fracturing operation, obviating the need for a constant supply of diesel fuel to the site and reducing the site footprint and infrastructure required for the fracturing operation, when compared with conventional systems.

Abstract: Methods and compositions comprising an emulsion or a microemulsion for use in various aspects of the life cycle of an oil and/or gas well are provided. In some embodiments, the emulsion or the microemulsion comprises water, a solvent, and a surfactant, and optionally, one or more additives.

Abstract: A multilateral junction system includes a multilateral junction device including a first bore leg; a second bore leg; a joint section having a first opening connected to the first bore leg and a second opening connected to the second bore leg. A main body extending from the joint section and including a third opening; and, a tube connected to the third opening. The tube configured to enable an upper completion to be run into a borehole together with the multilateral junction device. Also included is a method of improving multilateral operations in a borehole.

Abstract: A downhole tool comprising a housing having at least one flow port disposed providing a communication path between the interior and exterior of the sleeve. A sleeve assembly has an expandable seat and an inner sleeve, and is moveable within the housing between a first position and a second position, wherein in the first position the sleeve assembly is radially positioned between the flow ports and the flowpath to substantially prevent fluid communication. Shearable port inserts are positioned within the flow ports, with each port insert having a shearable portion extending into the interior of the housing and engaging the sleeve assembly when the inner sleeve is in said first position.

Abstract: A method of operating a system for handling an influx of gas into a marine riser during the drilling of a well bore includes the steps of operating a first riser closure apparatus to close the riser at a first point above a flow spool provided in the riser, there being a riser gas handling line extending from the riser at the flow spool to a riser gas handling manifold, operating a second riser closure apparatus to close the riser at a second point below the flow spool, pumping fluid into an inlet line which extends into the riser at a point above the second point but below the flow spool, and operating a choke provided in the riser gas handling manifold to maintain the pressure in the inlet line or the riser at a substantially constant pressure.

Abstract: The present Invention concerns a clamp (20) for mounting upon an elongate member such as a riser (24) to be deployed underwater. The clamp may for example be intended to prevent movement of a buoyancy module along a riser. The clamp comprises a plurality of clamp bodies (22) to be placed at circumferential intervals about the elongate member. A strap (42) is provided which is to be placed around the clamp bodies and tensioned to urge the clamp bodies toward the elongate member, enabling the clamp to resist movement along it. The clamp bodies comprise respective spring elements (28) which are arranged, when the clamp is assembled and mounted, between the clamp bodies and the elongate member. The clamp bodies and the spring elements are shaped to permit them to be used in clamps having a range of different diameters and having a differing number of clamp bodies.

Abstract: In a completion for producing methane the bottom hole assembly has a base pipe with porous media surrounding it for equalizing flow along the base pipe. A shape memory polymer foam surrounds the porous media. The borehole can be reamed to reduce produced methane velocities. Surrounding the shape memory polymer is an exterior layer of consolidated proppant or sand that can self-adhere and/or stick to the polymer foam. The proppant or sand can be circulated or squeezed into position although, circulation is preferred. The borehole may enlarge due to shifting sands in an unconsolidated formation as the methane is produced. The bottom hole assembly helps in fluid flow equalization and protects the foam and layers below from high fluid velocities during production.

Abstract: Subterranean hydrocarbon recovery systems are provided with the systems including a plurality of conduit sections in fluid communication with at least some of which being aligned in parallel along at least one axis of each section. The recovery systems can also include a well head within a subterranean space with at least one of the sections being in fluid communication with the well head. Subterranean hydrocarbons systems are also provided that can include a plurality of conduit sections arranged in rows and columns.

Abstract: A subterranean well fracturing system comprises a downhole well string having installed therein initially closed upstream and downstream sliding sleeve valve assemblies each openable to provide fracing fluid discharge outlets through well string side ports to an associated subterranean fracing zone. To inhibit an undesirable screen-out condition during formation fracturing, specially designed apparatus and methods are operative to sequentially (1) block the downstream valve seat, (2) open the blocked downstream valve seat using pressurized fracing fluid, (3) partially block the upstream valve seat, (4) open the partially blocked upstream valve seat using pressurized fracing fluid, a portion of which is flowed through the partially blocked upstream valve seat, and then (5) unblock the partially blocked upstream valve seat to permit a full flow of pressurized fracing fluid therethrough.

