Abstract: An apparatus for fabricating electronic displays comprises a glass substrate that includes pixel arrays formed on the glass substrate. Individual pixels of the pixel arrays include pixel walls to retain a first fluid, such as oil. The pixel arrays may include an edge seal to retain a second fluid, such as an electrolyte solution, that overlays the pixel walls and the first fluid. A fluid dispenser includes slits that are configured to dispense the first fluid and the second fluid onto the glass substrate at a non-orthogonal angle with respect to the pixel arrays. First portions of the pixel walls extend above second portions of the pixel walls to impart a flow of the first fluid and the second fluid in a direction that the first fluid and the second fluid are dispensed by the fluid dispenser.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an electrowetting device including forming a cavity between first and second support plates which narrows towards a constriction. The cavity is at least partly filled with second fluid to provide a reservoir for dispensing second fluid between the first and second support plates.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an electrowetting device including dispensing a fluid from a channel and onto a surface of a support plate. The channel is formed by a part of the surface of the support plate, an interface between the fluid and another fluid, and a further surface which is for example a surface of a roller.

Abstract: A mirror drive device in which the speed of forward and backward movement of a mirror is increased while reducing a power amount required therefor without affecting a finder image and a focus distance of an image viewed through a finder. A mirror-down cam is cam-engaged with a drive shaft provided in a mirror holder, and causes the mirror holder to enter a finder observation position of a photographing optical path. A mirror-up cam is cam-engaged with the drive shaft, and causes the mirror holder to retract from the photographing optical path. A down spring urges the mirror holder toward the finder observation position with low necessary and sufficient pressure. A motor transmits rotation to the mirror-down cam and the mirror-up cam via a shift gear train. The rotation axes of the mirror-down cam and the mirror-up cam are arranged in positions different from each other.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, a light beam scanner includes a first mirror and an angular magnification unit. The first mirror makes a normal direction of a reflecting surface change repeatedly. The angular magnification unit is configured to return, when viewed from a first direction, reflected light from the first mirror to the first mirror so that light is reflected at substantially the same points on the first mirror for a plural number of times, and increase, when viewed from the first direction, an angle each time light is reflected from the first mirror, the angle being between the normal direction of the reflecting surface and a reflection direction of light. Light is emitted from the angular magnification unit after the light is reflected from the first mirror for a predetermined number of times.

Abstract: An image display device includes a signal light generation section including a light source section adapted to emit a light beam, a light scanner adapted to perform a scan with the light beam emitted by the light source section, and a switching section disposed between the light source section and the light scanner, and being adapted to switch between a first state of making the light beam emitted by the light source section enter the light scanner, and a second state of preventing the light beam emitted by the light source section from entering the light scanner. The switching section switches to first state when a voltage is applied to the switching section and switches to the second state when the voltage fails to be applied to the switching section.

Abstract: The optical scanner comprises: a motor having an rotor shaft; a rotor being attached to the rotor shaft; a tilt mirror having an inclined reflective surface and being attached to the rotor shaft together with the rotor; and a bearing section being provided to a stator housing and capable of rotatably holding the rotor shaft. The rotor and the tilt mirror are prohibited from detaching from and rotating with respect to the rotor shaft. A recessed part, through which the rotor shaft is penetrated, is formed in the tilt mirror. An elastic member, which always biases the tilt mirror toward the rotor, is provided between a retainer section and an inner bottom part of the recessed part.

Abstract: The rotary body driving apparatus for rotating a rotary body comprises: a rotor shaft, to which the rotary body and a rotor are attached, being rotatably held by a bearing section; a rotor magnet being attached to the rotor and partially exposed as a position detecting magnet; a first positioning section being formed in the rotor, the first positioning section corresponding to the position detecting magnet; and a second positioning section corresponding to a reference surface of the rotary body. The rotary body is attached to the rotor in a state where the first positioning section and the second positioning section are aligned so as to make circumferential positions of the reference surface and the position detecting magnet correspond to each other.

Abstract: A method operates virtual reality spectacles involves displaying a virtual object, arranged in virtual surroundings, by the virtual reality spectacles from a first observation position that is prescribed within the virtual surroundings. A position symbol is displayed at a position within the virtual surroundings that corresponds to a second observation position prescribed within the virtual surroundings. The displayed position symbol is selected as soon as a predetermined selection action has been sensed. The virtual object is displayed from the second observation position as soon as a predetermined confirmation action for the selected position symbol has been sensed.

