Abstract: The present invention provides an ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus including a bio-signal analyzing section sequentially acquiring a bio-signal from a bio-signal acquiring section over a plurality of cycles to evaluate stability of a heart function in one cycle between particular signal waveforms of the bio-signal and one cycle between particular signal waveforms adjacent to the one cycle between the particular signal waveforms, selecting the one cycle between the particular signal waveforms and one cycle between the particular signal waveforms adjacent to the one cycle between the particular signal waveforms as a test period for the heart function based on the content of the evaluation, and associating the selected test period with a time phase of the bio-signal.

Abstract: An ultrasound probe diagnosing apparatus which diagnoses an ultrasound probe having an array of a plurality of ultrasound transducing elements on the basis of how the ultrasound probe receives reflected ultrasound waves from a test object placed to face the ultrasound probe, includes a part which detects a posture of the ultrasound probe with respect to the test object by comparing reflected ultrasound signals received by at least some of the plurality of ultrasound transducing elements, and a presenting part which presents information based on the detected posture.

Abstract: A biopsy device includes coaxially disposed inner and outer needles in which the outer needle tip is configured for obtaining a tissue sample. The inner surface of the outer needle includes a tissue retention feature which may include a countersink and/or a feature formed in the inner surface. The device may be configured such that the inner needle does not extend past a certain point within the outer needle.

Abstract: An endoscopic treatment device includes: an elongated needle pipe having flexibility; a hollow shape section having an inner cavity formed in a distal end section of the needle pipe, and a side hole formed on an outer side surface of the needle pipe and communicating with the inner cavity; a piercing section provided closer to a distal end side of the needle pipe than the hollow shape section and formed with a pointed tip; a collection member including a cutting edge section having a pointed shape toward a radial outer direction of the needle pipe and protruding and retracting between a position where the cutting edge section is housed in the hollow shape section and a position where the cutting edge section protrudes from the side hole; and an operating member advanceable and retractable relative to the needle pipe and including a distal end portion connected to the collection member.

Abstract: At least one embodiment is directed to a tracking system for the muscular-skeletal system. The tracking system can identify position and orientation. The tracking system can be attached to a device or integrated into a device. In one embodiment, the tracking system couples to a handheld tool. The handheld tool with the tracking system and one or more sensors can be used to generate tracking data of the tool location and trajectory while measuring parameters of the muscular-skeletal system at an identified location. The tracking system can be used in conjunction with a second tool to guide the second tool to the identified location of the first tool. The tracking system can guide the second tool along the same trajectory as the first tool. For example, the second tool can be used to install a prosthetic component at a predetermined location and a predetermined orientation. The tracking system can track hand movements of a surgeon holding the handheld tool within 1 millimeter over a path less than 5 meters.

Abstract: This implant (1) is formed by a helically wound wire (2). According to the invention, it has dimensions such that it is able to be screwed into the wall of the annulus (103) and/or into the cardiac wall (101) adjoining this annulus (103) such that a portion of said annulus (103) and/or of said wall (101) is located in the perimeter of the implant (1); and it comprises at least one first coil able, during said screwing of the implant (1), to insert itself into said wall while having a first dimension and at least one second coil having a second dimension, or adopting this second dimension after implantation, said second dimension being smaller than the first dimension such that the implant (1), once inserted, enables contraction of said wall portion located in the perimeter of this implant (1).

Abstract: A system includes a flexible member and a tissue engaging member fixed to the flexible member. The tissue engaging member includes a barb preformed to extend rearward from a distal end of the flexible member at an acute angle relative to the flexible member.

Abstract: Methods and devices are provided for anchoring suture to bone. In one embodiment, an elongate weave of fibers can be provided having a first portion with a first pick count and a second portion with a second pick count that is greater than the first pick count. The first portion can have a cross-section that deforms in response to a force that is applied thereto. The first portion can have a collapsible diameter and can have a bending stiffness that is lower than a bending stiffness of the second portion of the suture. The first portion can also have a first pattern that is different than a second pattern on the second portion of the suture. The first portion can be threaded into a suture anchor such that it can be doubled over upon itself. The present invention also provides exemplary sutures and drivers that can be used with the various methods and devices disclosed herein, or with other methods and devices known in the art.