Abstract: A downhole actuator typically for a downhole tool such as a valve, and typically for incorporation in a string of tubulars in an oil or gas well has a central axis with radially movable counterweights on opposite sides of the axis, which move radially outward to change the activation state of the actuator. The counterweights are supported by link arms which control the movement of the counterweights in response to centrifugal force created by rotation of the body, for example, during rotary drilling operations of the string. Radial outward movement of the counterweights typically transmits axial forces between sleeves at the upper and lower ends of the counterweights, so when the counterweights move radially outward, the upper and lower sleeves approach one another, which typically triggers the actuator.

Abstract: An expandable downhole tool for use in an oil well, including a flexible member rolled into a helix and comprising first and second lateral edges on opposing lateral ends of the member. The flexible member is selectively changeable between a compressed configuration wherein the transverse cross-section of the flexible member has a first diameter, and an expanded configuration wherein the transverse cross-section of the flexible member has a second diameter, the second diameter larger than the first diameter.

Abstract: A firing head embodiment of the invention confines a connected capacitance cartridge, explosive detonator, and wireline connection switch within an independent, cylindrical housing tube that is environmentally capped at both ends by threaded closures for secure transport to a well site.

Abstract: A rotational driver for driving a connector through adjacent tubulars is provided. The adjacent tubulars are positionable in a wellbore of a wellsite for passing fluid therethrough. The rotational driver includes a gearbox housing positionable about the connector, a socket carried by the gearbox housing to receivingly engage the connector, and a plurality of gears driven by at least one motor. The gears are operatively connectable to the socket to transfer torque from the motor thereto, and have interlocking teeth defining a plurality of contacts therebetween whereby load on the gears is distributable therebetween.

Abstract: A clam assembly for connecting adjacent tubulars positionable in a wellbore of a wellsite for passing fluid therethrough is provided. The clam assembly and at least one drive mechanism. The clam assembly includes a plurality of segments selectively movable between an open position to receive the adjacent tubulars and a closed position positionable around the adjacent tubulars. The segments are disposable about a periphery of the adjacent tubulars. The drive mechanism is carried by the segments, and include a driver to drive a connector through the adjacent tubulars. The driver is movable between a retracted and an extended position to drive the connector whereby a connection is formed between the adjacent tubulars.

Abstract: Inside blowout preventer release tool body having a one-piece planar upper section and a one-piece tubular lower section. In one embodiment, the upper section includes a pair of longitudinal members defining a central open region, the longitudinal members joined at one end having a formed lifting feature configured to accept a manipulator cable or chain. The lifting feature is positioned such that when the release tool body and an inside blowout preventer connected thereto are lifted by the rig hoist using cables, chains, and the like, they are easily moved over, aligned with, and connected with a working drillpipe while minimizing possibility of slipping off the cables or chains. The lower section includes a threaded end mating with a mating end of an inside blowout preventer, a central longitudinal bore to accept a release rod, and an upper end formed to accept the lower ends of the longitudinal members of the upper section.

Abstract: A hanger assembly for use in a vertical production tree that includes an annular piping spool member having a side opening, and a hanger having an outer surface profiled to selectively land in the piping spool member and a side opening registered with the side opening of the piping spool member. The hanger assembly also includes a vertical penetrator having an end selectively connected to a submersible device and an opposing end inserted into the hanger, and that is in communication with the side openings.

Abstract: Downhole apparatus comprises a base pipe and a plurality of non-concentric pressure deformable chambers mounted externally on the pipe. The chambers may be inflated to increase the diameter of the apparatus and engage and support a surrounding bore wall.

Abstract: A downhole ball dropping system operable to be positioned in a well. The system includes a tool string having a flow path. A ball dropper assembly is interconnected in the tool string. The ball dropper assembly has a sliding sleeve including a port. A ball is releasably retained by the ball dropper assembly. An actuation assembly is operably associated with the ball dropper assembly and is operable to receive a deployment signal. A release assembly is disposed within the ball dropper assembly. A sensor is operable to detect deployment of the ball and is operable to generate a signal indicating whether the ball deployed. In operation, responsive to the deployment signal, the actuation assembly triggers shifting of the sliding sleeve to align the port with the ball and shifting of the release assembly to push the ball into the flow path through the port.

