Abstract: A tube bending machine for bending a length of a tubular workpiece and an associated tube feeder assembly are disclosed. The tube feeder assembly has a carriage assembly slidably mounted along a rail. A clamp assembly is reversibly mounted to and carried by the carriage assembly. The clamp assembly is adapted to be releasably secured to the workpiece. The clamp assembly and carriage assembly are configurable to align the workpiece central axis along the rail, whereby sliding of the carriage assembly with the workpiece mounted in the clamp assembly carries the workpiece along the rail.

Abstract: The invention relates to the pressure treatment of metals, specifically to producing a metal strip using cold deformation. A strip is consecutively drawn with back and front tension through bending devices. Moreover, the degree of deformation of a strip is regulated in each bending device by means of changing the ratio of the speed of the strip exiting a bending device to the speed of said strip entering said device, in such a way as to avoid a break in the metal, the required number of bending devices being selected on the basis of the total stretch factor of a strip and on the maximum allowable stretch factor of same. The result is increased deformation of a strip and reduced energy consumption.

Abstract: A method of rolling NiW alloy tapes for coated conductors belongs to the technical field of metal materials rolling. According to the method, a cylindrical NiW alloy ingot with a diameter not less than 10 mm is used to be rolled back and forth along the axial direction as a rolling direction, wherein the content of W is 5˜7 at. %, and the axis of this ingot is perpendicular to the plane where the axes of working rollers are located. During rolling process, the cross sectional area reduction of the ingot is retained at 5% per pass. When the total cross sectional area reduction of the ingot is larger than 98% and the thickness of the tape is down to 60˜100 ?m, the rolling is stopped, and thus the NiW alloy tape is obtained.

Abstract: A device for cooling a roll for rolling materials, including a cooling shell opposite a sub-region of the roll surface circumference, for forming a cooling gap, through which a cooling fluid can flow, between the sub-region and the cooling shell. The device further includes a first lever which can be pivoted about a suspension point, which can be pivoted toward the roll surface, and which is rotatably connected to a first end region of the cooling shell, when viewed in the circumferential direction of the roll, and a second lever which can be pivoted about another suspension point, which can be pivoted toward the roll surface, and which is rotatably connected to the second end region of the cooling shell, when viewed in the circumferential direction of the roll, such that the cooling gap can be selectively reduced or increased by pivoting the levers.

Abstract: An automated bender and its method of operation according to some embodiments of the disclosure is provided. The automated bender includes a carousel which has all of the necessary components for bending a variety of conduit sizes provided thereon. The carousel can be rotated to a desired bending position to bend a particular type of conduit. A straight workpiece is fed into the automated bender and a bent workpiece, which may have multiple bends therein, is output from the automated bender. This bending process is performed without manual intervention. Software for achieving same is provided.

Abstract: A punched piece is formed by punching a metal plate by a punching portion including by a die and a punch. Before the punching, a preceding process portion provided in a stage previous to the punching portion forms a projection at an inner peripheral portion of a punch area of the metal plate that faces the die. Forming the projection cancels formation of shear droop at an edge of the punched piece in forming of the punched piece by punching of the metal plate.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a flat pipe 1 with concave-convex shapes on inner and outer surfaces includes making incisions with an expanded shape of the flat pipe 1 in a metal thin plate 2 such that intermediate portions 4 (middle portions) in the expanded shape of the flat pipe 1 widthwise of the expanded shape are left uncut from the thin plate 2, machining the concave-convex shapes in a range of the expanded shape of the flat pipe 1 and raising the expanded shape of the flat pipe 1 from the thin plate 2 as cut-and-raised pieces 8 with the uncut intermediate portions 4 in between, closing tips of the cut-and-raised pieces 8 together to form an overall shape of the flat pipe 2, and separating the uncut intermediate portions 4 from the thin plate 2 to obtain the flat pipe 1.

Abstract: A tool for repairing an interior surface of a conductor tube comprises an elongate body having a proximal end and a distal end. The tool includes a profiled end surface that mates into the interior surface of the conductor tube. The tool includes a central protrusion that extends from the profiled end surface for aligning the tool within the internal passageway of the conductor tube. An imparted force is exerted on the proximal end and the force reshapes the interior surface of the conductor tube around the profiled end surface.