Abstract: A medical device includes a surgical needle attached to a hollow tubular suture. The suture is constructed of macroporous hollow tubular wall that facilitates and allows tissue integration into the suture core subsequent to introduction to the body, thereby preventing suture pull-through and improving biocompatibility.

Abstract: A surgical stapler includes an anvil assembly and a cartridge assembly. The anvil assembly defines staple forming depressions. One or both of the anvil assembly and the cartridge assembly are pivotable relative to the other between an open position and a clamped position. The cartridge assembly includes a first plurality of staples and a second plurality of staples. The first plurality of staples is initially positioned in alignment with the staple forming depressions of the anvil assembly for ejection from the cartridge assembly. The second plurality of staples is movably supported in the cartridge assembly from a first position misaligned with the staple forming depressions of the anvil assembly to a second position aligned with the staple forming depressions for subsequent ejection from the cartridge assembly.

Abstract: A surgical stapling device that comprises an end effector that is configured to receive various control motions from a robotic system.

Abstract: An end effector for use with a surgical apparatus. The end effector comprising a staple cartridge having a tissue contacting surface defining a central longitudinal slot and an anvil plate having a tissue contacting surface defining a central longitudinal slot. A surgical buttress releasbly disposed on the tissue contacting surfaces of each of the staple cartridge and anvil plate. An adhesive tape is disposed over the central longitudinal slot of each of the staple cartridge and anvil plate and configured retain the respective surgical buttress atop the respective tissue contacting surface.

Abstract: An apparatus for joining two hollow organ sections with an annular array of surgical staples includes a staple cartridge component, an anvil component, a buttress component and a fastening member. The staple cartridge component includes a plurality of surgical staples arranged in an annular array. The anvil component is movable relative to the staple cartridge component between spaced apart and approximated positions to adjustably clamp the organ sections between the staple cartridge and anvil components. The buttress component is configured and dimensioned to be positioned on a distal surface of the staple cartridge component. In particular, the buttress component includes a buttress member and a plurality of circumferentially arranged tabs extending proximally from the buttress member. The fastening member is configured and dimensioned to engage the plurality of circumferentially arranged tabs to securely position the buttress component on the staple cartridge component.

Abstract: Methods and devices are provided for forming holes in bone to stimulate bone growth. In one exemplary embodiment, a surgical instrument set can include a driver having a first mating element, and a bone pick have a second mating element configured to releasably mate with the first mating element at any of a plurality of angular orientations. When releasably mated together, the driver and the bone pick can be configured to be adjustably positioned relative to one another with three degrees of freedom, e.g., pitch, yaw, and roll. The bone pick can include a piercing tip configured to form a hole in a bone, such as in microfracture. When the driver and the bone pick are releasably mated together, the driver can be configured to be struck, impacted, or otherwise manipulated to drive the piercing tip into the bone.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a surgical aimer including a shaft having a proximal portion and a distal portion and a handle coupled to the proximal portion of the shaft. The handle includes a mechanism for coupling the shaft to the handle and releasing the shaft from the handle.

Abstract: Among other things, there is disclosed embodiments of devices for assisting in aiming and inserting percutaneous medical tools or devices. A mandrel portion with a sharpened end has two or more guiding or directing members attached to it. The guiding or directing members at least partially define spaces that form part of a channel that is oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of the mandrel portion, and one or both can be easily visualizable using imaging technology. The clinician can insert the aiming or guiding device into the patient, use imaging technology along the axis of the channel of the device to see whether the device is accurately placed, and if so, the guiding or directing members can be used to guide the percutaneous insertion of a medical tool or device.

Abstract: Devices and methods for the treatment of chronic total occlusions are provided. One disclosed embodiment comprises a method of facilitating treatment via a vascular wall defining a vascular lumen containing an occlusion therein. The method includes providing an intravascular device having a distal portion, inserting the device into the vascular lumen, positioning the distal portion in the vascular wall to at least partially surround the occlusion, and removing at least a portion of the surrounded occlusion from the lumen.

Abstract: A catheter system including an elongate tubular member having a proximal end portion, a distal end portion and a lumen extending through at least a portion of a length of the elongate tubular member. The distal end portion of the elongate member is dimensioned and adapted to advance to or in proximity to a treatment site of a subject. A microbubble device is in fluid communication with the lumen. The microbubble device includes at least one input port for receiving a flow of material into the device and an output port configured to output microbubbles from the microbubble device. A second tubular member is in fluid communication with one of the at least one input ports. A pressure fitting arrangement is adapted to maintain a seal between the second tubular member and the input port.