Abstract: A downhole ball dropping system operable to be positioned in a well. The system includes a tool string having a flow path. First and second ball dropper assemblies are interconnected in the tool string. The first ball dropper assembly releasably retains a first ball and the second ball dropper assembly releasably retains a second ball. A sensor is operable to detect deployment of the first ball and is operable to generate a signal to prevent release of the second ball from the second ball dropper assembly.

Abstract: A valve assembly connectable between first and second downhole components that each have first and second internal flowpaths. The valve assembly comprises a first valve operable to selectively fluidly couple the first internal flowpaths of the first and second downhole components, as well as a second valve operable to selectively fluidly couple the second internal flowpaths of the first and second downhole components.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a downhole annular barrier (1) with an axial extension having an outer surface facing an inner surface of an outer structure (2). The downhole annular barrier comprises a tubular part (5), an expandable part (3), and at least one annular sealing element (41). The annular sealing element (41) is connected with the expandable part (3) and has an axial length along the axial extension of the downhole annular barrier which is less than 50% of a length of the downhole annular barrier along the axial extension of the downhole annular barrier. The annular sealing element comprises a spring element (43). Also, the present invention relates to a downhole system and to a seal providing method.

Abstract: A fire protection sprinkler system with modified sprinkler heads compromising a water supply; a network of hosing connected to the water supply; a plurality of sprinkler heads placed along the network hosing, where the each of the plurality of sprinkler heads include a series of water stream emission points; and multiple streams of water emitted from the water stream emission points, where each stream is emitted at a different angle.

Abstract: A fire-protection mechanism is described. The fire-protection mechanism includes multiple, overlapping cavities that can be filled with water (and, more generally, a fluid). When the fire-protection mechanism is deployed over an object, such as a building, and the cavities are filled with water, the fire-protection mechanism reduces the likelihood that the object is damaged by the heat associated with a fire proximate to the object, such as a wild fire. In particular, the heat capacity and latent heat of the water significantly increase the thermal time constant of the object, thereby reducing the likelihood of combustion. The fire-protection mechanism may include a reflective coating to redirect infrared radiation away from the object to provide further protection. In addition, the water in the cavities may be refilled, as needed, by directing a stream of water onto the fire-protection mechanism and/or through an internal channel in the fire-protection mechanism.

Abstract: A fire suppression system comprising multiple thermally activatable automatic sprinklers attached to multiple non-metallic conduits and wherein the pattern of the sprinklers is an asymmetric pattern. The fire suppression system is suitable for unfinished basements and other rooms having exposed joists. The asymmetric pattern is such that the distance between sprinklers installed in the direction of the joist run is at least one foot longer than the distance between sprinklers installed in the direction perpendicular to the joists. The most preferred non-metallic conduits are chlorinated polyvinyl chloride conduits.

Abstract: The flame arrester is optimized for installation within fuel containers, such as fuel tanks and portable fuel containers, or immediately within the neck of the tank or spout of the container. The flame arrester has an elongate, generally cylindrical skeletal frame having opposing first and second ends. The first end is configured as a mounting flange adapted for permanent, immovable installation within the tank or container. The frame is covered by a woven or nonwoven textile material, or alternatively, by a porous or foraminous sheet material. Fuel and vapors pass through the cylindrical textile wall, the porosity of the textile serving to prevent flame propagation through the textile material. The frame is formed of a flexible, fuel-impervious plastic material to allow the flame arrester to be bent or curved for installation within a curved tube or the like.

Abstract: An agricultural implement is provided that includes a compound hinge arrangement that allows for compact folding adjacent frame segments such as wing segments of planting, seeding, or tillage implements. The compound hinge arrangement includes a first pivot axis that can be active when the implement is in an unfolded field-use position in which a second pivot axis of the compound hinge arrangement is locked. The implement may be folded into a folded transport position by pivoting an outer wing about the first pivot axis with a first actuator during a first stage and pivoting the compound hinge arrangement and the outer wing about the second pivot axis during a second stage.

Abstract: A material box can telescope between larger and smaller widths to accommodate legal requirements of traveling down the road, making traveling between job sites easier and safer than conventional, unadjustable material boxes. The material box can be used in a wide configuration to plow a wider area, such as empty parking lots, cutting down work time. When cars are present, the material box can be made narrow to accommodate for the vehicles while still being an effective material moving device.

Abstract: A stem deflector is provided. The stem deflector includes an arm and a shoe having a first end and a second end. The first end of the shoe is coupled to the arm with the help of a suitable fastener. At least one torsion spring is active between the arm and the shoe.