Abstract: A method for operating virtual reality glasses involves displaying at least one virtual object by the virtual reality glasses from a virtual viewing position and continuously detecting a position of the virtual reality glasses and adjusting a virtual spacing between the virtual viewing position and the virtual object. Once the virtual viewing position passes through a surface bounding an element of the object from the outside, the representation of the element is altered. Furthermore, a system with virtual reality glasses may be used.

Abstract: A method operates a mobile virtual reality system in a motor vehicle. The method involves providing a configuration of a virtual motor vehicle, detecting a position of a pair of virtual reality glasses arranged in the motor vehicle, in particular a pair of virtual reality glasses that a user has put on, and operating the virtual reality glasses such that they display the configured virtual motor vehicle from a virtual viewing position that corresponds to the detected position of the virtual reality glasses in the motor vehicle. A mobile virtual reality system includes the pair of virtual reality glasses.

Abstract: A method for operating virtual reality glasses involves displaying at least one virtual object from a first virtual viewing position by the virtual reality glasses and displaying the virtual object and a first position symbol at a point corresponding to the first virtual viewing position and at least one further position symbol at a point corresponding to a further virtual viewing position by an external display unit. If a predetermined confirmation action in relation to the further position symbol displayed on the display unit has been detected, a virtual position change is performed by the virtual reality glasses from the first virtual viewing position to the further virtual viewing position, whereupon the virtual object is displayed from the further virtual viewing position by the virtual reality glasses.

Abstract: A gesture registration device, a gesture registration program and a gesture registration method that can rapidly and simply obtain and stock gesture data are provided. The gesture registration device of the present invention includes an external-shape detecting unit, an analyzing unit, and a recording unit. The external-shape detecting unit detects an external shape of an object having a predetermined form. The analyzing unit performs at least analysis of an external-shape feature part and analysis of the value for at least either the position or the direction of the external shape feature part, from the detected the external shape of the object. The recording unit records a result by the analysis unit as gesture data.

Abstract: Provided are a display control device attachable to a human body, a display control program, and a display control method capable of performing switching among images displayed on a display device along with movement of the human body. The attachment device according to the present invention is attachable to the human body, and includes: an acceleration device that detects acceleration; and a display device capable of switchingly displaying different images. The display device performs switching among a plurality of images in accordance with the acceleration that is detected by the acceleration device. In this case, the switching among the images displayed on the display device can be performed along with the movement of the human body.

Abstract: A glasses-type mobile terminal includes a frame, a fixing body, a moving body and a joint. The frame is wearable on a user's head. The fixing body is coupled to one side of the frame. The moving body has a display unit for providing a user with visual information, and is disposed at the front based on user's eyes. The joint has one end coupled to the fixing body and the other end tiltably connected to the moving body so that the position of the moving body is controlled.

Abstract: Systems, devices, and methods for transparent displays that are well-suited for use in wearable heads-up displays are described. Such transparent displays include a light source that sequentially generates pixels or other discrete portions of an image. Respective modulated light signals corresponding to the respective pixels/portions are sequentially directed towards at least one dynamic reflector positioned on a lens of the transparent display within the user's field of view. The dynamic reflector (such as a MEMS-based digital micromirror) scans the modulated light signals directly over the user's eye and into the user's field of view. Successive portions of the image are generated in rapid succession until the entire image is displayed to the user.

Abstract: Systems, devices, and methods for transparent displays that are well-suited for use in wearable heads-up displays are described. Such transparent displays include one or more scanning projector(s) that is/are mounted on or proximate the lens portion(s) thereof, directly in the field of view of the user. Each scanning projector includes a respective light source that sequentially generates pixels or other discrete portions of an image and a respective dynamic optical beam-steerer that controllably steers the modulated light directly towards select regions of the eye of the user. Successive portions of the image are generated in rapid succession until the entire image is displayed to the user by projection directly onto the eye of the user from one or more point(s) within the user's field of view.