Abstract: A tissue grasping forceps and needle holder. A pair of movable arms are pivotably connected about a pivot connection, with each arm having a handle portion on one side and a working portion on the opposite side of the pivot connection. The working portions interengage when the handle portions are closed to a minimum spaced relation. The working portion has a clamp components and jaw component, with the clamp component comprising a plurality of synchronous teeth located to interlock when the handle portions are in the minimum spaced relation. The jaw component comprises a plurality of regularly spaced tines, with the tines being joined in pairs when the handle portions are in the minimum spaced relation with a gap between the tines, and an interstice between each spaced pair.

Abstract: An apparatus for operating on tissue includes an end effector having a first jaw and a second jaw that pivots relative to the first jaw from a closed position to an open position. The second jaw includes a first portion and a second portion that pivots relative to the first portion. The second portion is positioned adjacent to the first portion of the second jaw when the second jaw is in the closed position. The first and second portions of the second jaw pivot outwardly as the second jaw is pivoted from the closed position to the open position.

Abstract: A liquid injection device includes an injection unit which injects a liquid, a liquid supply instrument which supplies the liquid to the injection unit, and a control unit which controls operation of the injection unit and the liquid supply instrument, wherein the injection unit includes a distal end portion where a nozzle for injecting the liquid is formed, and a body portion in which the distal end portion is removably loaded, at the distal end portion, a distal end-side memory is provided in which first startup data is written, and the control unit is a control unit which reads and writes the first startup data from and to the distal end-side memory in the distal end portion loaded in the body portion and manages use time of the distal end portion based on the first startup data that is read out.

Abstract: Prostate treatment using fluid stream to resect prostate tissue, thereby relieving symptoms of conditions such as BPH, prostatitis, and prostatic carcinoma. A device having a fluid delivery element is positioned within a lumen of the urethra within the prostate. A fluid stream is directed outwardly from the fluid delivery element toward a wall of the urethral lumen. The fluid delivery element is moved to scan the fluid stream over the wall to remove a volume of tissue surrounding the lumen. The fluid may be combined with therapeutically active substances or with substances that increase resection efficiency. Fluid force may be adjusted to provide selective tissue resection such that soft tissue is removed while harder tissue is left undamaged. In order to gain a working space within the urethra, another fluid may be introduced to insufflate the urethra in the region of treatment.

Abstract: A rotational atherectomy device for abrading a stenotic lesion from a vessel of a patient includes a flexible drive shaft (1) which extends towards a distal end of the device, a distal fluid inflatable support element (3, 3?) located at a distal end of the drive shaft and an abrasive element (5) mounted to the drive shaft proximal to and spaced away from the distal fluid inflatable support element. Both the abrasive element and the distal fluid inflatable support element are rotatable together with the drive shaft and the drive shaft includes a torque transmitting coil (2) which defines a long lumen of the drive shaft.

Abstract: A puncturing instrument includes a cylindrical main body case having a puncture aperture on a lower end side; a needle holder provided on a puncture aperture side inside the cylindrical main body case; a first elastic object for moving the needle holder to the puncture aperture side; and a second elastic object for pulling the needle holder back to an upper end side inside the cylindrical main body case, from a state in which the needle holder is moved to the puncture aperture side by the first elastic object. A rotator rotates around a rotation shaft fixed to the cylindrical main body case, and is coupled with a coupling portion of the needle holder on a first one of two sides of the rotator with the rotation shaft interposed therebetween and is coupled with the second elastic object on a second one of the two sides of the rotator.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the invention includes a medical instrument for insertion into a subject including an elongate body which includes a proximal end and a distal end, a broad face, a narrow face, a lateral side and a counter-lateral side, said faces and sides defining a trapezoid shape along the length of the elongate body. The broad and narrow faces are generally parallel to one another and the lateral and counter-lateral sides each connect between the broad and narrow faces. The distal end of the instrument includes a cutting edge and is provided for insertion into the subject, wherein an incision made in a target area of the subject results in a linear penetration in the target area. An aperture may be disposed at or near the distal end of the medical instrument.