Abstract: The invention relates to a percussion device comprising a percussion mechanism housing which has a receiving bore in which a percussion piston is mounted such that it is movable along the longitudinal axis, wherein at least one percussion mechanism guide surface having an inner diameter is formed in the receiving bore and at least one percussion piston guide surface having an outer diameter is formed on the percussion piston. In order to avoid radial contact between the percussion piston and the percussion mechanism housing as far as possible, to reduce the volume of oil leakage through the gap of the guide surface and to prevent wear on the guide surfaces and on the lands between the seals, according to the invention the percussion mechanism guide surface has, at least in some regions, an inner diameter that increases non-linearly in the axial direction and/or the percussion piston guide surface has an outer diameter that decreases non-linearly in the axial direction.

Abstract: Embodiments of a pole-attached power tool system, and related methods, are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a pole-attached power tool system may include a pole having a first end, a second end, and an interior region; a handle disposed proximate to the first end of the pole; an electric motor disposed proximate to the first end of the pole; a power tool disposed proximate to the second end of the pole; and a drive member disposed within the interior region, the drive member mechanically coupled with the electric motor and the power tool to transfer power generated by the electric motor to the power tool.

Abstract: A busbar system is disclosed for the transport of electrical energy, the busbar system being in a vertical setup position. The busbar system includes at least one busbar and a cover surrounding the at least one busbar, the busbar system being divided into elements, each element having an inlet opening in a lower region of the housing and an outlet opening in an upper region of the housing. The housing is substantially closed between the inlet opening and the outlet opening of each element.

Abstract: An electrical wire protective cover is assembled to a connector to cover an electrical wire pulled out of the connector. The electrical wire protective cover includes: a cover body configured to receive the electrical wire and having a wire receiving channel with an opening along a wire extending direction of the electrical wire; and a temporary wire retaining piece protruding from the cover body in a direction narrowing the opening of the wire receiving channel, and configured to allow the electrical wire to be inserted by a bending deformation of the temporary wire retaining piece into an inside of the wire receiving channel and prevent a movement of the electrical wire received in the wire receiving channel to an outside of the wire receiving channel.

Abstract: A repair sleeve has first and second end portions, each of which has a substantially cylindrical outer surface. The end portions are bored to receive a cable of a particular diameter. The inner surface of each end portion may be stepped or tapered. The center portion of the repair sleeve, between the two end portions, has an interior diameter substantially larger than the nominal diameter of the cable so that the repair sleeve can be use on a frayed cable or a cable with a failing splice. The repair sleeve is split longitudinally into two interlocking portions, which, when separated, allows the damaged cable or failing splice under repair to be inserted into a first one of the portions in a radial direction. The other portion is then inserted into the first portion and the repair sleeve is swaged onto the cable.

Abstract: Provided herein is a conductive pattern making method and conductive pattern, the method including forming a groove such that its width in an inlet area is bigger than its width in an inner area; filling the groove with a conductive ink composition; and drying the conductive ink composition so that a solvent contained in the conductive ink composition inside the groove is volatilized to reduce the volume of the conductive ink composition.

Abstract: A printed wiring board includes a core insulation layer including a resin and having a via conductor through the core insulation layer, a first conductive layer formed on the core layer and including a copper foil and a plated film, an interlayer insulation layer formed on the first layer and including a resin, the interlayer layer having a via conductor through the interlayer layer, and a second conductive layer formed on the interlayer layer and including a copper foil and a plated film. The first layer includes a conductive circuit, the core and interlayer layers have dielectric constants of 4.0 or lower for signal transmission at frequency of 1 GHz and thermal expansion coefficient of 85 ppm/° C. or lower at or below Tg, and the foil of the first layer has thickness greater than thickness of the foil of the second layer.

Abstract: A multi-layer micro-wire structure includes a substrate having a substrate edge. A first layer is formed over the substrate extending to a first layer edge. One or more first micro-channels are imprinted in the first layer, at least one imprinted first micro-channel having a micro-wire forming at least a portion of an exposed first connection pad in the first layer. A second layer is formed over the first layer extending to a second layer edge. One or more second micro-channels are imprinted in the second layer, at least one imprinted second micro-channel having a micro-wire forming at least a portion of an exposed second connection pad in the second layer. The second-layer edge is farther from the substrate edge than the first-layer edge for at least a portion of the second-layer edge so that the first connection pads are exposed through the second layer.