Abstract: Calibration of a multiphase flow meter to be used in a production process can be achieved by using a closed multiphase flow loop. In the device and method of the invention, the flow rates of each phase, oil and water, are individually measured after their separation using a separation vessel, and used as a reference for the calibration of a multiphase flow meter. Flow loop control is achieved by combining an oil-water interface position control and an oil level control in the separation vessel.

Abstract: In a method for ascertaining an offset of an output signal of an evaluation circuit integrated in a sensor, the output signal is supplied to a control unit which analyzes the output signal, and a reset of the evaluation circuit for the adjustment of the output signal to a base level is performed prior to each measuring operation of the sensor, and the control unit ascertains the offset of the output signal of the evaluation circuit upon an occurrence of a start signal output by the evaluation circuit.

Abstract: A method of adjusting flaw detection sensitivity on an array ultrasonic probe comprises disposing a plate material P1 oppositely to the ultrasonic probe such that an upper surface of the plate material is disposed to be approximately parallel to an array direction of the transducers 11, or disposing a tubular material P2 oppositely to the ultrasonic probe such that an axial direction of the tubular material is disposed to be approximately parallel to the array direction of the transducers. Ultrasonic waves are transmitted from each transducer toward the upper surface of the plate material or an outer surface of the tubular material, and echoes are received from the bottom surface of the plate material or an inner surface of the tubular material on each transducer. Flaw detection sensitivity of each transducer is adjusted to substantially equalize intensity of an echo received on each transducer.

Abstract: A method performed by a network node for estimating a relative tire friction performance of a number of vehicles is disclosed. The network node and a communication unit may be located in each vehicle and may be part of a communications network. The method may include receiving continuously tire-to-road friction values and corresponding VSPs (Vehicle State Parameters) from each communication unit. Each VSP may include the geographical location and time at which tire-to-road friction value is measured. The method may further include determining that a tire-to-road friction value of a first vehicle is comparative to the tire-to-road friction value of a second vehicle. The method may also include comparing the tire-to-road friction value of the first vehicle to the tire-to-road friction value of the second vehicle, and determining a ranking of the relative tire friction performance of the first vehicle in relation to the second vehicle based on the comparison.

Abstract: Apparatus is provided comprising a signal processing module configured with at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured, with the at least one processor, to cause the apparatus at least to: receive signaling containing information about a stiffness of a concrete mixture; and determine an average bubble size of gas contained in the concrete mixture, based at least partly on the signaling received. The signal processing module may be configured to provide corresponding signaling containing information about the average bubble size of gas contained in the concrete mixture. The signal processing module may be configured to determine the pressure inside air bubbles and determine an average air bubble size of the gas contained in the concrete mixture, based at least partly on the pressure determined inside the air bubbles.

Abstract: A method is described for compensating for a voltage offset in a voltage-lambda characteristic curve of a two-point lambda sensor in relation to a reference voltage-lambda characteristic curve of the two-point lambda sensor, the two-point lambda sensor being situated in an exhaust duct of an internal combustion engine. It is provided that the slope of the voltage-lambda characteristic curve is determined for an output voltage of the two-point lambda sensor and is compared to the slope of a reference voltage-lambda characteristic curve at equal output voltage, and the voltage offset is determined from a deviation of the determined slope of the voltage-lambda characteristic curve from the slope of the reference voltage-lambda characteristic curve. Also described is a control unit for carrying out the method. The method and the control unit enable the determination of and compensation for a voltage offset of a two-point lambda sensor caused by aging or manufacturing tolerances.

Abstract: A manifold assembly for a portable leak tester includes a manifold housing defining a fluid inlet, a fluid outlet, a pressure port, and a fluid passage. The fluid passage connects the fluid inlet, the pressure port, and the fluid outlet in fluid communication. A supply control valve is mounted to the manifold housing. The supply control valve is operable to open and close fluid communication through the fluid passage, between the fluid inlet and the fluid outlet. A pressure transducer is coupled to the pressure port. The pressure transducer is operable to sense a fluid pressure in the fluid passage. A manifold controller is mounted to and supported by the manifold housing, and is in communication with the supply control valve and the pressure transducer. The manifold controller includes all software and hardware necessary to control the supply control valve, the pressure transducer, and to communicate with a testing controller.