Abstract: Combination of a bone drill and a sleeve, whereby the combination comprises a receiving space for bone chips between the sleeve and the bone drill when the bone drill is inserted in the sleeve

Abstract: A spinal correction system comprises a first member configured for attachment to a first portion of vertebral tissue and a second member is configured for attachment to a second portion of the vertebral tissue spaced from the first portion. A third member has a non-flexible configuration relative to the first and second members and is configured for attachment to an apical portion of the vertebral tissue and along at least a portion of at least two vertebrae. The third member extends between a first end connected to the first member at a first transition configured for attachment to the first vertebral tissue and a second end connected to the second member at a second transition configured for attachment to the vertebral tissue. Methods of use are disclosed.

Abstract: A system for dynamic stabilization of the spine includes a bone engaging fastener configured to be anchored in a vertebra and a deflectable element mounted on the fastener. The deflectable element or bumper is configured and arranged to contact a portion of an adjacent vertebra, such as the facet, during extension of the spine, while offering no resistance during flexion. In certain embodiments, a cable may be fastened to the bone engaging fastener and arranged to contact a portion of the adjacent vertebra, such as the spinous process, during flexion of the spine. In one surgical technique of the invention, a contralateral approach is used to introduce the bone engaging fastener through the deflectable element and into the vertebra.

Abstract: The surgical nail, here in the form of an intramedullary nail, has a central axis, a longitudinal borehole with a diameter D extending coaxially with the central axis, a casing with an inner surface and a transverse borehole, extending transversely to the central axis with the cross-sectional profile F and the borehole axis. A component, which narrows the cross-sectional profile F, is provided in the longitudinal borehole in the region of the transverse borehole. By these means, the clearance, which is usually present between the medullary nail and the locking screws that have been introduced therein, can be eliminated without risk and an improved holding force as well as an improved guiding effect between the locking screw and the medullary nail can be achieved.

Abstract: System, including methods, apparatus, and kits, for rib stabilization. The system may comprise a clip member having a bridge region and a pair of leaf portions connected to each other by the bridge region. The clip member may be configured to be placed on a rib bone with the leaf portions disposed on opposite sides of the rib bone. The system also may comprise a securing member, such as a suture, to attach the clip member to the rib bone, with the securing member extending at least twice between the leaf portions.

Abstract: A lockable pin plate assembly which has a pin plate adapted to be secured to stable bone and provided with pin holes for pins for pinning an unstable bone fragment. One or more pin holes are engageable by pins of an integral U-pin. The pins have stop surfaces thereon which are resiliently displaced when the pins are seated to automatically and self-lock the pin and the pin plate to oppose withdrawal and backing out of the pins from the pin plate. In a preferred embodiment, each pin of the U pin has a leading portion and a trailing portion, the leading portion being of smaller diameter to pass freely through an elliptical hole in the pin plate whereas the trailing portion is of larger size to become locked in the pin hole as it is advanced therein.

Abstract: A device for treating a bone comprises a cable block including a first lumen extending from a first proximal opening in a proximal face of the cable block to a first distal opening in a distal face thereof, the first lumen being configured to receive a cerclage cable including an enlarged end. The cable block further includes a second lumen extending from a second proximal opening in the proximal face to a second distal opening in the distal face and being configured to receive a portion of the cable extending from the enlarged end while preventing the enlarged end from passing therethrough. The cable block includes a slot connecting distal portions of the first and second lumens and being at least as large as the second lumen in combination with a crimpable locking member including a channel configured to receive the portion of the cable extending from the enlarged end.

Abstract: Method of stabilizing a sternum with a fastening member defining a plurality of cleats. In the method, the fastening member may be disposed on a sternum having a discontinuity, with the fastening member spanning the discontinuity and the cleats contacting the sternum. The fastening member may be arranged with a wire or cable such that the wire or cable extends twice through the fastening member and forms a loop around a portion of the sternum. The fastening member may be crimped to secure both ends of the loop to the fastening member.

Abstract: A bone fixation system is provided. The bone fixation system may include a plate, one or more fasteners configured to attach the plate to a target anatomical location such as bone, and a surgical device that facilitates the attachment of the plate and the fasteners.