Abstract: During the manufacturing of the light guide device (20), the first and second bonding ribs (R1,R2) are used such that the light guide prism (10) and the opposing prism (50) are connected with each other from a specific offset direction. In this case, a difference between sizes of clearances between the first bonding surface (AS) and the second bonding surface (BS) caused by a difference in inclination angles of the offset direction with respect to the first bonding surface is used such that a flow direction of the adhesive is controlled and filling is performed in a desire state, and thus high accuracy of the joint formed by the adhesive is maintained.

Abstract: Systems, devices, and methods for transparent displays that are well-suited for use in wearable heads-up displays are described. Such transparent displays include a register of light-emitting diodes that sequentially generates pixels or other discrete portions of an image. Respective sets of light signals corresponding to the respective portions (e.g., rows) of the image are sequentially directed into the user's field of view by a combination of a dynamic reflector and a set of static light-redirection elements. The dynamic reflector is an elongated reflective strip (including, for example, one or more MEMS-based digital micromirror(s)) mounted outside of the field of view of the user and the set of static light-redirection elements are substantially transparent and mounted directly in a field of view of the user. Successive portions of the image are generated in rapid succession until the entire image is displayed to the user.

Abstract: A display device and an electronic apparatus using the display device are described. The display device includes a display component configured to output initial light corresponding to a first image; and a transmission optical component at least partially provided within an irradiation area of the initial light and configured to transmit the initial light corresponding to the first image from the display component and perform light path conversion to convert it into a first exit light; and an adjustment optical component at least partially provided within an irradiation area of the first exit light and configured to perform light path conversion on the first exit light to obtain a second exit light, wherein an image corresponding to the first image is capable of being perceived at a particular position.

Abstract: Shaped glasses have curved surface lenses and spectrally complementary filters disposed on the curved surface lenses configured to compensate for wavelength shifts occurring due to viewing angles and other sources. The spectrally complementary filters include guard bands to prevent crosstalk between spectrally complementary portions of a 3D image viewed through the shaped glasses. In one embodiment, the spectrally complementary filters are disposed on the curved lenses with increasing layer thickness towards edges of the lenses. The projected complementary images may also be pre-shifted to compensate for subsequent wavelength shifts occurring while viewing the images.

Abstract: Provided is a three-dimensional image display device which allows a favorable three-dimensional image to be recognized without generating flicker even under a movement of the line of sight. A liquid crystal parallax barrier panel is arranged on a display panel. The liquid crystal parallax barrier panel includes a barrier substrate having barrier electrodes formed thereon, a common substrate provided with a common electrode, and liquid crystal held between the barrier substrate and the common electrode. Barriers are formed by applying a voltage to the barrier electrodes. Where ?on represents a time required to form barriers on the barrier electrodes after a voltage is applied to the barrier electrodes and ?off represents a time required to cancel the barriers after the voltage is removed from the barrier electrodes, a value of (?off??on) is 15 milliseconds or less, preferably 10 milliseconds or less.

Abstract: A method of operating variable image device includes translating a first polarizer in front of a patterned wave retarder and a second polarizer such that an embedded image in the patterned wave retarder is visible to a human observer, and translating a first polarizer away from the front of the patterned wave retarder and the second polarizer such that the embedded image in the patterned wave retarder is not visible to the human observer.

Abstract: A camera lens module includes: an external case; an Automatic Focusing (AF) driver disposed at one surface of the external case to guide a lens carrier along an optical axis, the AF driver having a magnet and a coil arranged to face each other in parallel to the optical axis; and first and second OIS drivers located opposite the AF driver with the lens carrier as the center, each of the first and second OIS drivers having a coil and a magnet arranged to face each other in parallel to the optical axis in a vertical or horizontal direction to correct shaking of the lens carrier, wherein each of the OIS drivers and the AF driver includes a position sensor opposed to the magnet.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device and method for directly securing at least one temple (3.1, 3.2), end-piece (3.6, 3.7) and/or bridge (3.3) of a spectacle frame (3) to at least one spectacle lens (2, 2?) of rimless spectacles (1), wherein the at least one spectacle lens (2, 2?) has at least one edge recess (5, 5?, 5?, 5??) which extends along the transverse axis (QA) of the spectacle lens (2, 2?). Particularly advantageously, in the edge recess (5, 5?, 5?, 5??) a securing body (6, 6?, 6?, 6??) is accommodated in a positively fitting manner and is firmly connected to the spectacle lens (2, 2?), wherein the securing body (6, 6?, 6?, 6??) has a bush-like receiving channel (7) extending along the transverse axis (QA), and the temple (3.1, 3.2), the end-piece (3.6, 3.7) and/or the bridge (3.3) of the spectacle frame (3) have at least one plug-like connection section (8) which can be inserted into the bush-like receiving channels (7) to produce a detachable plug-type connection.