Abstract: An extracorporeal treatment assembly including a pump and a controller wherein an extracorporeal circuit is mounted to the assembly, the controller causes the assembly to: control the pump to pump liquid through the passage and the flow coupling; collect actual fluid pressure data; store circuit type data uniquely corresponding to a certain type of extracorporeal circuit; determine a dimension of the certain type of extracorporeal circuit; determine an expected fluid pressure for the certain type of extracorporeal circuit; based on a comparison of the actual fluid pressure data and the expected fluid pressure, determine whether the certain type of extracorporeal circuit corresponds to the actual extracorporeal circuit.

Abstract: A first housing has a canister passage communicating a first interior with a canister. A second housing has an atmospheric passage communicating a second interior with an atmosphere. A switching valve is accommodated in the first housing to switch communication of the canister passage with selectively one of a pressure detection passage and the atmospheric passage. A switching valve bypass passage communicates the canister passage with the pressure detection passage and bypasses the switching valve. A partition member separates the first interior from the second interior and has a communication hole communicating the first interior with the second interior. A contact member is equipped to an end of the partition member and is in contact with at least one of the first housing and the second housing. The partition member forms a clearance with the first housing and the second housing.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of estimating, for a petroleum feedstock, values representative of the sulfur and carbon distributions in atmospheric and vacuum distillation residues, and a value representative of the sulfur content in coke. According to the method, the following stages are carried out: from a feedstock sample, measuring at least the Rock-Eval parameters S2b, SulfS2b, RC, Sulfoxy using a Rock-Eval device comprising a sulfur measurement module, deducing from the measurements of these Rock-Eval parameters the values of the sulfur and carbon distributions (SPHF, SCOKE, CPHF, CCOKE) in the distillation residues, and a sulfur content in relation to the carbon content in the coke.

Abstract: A mobile sample collection system including housing enclosing a main influent peristaltic pump operatively connected to a main tubing line; a continuous flow centrifuge (CFC) operatively connected to the main tubing line, the CFC comprising a centrifuge bowl; and an elutriate collection tank receiving elutriate from the CFC. The main influent peristaltic pump is configured to continuously pump fluids from a liquid source through the main tubing line and into the CFC. The fluids, containing suspended solids and dissolved solids, are processed through the CFC so that the suspended solids are retained on the centrifuge bowl and the dissolved solids are pumped out of the CFC through the main tubing line and into the elutriate collection tank for sample collection and analysis. The elutriate collection tank includes a tank liner configured to prevent direct contact of pumped fluids with the tank. Excess fluids are returned to the liquid source.

Abstract: Provided is a droplet cutting method capable of cutting a droplet easily to expose its cross-section. Also provided is a droplet cross-section analysis method, including analyzing a cross-section exposed through cutting by such cutting method. A droplet cutting method of the present invention is a method of cutting a droplet to expose a cross-section, the method including: placing a droplet on a surface of a carbon nanotube aggregate including a plurality of carbon nanotubes; cooling the droplet to a cooling temperature equal to or less than a temperature at which the droplet is solidified; and cutting the droplet. A droplet cross-section analysis method of the present invention includes analyzing a cross-section exposed through cutting by the droplet cutting method of the present invention.

Abstract: To provide an erosion characteristics database and a method for constructing the same, an erosion prediction method and an erosion prediction system using the database for predicting a widespread erosion amount of a fluid machine or the like in a short time without the need for an operation of a model machine or an actual machine.

Abstract: A method is provided for avoiding incorrect combustion misfire fault detection in an internal combustion engine in a motor vehicle with a dual mass flywheel. In order to detect combustion misfiring, a characteristic variable, which is dependent on the acceleration of the internal combustion engine, is determined continuously during the ongoing operation of the internal combustion engine and compared with a predefined irregular running threshold value. When the irregular running threshold value is exceeded, a combustion misfire is detected, wherein the frequency of detected combustion misfiring, for example at a specific number of crank shaft revolutions, is detected. When a defined frequency threshold is exceeded, a combustion misfire fault detection is activated. When a dual mass flywheel bounce is detected with the simultaneous detection of combustion misfiring, the injection of at least one cylinder is reduced or switched off for a predefined frequency or for a predefined time.