Abstract: A bone screw and a method for manufacturing the same includes a screw thread configuration having one or more grooves cut into a leading face of the thread, a trailing face of the thread, and/or the shaft between the threads. Other implementations include the incorporation of facets into the one or more grooves. The implementation of the one or more grooves increases the surface are of the orthopedic screw and functions to increase in anchoring the bone screw within the bone once inserted therein, and thereby reduce the possibility for the screw backing out after insertion.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods of creating and/or enlarging a curvilinear cavity within a vertebral body or other body structure. The invention also relates to devices that may be used to perform the steps to create and/or enlarge the curvilinear cavity. In various embodiments, an apparatus for creating and/or enlarging a curvilinear cavity includes a handle and a flexible shaft assembly including a cutting tip or blade, a flexible rotatable drive shaft, and a flexible, moveable and non-rotatable housing.

Abstract: A cement-directing structure for use in cement-injection bone therapy includes a collapsible, self-restoring braided structure with regions of differential permeability to the bone cement. The regions of differential permeability may be provided by areas where the braided mesh density is greater or lesser than surrounding areas and/or by means of a baffle. After the structure is placed in a void within a bony structure, cement is injected into the interior of the structure then oozes out in preferred directions according to the locations of the regions of differential permeability.

Abstract: An endoscope treatment tool includes a sheath having electric insulation; and an electrode unit provided at a distal end portion of the sheath. The electrode unit includes a rod-shaped electrode that is provided to extend in an axis direction of the sheath and is capable of being arranged in a state where the electrode protrudes from the distal end portion of the sheath and is exposed to the outside; and a chip that is fixed in a state where a distal end portion of the electrode is inserted into a concave portion provided in a proximal end surface so as to extend in the axis direction, has a greater external diameter than the external diameter of the electrode, and is formed from a single electric insulation material. The concave portion is formed with a smaller-diameter portion that allows the distal end portion of the electrode to be inserted thereinto.

Abstract: A cryocatheter for introduction into a body vessel or into an organ, with a catheter inner surrounded by a catheter sheath, and with a catheter tip arranged at its distal end, with a feed line for an expansion or cooling agent arranged in the catheter sheath or the catheter inner, and with a balloon, arranged close to the catheter tip, which can be expanded and contracted again by means of the expansion and cooling agent, is to be constructed in such a way that by simple manipulation it can be positioned at a precise target position in the body vessel and, in addition, it minimizes the burden on the patient from invasive interventions. For this purpose, in accordance with the invention an image capture device, with at least one imaging sensor for mapping the region of the vessel around the balloon, is positioned in the region of the catheter tip.

Abstract: A method and apparatus that utilizes a force-time integral for real time estimation of lesion size in catheter-based ablation systems. The apparatus measures the force exerted by a contact ablation probe on a target tissue and integrates the force over an energization time of the ablation probe. The force-time integral can be calculated and utilized to provide an estimated lesion size (depth, volume and/or area) in real time. The force-time integral may also account for variations in the power delivered to the target tissue in real time to provide an improved estimation of the lesion size. In one embodiment, the force metric can be used as feedback to establish a desired power level delivered to the probe to prevent steam popping.

Abstract: Various forms are directed to systems and methods for driving an end effector coupled to an ultrasonic drive system of a surgical instrument. A generator may generate at least one electrical signal. The at least one electrical signal may be monitored against a first set of logic conditions. When an ultrasonic impedance of the surgical instrument exceeds a threshold impedance, a resonant frequency of the at least one electrical signal may be stored as a baseline frequency. A first response of the generator may be triggered upon the occurrence of either the first set of logic conditions being met or the resonant frequency of the at least one electrical signal differing from the baseline frequency by a baseline deviation threshold.

Abstract: Electrosurgical instruments and associated methods are provided. An electrosurgical instrument may include one or more light emitters that comprise a light source in operative communication with a power supply supportably interconnected to a handle portion. The instrument may have a toggle member with one or more selectable positions that may selectively activate any of one or more operational states of an electrosurgical electrode comprising the instrument. The toggle member may selectively activate the light emitter(s) provided on the instrument alone and/or in conjunction with the activation of one or more operational state. The handle portion may include an elastomeric handle portion that extends continuously along the handle portion and over the toggle member to seal the handle portion.

Abstract: An end effector comprises a first jaw, a second jaw, a firing beam, and a lockout feature. The second jaw pivots relative to the first jaw from an open position to a closed position. The firing beam has a sharp distal end and translates between the first and second jaws. The firing beam translates from a proximal position to a first distal position to pivot the second jaw to the closed position. The end effector applies bipolar RF energy when the firing beam is in the first distal position. The firing beam then translates to a second distal position to sever tissue captured between the first and second jaws. The lockout feature prevents the firing beam from advancing from the first distal position to the second distal position until the lockout feature is actuated.