Abstract: Provided is a glasses-type terminal including: a frame that is worn on a user's head; a display unit provided to the frame, on which visual information is displayed; a control module that controls the display unit; and a bridge that is combined with the frame along a length direction of the frame and with which a nose-supported portion that is supported by a user' nose is combined, in which the frame includes an external frame that is exposed to the outside, and an internal frame that is combined with an internal side of the external frame and comes into contact with the user's head, and in which the bridge is arranged between the external frame and the internal frame.

Abstract: Glasses having a frame for lenses and foldable side arms hinged at one end thereof to the frame. At least one side arm carries a body having an elongated conformation with a first upper portion, at a distance from the side arm, widened with respect to a second lower portion and integral with the side arm, in proximity to an end, of such first portion a seat for an elastic annular element. This elastic annular element suitable to associate with the second portion of the body carried by the side arm in a first work position, but suitable to be arranged partially outside the seat in a second work position but always associated with the side arm. In such second position the annular element being connectable to a button of a garment or a similar element to enable fastening the glasses to this when the glasses are not worn.

Abstract: A pair of progressive ophthalmic lenses (1, 2) meets special conditions for improving binocular vision of a wearer, while avoiding discomfort for peripheral vision. A first one of the conditions relates to width values of far vision fields and/or proximate vision fields, for indicating that the fields are different enough in width between both lenses. A second one of the conditions sets a maximum value for the relative difference in mean refractive power gradient between both lenses.

Abstract: A set of contact lenses having peripheral zones with optical power parameters determined in relation to the optical powers of the central portions of the lenses. In a specific embodiment, an optical parameter assigned to a given peripheral zone of a lens from the set represents a difference between an optical power of the lens in such peripheral zone and an optical power of the lens in the central portion. A method for determining optical parameters of such set of lenses and an apparatus implementing such determination based on imaging data acquired as a result of imaging an eye and generation of a representation of the lenses at least in part of such imaging data.

Abstract: This invention discloses methods and apparatus for providing a Variable Optic Insert into an Ophthalmic Lens. An energy source is capable of powering the Variable Optic Insert included within the Ophthalmic Lens. In some embodiments, an Ophthalmic Lens is cast-molded from a silicone hydrogel. The various Ophthalmic Lens entities may include electroactive Liquid Crystal layers to electrically control refractive characteristics. The Ophthalmic device may include a wear-controlled adjustment device.

Abstract: This invention discloses methods and apparatus for providing an ophthalmic lens with a stacked integrated component device for function. In some embodiments, the stacked integrated component device may contain an energy source capable of powering an electrical component incorporated into the lens.

Abstract: A lens including a flexible refractive optic having a fixed refractive index, an electro-active element embedded within the flexible refractive optic, wherein the electro-active element has an alterable refractive index, and a controller electrically connected to the electro-active element wherein when power is applied thereto the refractive index of the electro-active element is altered.

Abstract: An apparatus for enhancing display readability in an environment with strong ambient light can include an eyewear frame configured to be worn by a user, the eyewear frame including a lens holding portion. The apparatus can include at least one lens connected to the lens holding portion of the eyewear frame. The apparatus can include a multi-band pass filter coupled to the at least one lens, the multi-band pass filter can be configured to pass visible red, visible green, visible blue, and visible yellow light emitted through the lens from the display and configured to attenuate other visible and non-visible wavelengths of light through the lens.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are glasses having detachable auxiliary lenses. A transparent magnetic film (14) is applied to a front surface of each of main lenses (14) of a main eyeglass body (10). A transparent magnetic film (22) is applied to a rear surface of each of the auxiliary lenses (20), which are detachably attached to the main eyeglass body (10). Therefore, attachment or detachment of the auxiliary lenses (320) to or from the main eyeglass body (10) can be facilitated. In addition, the glasses according to the present invention can be light and provide improved wearing comfort even when the auxiliary lenses are attached to the main lenses.