Abstract: Described is an elastic diaphragm for a pressure-measuring device for ascertaining a pressure in a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine, especially a self-ignitable internal combustion engine, the diaphragm being accommodated in a housing of the pressure-measuring device in order to separate a pressure chamber from a cavity and in order to seal the housing from the pressure to be measured. The diaphragm has a pressure-application region. Furthermore, the diaphragm is developed in the shape of a ring and in cross-section has a U-shape that is open toward the cavity; the region of the diaphragm on which the pressure is acting is geometrically made up of two interconnected quarter circles, so that the pressurized region has a structure that is self-supporting with respect to the arising combustion pressure loads.

Abstract: A tire (T) for measurement, having applied thereto a required camber angle (CA) and slip angle (SA), is contacted against a rotatably driven rotating drum (1) having embedded therein a three-component force sensor (measurement unit 3) capable of measuring ground contact pressure (P), width direction shear stress (?x), and circumferential shear stress (?y) (properties) of the tire (T). The rotating drum (1) and tire (T) are rotated and the tire (T) is passed over the three-component force sensor (3) multiple times. The tire (T) properties are measured multiple times, and the tire circumferential direction position of each measurement point is identified. A ground contact pressure distribution, width direction shear stress distribution, and circumferential shear stress distribution in a contact region of the tire (T) with the rotating drum (1) are obtained by repeating measurement and identification while displacing the tire (T) along the rotation axis of the rotating drum (1).

Abstract: A label and labeling system for identifying the volume of a specimen within a specimen collection container are disclosed. The system includes providing a specimen collection container having an open top end, a closed bottom end, and a sidewall extending therebetween forming an interior adapted for receiving a specimen therein. The specimen collection container also includes a label having a label body disposed over at least a portion of the sidewall, in visual alignment with a colored background. At least one of the sidewall of the specimen collection container and the label body have printing disposed thereon having a color that is substantially identical to the colored background against which the specimen collection container will be viewed. At least one of the sidewall of the specimen collection container and the label body may have colorless indicia having a surface enhancement feature for providing visual distinction.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for performing water based mud-filtrate contamination monitoring in real time through evaluation of downhole water sampling.

Abstract: A fracture insert is disclosed including a first cylindrical portion and a second cylindrical portion disposed opposite the first cylindrical portion defining a radial gap therebetween to form an axial flow channel. The axial flow channel provides a flow path for a drilling fluid from a top of the cylindrical portions to a bottom of the cylindrical portions and the radial gap provides a flow path for the drilling fluid from the axial flow channel to a radial terminus of the first cylindrical portion and the second cylindrical portion.

Abstract: An arrangement for sampling a fluid, having a sample bottle with an associated piston, wherein the piston separates the sample bottle into an inlet side and a water side, a fluid sample line connected to the sample bottle at the inlet side, the fluid sample line transporting a fluid, a solenoid connected to the sample bottle on the water side of the sample bottle and a check valve connected to the sample bottle on the water side of sample bottle, wherein fluid enters the sample bottle on the inlet side upon actuation of at least one of the solenoid and the check valve on the water side of the sample bottle.

Abstract: Example methods and apparatus to determine downhole fluid parameters are disclosed herein. An example method includes determining a velocity of a portion of a downhole tool moving in a well and determining a response of a fluid sensor disposed on the portion of the downhole tool. The fluid sensor includes a resistance temperature detector at least partially immersed in a fluid in the well. The example method further includes determining a velocity of the fluid based the velocity of the portion of the downhole tool and the response of the fluid sensor.

Abstract: A sensing subassembly for use with a downhole tool comprises a housing, a cavity disposed within the housing, an electronic board disposed within the cavity, a stiffening member engaging the electronic board and configured to limit flexing of the electronic board, and a spring member configured to provide an isolation mount for the electronic board within the cavity.

Abstract: The combination of one or more 3-component microseismic sensors deployed into a wellbore adjacent a microseismic event and a linear array of distributed fiber optic acoustic sensors deployed uphole thereof provides two sets of data for establishing noise-free signals for locating the microseismic event in the formation about the wellbore. The distributed fiber optic signals monitor noise transmitted along coiled tubing used to pump a completion operation or as a result of the fluid flowing through the casing or coiled tubing, or along wireline used to deploy the microseismic sensors. The noise is mapped and extrapolated for estimating noise at the 3-component sensors. The estimated noise is removed from the 3-component sensor data for producing clean signals representing the location of the microseismic events.