Abstract: Methods and devices for treating nasal airways are provided. Such devices and methods may improve airflow through an internal and/or external nasal valve, and comprise the use of mechanical re-shaping, energy application and other treatments to modify the shape, structure, and/or air flow characteristics of an internal nasal valve, an external nasal valve or other nasal airways.

Abstract: At the present time, physicians often treat patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) using radiofrequency (RF) catheter systems to ablate conducting tissue in the wall of the Left Atrium of the heart around the ostium of the pulmonary veins. These systems are expensive and take time consuming to use. The present invention circular ablation system CAS includes a multiplicity of expandable needles that can be expanded around a central axis and positioned to inject a fluid like ethanol to ablate conductive tissue in a ring around the ostium of a pulmonary vein quickly and without the need for expensive capital equipment. The expansion of the needles is accomplished by self-expanding or balloon expandable structures. The invention includes centering means so that the needles will be situated in a pattern surrounding the outside of the ostium of a vein. Also included are members that limit the distance of penetration of the needles into the wall of the left atrium, or the aortic wall.

Abstract: The ablation of tissue in a cardiac wall is performed by introducing an endocardial catheter into the interior of a heart and an epicardial catheter is placed on the cardiac wall. With the aid of an electromagnet and a counter-element, which can be permanently magnetized or can also be an electromagnet, the two catheters are mutually attracted in such a way that electrodes come into contact with opposite sides of the cardiac wall such that the electrodes are optimally positioned. The use of a catheter with a plurality of such electrodes in a row enables the removal of whole lines of destroyed cardiac wall tissue by ablation.

Abstract: A microwave ablation system includes an antenna assembly configured to deliver microwave energy from a power source to tissue and a coolant source operably coupled to the power source and configured to selectively provide fluid to the antenna assembly via a fluid path. The system also includes a controller operably coupled to the power source and a sensor operably coupled to the fluid path and the controller. The sensor is configured to detect fluid flow through the fluid path and the controller is configured to control the energy source based on the detected fluid flow.

Abstract: Mobile functional hospital unit (1) for the temporary distribution of medical fluids, comprising at least one rear outlet (5, 25; 30) for tapping off medical fluid designed and able to be connected to a medical fluid distribution network arranged within a hospital building and associated with the rear wall (6) of the cabinet (2), at least one side outlet (21, 22, 23, 24; 17) for tapping off medical fluid associated with at least one side wall (27, 28) of the cabinet (2), and at least one connecting line (9) fluidically connecting at least one gas cylinder (3, 4; 7, 8) to at least one of the rear (5, 25) and side (21, 22, 23, 24) gas tapping outlets in order to supply at least one of the rear (5, 25) and side (21, 22, 23, 24) outlets with gas delivered by at least one gas cylinder (3, 4; 7, 8).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system for guiding a medical instrument in a patient body. Such a system comprises means for acquiring a 2D X-ray image of said medical instrument, means for acquiring a 3D ultrasound data set of said medical instrument using an ultrasound probe, means for localizing said ultrasound probe in a referential of said X-ray acquisition means, means for selecting a region of interest around said medical instrument within the 3D ultrasound data set and means for generating a bimodal representation of said medical instrument detection by combining said 2D X-ray image and said 3D ultrasound data set. A bimodal representation is generated on the basis of the 2D X-ray image by replacing the X-ray intensity value of points belonging to said region of interest by the ultrasound intensity value of the corresponding point in the 3D ultrasound data set.

Abstract: A method of calibrating a robotic device, such as a cardiac catheter, includes oscillating the device on an actuation axis by applying an oscillation vector at an oscillation frequency. While oscillating, a location of the device is periodically measured to generate a plurality of location data points, which may express the location of the device relative to a plurality of measurement axes. The location data points are then processed using a signal processing algorithm, such as a Fourier transform algorithm, to derive a transfer function relating a position of the device to a movement vector for the actuation axis. The transfer function may be resolved into and expressed as a calibration vector for the actuation axis, which may include one or more components, including zero components, directed along each of the measurement axes. The process may be repeated for any actuation axes on which calibration is desired.