Abstract: An eyewear system including an eyewear frame and an application module. The eyewear frame including a docking station, and an electronic connector including a first set of preconfigured application connection points. The application module adapted to be mounted to the docking station, and including an electronic device configured to perform a function, and a second set of preconfigured application connection points corresponding to at least some of the first set of preconfigured application connection points. The second set of preconfigured application connection points including at least two different sub-function connections used to support the function of the electronic device.

Abstract: An optimized photochromic dye microenvironment isolated from and dispersed within a distinct host phase.

Abstract: Disclosed is a display device that may include a plurality of pixels on a substrate; and a light shielding layer on the substrate that defines or partitions the plurality of pixels, wherein the light shielding layer includes a plurality of nanoparticles, each comprising a core and a shell outside the core, and wherein the core includes a metal oxide, and the shell includes an insulating material.

Abstract: A nanophotonic device includes at least two waveguides located on top of a transparent substrate, which form an intersection point at which a part of a first waveguide simultaneously constitutes a part of a second waveguide. A nanoscale element located on top of the intersection point so that it partially or completely covers the intersection point is switchable between two different states, which differ by a refractive index value. The nanophotonic device is operated by injecting at least two optical pulses into the waveguides. Intensity of the optical pulses is selected so that a superposition of the optical pulses switches the nanoscale element into a desired state. Also disclosed is a nanophotonic matrix array in which parallel waveguides form nanophotonic devices. The nanophotonic matrix array may be used as a spatial light modulator (SLM), as an optical mirror, as an optical absorber, or as a tunable optical grating array.

Abstract: In various embodiments, a beam-parameter adjustment system and focusing system alters a spatial power distribution of a radiation beam, via thermo-optic effects, before the beam is coupled into an optical fiber or delivered to a workpiece.

Abstract: Various structures of an electro-optic device and fabrication methods thereof are described. A fabrication method is provided to fabricate an electro-optic device which may include a silicon-based rib-waveguide modulator which includes a first top silicon layer, having a first doped region that is at least partially doped with dopants of a first conducting type, a second top silicon layer, having a second doped region that is at least partially doped with dopants of a second conducting type, and a thin dielectric gate layer disposed between the first top silicon layer and the second top silicon layer. The second doped region may be at least in part directly over the first doped region. The modulator may also include a rib waveguide formed on the second top silicon layer, a first electric contact formed on the first top silicon layer, and a second electric contact formed on the second top silicon layer.

Abstract: An integrated and compact multifunctional optical isolator (i.e., a combined splitter, isolator, and spot-size converter), which is suitable for use in a TOSA, includes input optics including a first polarizer, a Faraday rotator, and a second polarizer. The input optics include a wedge having a partially reflective coating disposed on a first face thereof. The input beam is incident on the first face at a non-normal angle of incidence such light passing through the wedge is refracted to a second face of the wedge, which is tilted relative to the first face by a predetermined wedge angle. At least one of the non-normal angle of incidence and the predetermined wedge angle is determined dependence upon a refractive index of the wedge material and a target anamorphic magnification of the input beam of light.

Abstract: A solid state photonics circuit having a liquid crystal (LC) layer for beam steering. The LC layer can provide tuning of an array of waveguides by controlling the application of voltage to the liquid crystal. The application of voltage to the liquid crystal can be controlled to perform beam steering with the light signal based on different tuning in each of the waveguides of the array. The waveguides are disposed in a substrate having an oxide or other insulating layer with an opening. The opening in the oxide layer exposes a portion of a path of the array of waveguides. The waveguides are exposed to the liquid crystal through the oxide opening, which allows the voltage changes to the liquid crystal to tune the optical signals in the waveguides.

Abstract: A curved surface backlight unit is disclosed which includes: a light source; a curved surface light guide plate disposed parallel to the light source; first patterns on one surface of the light guide plate; a reflection plate disposed under the light guide plate; optical sheets disposed on the light guide plate; and second patterns formed on one surface of at least one of the optical sheets.