Abstract: An apparatus including a first spindle group for chucking a first gear, whereby the first gear is mountable on the first spindle group so that it is rotatable, and a second spindle group for chucking a second gear, whereby the second gear is mountable on the second spindle group so that it is rotatable. The apparatus further defining a first linear axis oriented to perform a first linear displacement of the first spindle group relative to the second spindle group; a second linear axis oriented to perform a second linear displacement of the first spindle group relative to the second spindle group; and at least one of a swivel axis oriented to perform pivoting of the first spindle group thereabout, and a swivel axis oriented to perform pivoting of the second spindle group thereabout.

Abstract: A system and corresponding method for testing fire pumps installed in buildings uses a sensor hub to gather measurement data from one or more pressure sensors installed in corresponding water conduits. The sensor hub broadcasts data related to water flow at the water conduit or conduits to a computer where the information from the sensors is converted to a total water flow through all water conduits. The total water flow is combined with other data about pump operation to determine whether the pump is operating within predetermined requirements. The computer may also analyze a photograph of a placard on the pump to determine model and other operating information from the pump.

Abstract: An ultrasonic airspeed and direction sensor system comprising an ultrasonic sensor array including an elongate base member for mounting to a vehicle, such as a helicopter, so as to extend outwardly from the vehicle. A number of radially extending support members are connected to the base member. The support members carry ultrasonic transducers arranged to define at least four bidirectional ultrasonic paths between respective pairs of the transducers, the ultrasonic paths being arranged into at least three non-coplanar sets. A processing system monitors the passage of ultrasonic signals along the paths to generate corresponding time of flight data, making a weighted selection containing at least one path from each of at least three sets, and processing the time of flight data for the selected paths, proportionate to the determined weighting, to generate airspeed and direction information.

Abstract: To obtain a thermal flow meter capable of providing thermal insulation without degrading responsiveness of a temperature detection element.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide a thermal flow meter capable of avoiding pollutants guided to an outer circumference side of the bypass passage by virtue of a centrifugal force or particle or liquid pollutants that are not centrifugally separated from reaching a heat transfer surface of an air flow sensing portion and obtaining high measurement accuracy. In the thermal flow meter of the present invention, the bypass passage has an upstream side curved path 390 formed in a curved shape along an unique plane at least in an upstream side from an air flow sensing portion 602 in a flow direction of the measurement target gas 30, and a branching wall 378 formed from a downstream side of the upstream side curved path 390 to a downstream side of the air flow sensing portion 602.

Abstract: The invention relates to a gear flow meter for measuring the flow of a fluid, having a gear chamber, in which at least one measuring gear wheel is arranged, having a bottom and a cover which delimit the gear chamber on end faces of the at least one measuring gear wheel, wherein a respective rotation shaft is provided centrally relative to each measuring gear wheel, wherein each measuring gear wheel is rotatably mounted and a fluid is conveyable through the gear chamber to rotate the at least one measuring gear wheel, having a measuring unit to detect a gear rotation and having evaluation means to determine a flow of the fluid through the gear chamber on the basis of the gear rotation.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining and/or monitoring at least one process variable of a medium in a container, comprising: a mechanically oscillatable unit; an electrodynamic transducer unit for exciting the oscillatable unit by means of an exciter signal to execute mechanical oscillations and for receiving the mechanical oscillations of the oscillatable unit and transducing them into an electrical, received signal; and an electronics unit, which at least determines and/or monitors the process variable based on the received signal. The invention is distinguished by features including that the electrodynamic transducer unit has exactly one coil, which serves both as a drive element as well as also a receiving element.

Abstract: The invention describes a fill level measuring device, comprising a microwave transceiver, an antenna connected to the microwave transceiver, which comprises an outlet opening for a targeted emission of microwave radiation as well as an antenna cover arranged at the outlet opening, which closes the outlet opening in a sealing fashion, with the fill level measuring device additionally comprising a heating device, by which the antenna cover can be heated to avoid the formation of condensate.

Abstract: A system for measuring fluid level is provided. The system includes a dipstick configured to be received in a fluid reservoir and having a photoluminescent portion. The system also includes a light source operable to emit a first light to excite the photoluminescent portion. A fluid level is determined based on a degree of illumination of the photoluminescent portion when the dipstick is removed from the reservoir and the photoluminescent portion is exposed to the first light.

Abstract: This present disclosure describes the utility of paramagnetic ionic liquids for density-based measurements using magnetic levitation (MagLev), The physical properties of paramagnetic ionic liquids, including density, magnetic susceptibility, glass transition temperature, melting point, thermal decomposition temperature, viscosity, and hydrophobicity can be tuned by altering the cation or anion.

Abstract: A placing member is configured to be supported from an outside by a terminal electrically connected to a terminal electrode, and an X-axis-direction extended portion, a Y-axis-direction extended portion, and a Z-axis-direction extended portion are provided in the terminal. This configuration provides an angular velocity sensor, in which a problem such that Y-axis-direction and Z-axis-direction vibrations applied from the outside cannot be damped is eliminated, and all the vibrations in three axis directions can be damped.

Abstract: A rotational sensor for measuring rotational acceleration is disclosed. The rotational sensor comprises a sense substrate; at least two proof masses, and a set of two transducers. Each of the at least two proof masses is anchored to the sense substrate via at least one flexure and electrically isolated from each other; and the at least two proof masses are capable of rotating in-plane about a Z-axis relative to the sense substrate, wherein the Z-axis is normal to the substrate. Each of the transducers can sense rotation of each proof mass with respect to the sense substrate in response to a rotation of the rotational sensor.

Abstract: An accelerometer is included within the confined space and limited volume of a distal portion of a surgical instrument. The surgical instrument includes an end component, a joint coupled to the end component, a shaft coupled to the joint, and a force transducer and accelerometer apparatus. The force transducer and accelerometer apparatus is coupled between the joint and the shaft. The force transducer and accelerometer apparatus includes a force sensor and an accelerometer. The accelerometer includes an optic fiber having a Fiber Bragg Grating. Information acquired from the Fiber Bragg Grating is used to drive a vibro-tactile haptic feedback output device coupled to a master control arm surgeon grip.

Abstract: An inertial force sensor includes a base, a connection electrode on the base; a flexible section supported by the base, a driving section on an upper surface of the flexible section, a detection section on the upper surface of the flexible section, an interlayer insulating layer on the upper surface of one of the driving section and the detection section, and a wiring electrically connecting another of the driving section and the detection section to a connection electrode via an upper surface of the interlayer insulating layer. This inertial force sensor can have improved sensitivity and a small size.

Abstract: There is provided a MEMS sensor including: a mass body; a support part floatably supporting the mass body; and a flexible beam having one end connected to the mass body and the other end connected to the support part. At least one end of the flexible beam connected to the mass body or the support part includes a curved portion to maximize an effective length supporting a load.

Abstract: A system for monitoring a twin trawl being towed by a vessel, the twin trawl comprising two trawl bags, two trawl doors and a clump, comprises at least one sensor arrangement for measuring distance between the doors and between one door and the clump, and a processing unit for computing geometric indicators based on the measured values. By means of the transmission of acoustic signals, the distances between the doors and the doors and the clump can be calculated and compared, and thus provide geometric indicators.

Abstract: A method of inspecting a structure is disclosed. The method generally comprises selecting a search region of a dispersion curve of the structure corresponding to one or more inspection parameters. The search region comprises at least one guided wave mode activation point not located on the dispersion curve. The method further comprises activating, using an inspection system comprising at least one transducer, a plurality of activation points located within the search region of the dispersion curve and identifying an optimal activation point for the one or more inspection parameters. The optimal activation point comprises at least one of the plurality of activation points producing an optimal response for the one or more inspection parameters.

Abstract: A phased microphone imaging array and repeatable sound source are used in concert to determine absorption and reflection coefficients of materials and spaces across a continuous frequency domain. Coefficients can be determined at normal and oblique incidences to the surface using beamforming software. The invention can be used in-situ without needing to alter the environment in which it is testing. Accurate results can be obtained at any distance from the array and sound source to the testing surface with relatively little material.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for envelope detection are disclosed. An envelope detection method according to an embodiment of the invention can include: receiving ultrasonic signals reflected off a target object; detecting peaks by using differences in pulses in the received signals; and generating an envelope by connecting the detected peaks with straight or curved lines.