Abstract: A light controlling apparatus, a method of fabricating the light controlling apparatus, and a transparent display device including the light controlling apparatus are disclosed, in which light may be transmitted or shielded using a polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) layer and a guest-host liquid crystal (GHLC) layer, where the guest-host liquid crystal layer includes dichroic dyes. The light controlling apparatus includes first and second substrates facing each other; a first electrode on the first substrate; a second electrode on the second substrate; and a polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) layer and a guest-host liquid crystal (GHLC) layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the PDLC layer includes first liquid crystals having droplets, and the GHLC layer includes second liquid crystals and dichroic dyes.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a fabricating method of alignment film, The fabricating method of alignment film comprises: forming a blocking layer (2) on a substrate (1); and forming an alignment layer (3) on the blocking layer (2). According to the present disclosure, by way of a layered coating technology, a complete separation of the blocking layer and the alignment layer is achieved. Moreover, since the blocking layer is coated in advance, the alignment layer has a decreased angle with respect to the substrate, which facilitates a uniform distribution of the alignment layer such that the formation of Mura on the panel is effectively avoided. In addition, the blocking layer and the alignment layer are formed in different steps such that the thickness of the blocking layer and the alignment layer is accurately controlled. Therefore, an accurate distribution of capacitance on the blocking layer and the alignment layer is achieved and the residual charge on the alignment layer is effectively reduced.

Abstract: The present invention provides a display substrate, a mother substrate for display substrates and a display device. The display substrate comprises a display area and a non-display area surrounding the display area, wherein an alignment layer is disposed in the display area and the non-display area. In the display substrate according to the present invention, by providing the same pattern of alignment layer in both of the non-display area and the display area of the display substrate, the Mura defect caused by the difference of surface roughness between the display area and the non-display area of the display substrate may be significantly reduced, and a large amount of small foreign matters gathered due to the rubbing between the rubbing cloth and metal residuals may also be significantly reduced. Therefore, the yield of production and the quality of products may be improved.

Abstract: A display device including: a substrate including a plurality of pixel areas; a thin film transistor formed on the substrate; a pixel electrode connected to the thin film transistor and formed on the first insulating layer; a liquid crystal layer filling a microcavity formed on the pixel electrode; a common electrode separated from the pixel electrode by the microcavity; a second insulating layer and a roof layer formed on the common electrode; an injection hole formed a side of the microcavity to expose a portion of the microcavity; an alignment layer formed inside the microcavity and on a surface of the injection hole; a third insulating layer formed on the roof layer; a blocking film formed at a position corresponding to the injection hole on the alignment layer; and an overcoat covering the injection hole to seal the microcavity and formed on the third insulating layer and the blocking film.

Abstract: A curved display device includes a curved first substrate, a curved second substrate, a liquid crystal layer, a first alignment layer, and a second alignment layer. The second substrate faces the first substrate. The liquid crystal layer is interposed between the first and second substrates and includes liquid crystal molecules. The first alignment layer includes reactive mesogens polymerized to each other and is disposed between the first substrate and the liquid crystal layer. The second alignment layer is disposed between the second substrate and the liquid crystal layer. Among the liquid crystal molecules, first liquid crystal molecules disposed in the vicinity of the first alignment layer have a first pretilt angle, and second liquid crystal molecules disposed in the vicinity of the second alignment layer have a second pretilt angle different from the first pretilt angle.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel includes a first substrate, a second substrate facing the first substrate, a plurality of first spacers disposed between the first and second substrates, and a plurality of second spacers disposed between the first and second substrates to maintain a cell gap between the first and second substrates in cooperation with the first spacers. Each first spacer includes a first sub-spacer integrally formed with the first substrate and a second sub-spacer disposed on the second substrate that overlaps the first sub-spacer.

Abstract: To improve the reliability of a liquid crystal display device, a liquid crystal display device includes a first substrate a second substrate opposing the first substrate, a liquid crystal layer arranged between the first and second substrates, and a sealing section arranged around the liquid crystal layer. The sealing section includes a member arranged around the liquid crystal layer and extending along an outer edge of the liquid crystal layer in a plan view and a sealing material arranged on both adjacent sides of the member and continuously surrounding a periphery of the liquid crystal layer in a plan view. Further, the first substrate has an oriented film formed on a back surface and a part of the sealing material overlaps a peripheral edge of the oriented film in a thickness direction on a side of the liquid crystal layer of the member.