Abstract: In a control device for a limited slip differential that limits a differential operation of front and rear wheels of a four-wheel-drive vehicle having mounted thereon a vehicle behavior control device that controls a braking force, an ECU that controls a torque coupling as the limited slip differential includes: a differential limiting force calculating device that calculates target torque of the torque coupling based on a vehicle traveling state; a differential limiting force correcting device that makes a correction to reduce the target torque based on a command from the vehicle behavior control device; and a thermal load calculating device that calculates a thermal load of the torque coupling. The differential limiting force correcting device limits the correction of the target torque based on the command from the vehicle behavior control device, when the thermal load of the torque coupling is equal to or larger than a predetermined value.

Abstract: A power I/F unit is for outputting at least one of electric power stored in a power storage device and electric power generated by a motor generator driven by an engine to outside of a vehicle. An ECU selectively executes a first power feeding operation in which external power feeding is performed with the engine actuated and a second power feeding operation in which external power feeding is performed with the engine stopped. The ECU executes the first power feeding operation for a predetermined period from the start of external power feeding.

Abstract: Provided is a vehicle provided with left and right electric motors electrically connected to a battery and mechanically connected respectively to left and right vehicle wheels, a power generator mechanically connected to an internal combustion engine being electrically connected to the battery, wherein the battery is reliably protected during traction control and at other such times. Two electric motors, specifically first and second electric motors, are temporarily handled integrally to determine a torque down amount (TD), which is the total allowable power variation width (?) of the two electric motors, on the basis of left and right total power (Y), and the respective motive powers of the first and second electric motors are controlled while being limited by values obtained by simply dividing the determined torque down amount (TD) equally, whereby the allowable input/output power (allowable input power (Z)) of the battery is reliably protected.

Abstract: A method for managing output bump/clunk in a neutral state in a strong hybrid vehicle includes calculating a motor torque for an electric traction motor connected to a third node of a planetary gear set. The motor torque is calculated as a product of a predetermined inertia of the electric traction motor, the calculated acceleration of the engine, and a gear ratio of the planetary gear set. The calculated motor torque is commanded from the electric traction motor via a controller in a direction opposite the calculated acceleration of the output shaft, including transmitting a motor torque command to the electric traction motor for the duration of the neutral state. The vehicle includes the engine, a damper assembly, the transmission, and the controller.

Abstract: A method for controlling a hybrid electric powertrain includes, in response to a request to increase a powertrain braking force on at least one of a plurality of traction wheels, (i) commanding at least one clutch to increase a gear ratio of a transmission, and (ii) during clutch stroke, commanding an electric machine to act as a generator such that the electric machine applies a braking force to at least one of the traction wheels.

Abstract: A method includes detecting a fault of a component of a vehicle. The method also includes providing a plurality of modes of operation for the vehicle including an engine only mode, an electric only mode, a hybrid mode, a partial engine only mode, a partial electric only mode and a partial hybrid mode. At least two of the plurality of modes of operation that avoid use of the faulty component are displayed on a display screen, and a selection of one of the at least two of the plurality of modes of operation that are displayed on the display screen is received. The method includes activating at least one electric, mechanical or software isolator to isolate or disengage at least one component associated with electric propulsion of the vehicle or at least one component associated with combustion engine propulsion of the vehicle that includes the faulty component.

Abstract: A vehicular acceleration suppression device reduces the degradation in the drive performance due to the acceleration suppression control activated outside the parking region. A parking frame line candidate which is a candidate of a parking frame line is extracted from a bird's-eye view image acquired by performing a bird's-eye view conversion on a captured image around a vehicle, and a parking frame line candidate corresponding line corresponding the parking frame line candidate is extracted from the captured image of the front of the vehicle. Then, the parking frame line candidate corresponding to the parking frame line candidate corresponding line length of which is longer than a parking frame line length threshold is eliminated from the candidate to be detected as the parking frame.

Abstract: A driving support device for a host vehicle that travels on a first road and makes a direction change, at a junction between the first road and a second road, by turning right or left is provided. The driving support device includes: a front detection unit configured to detect an object in front of the host vehicle; a recognition unit configured to recognize a state of another vehicle that travels on the second road toward the junction and that follows the host vehicle after the host vehicle completes the direction change, based on a detection result of the front detection unit obtained before or during the direction change; and a support determination unit configured to determine whether the host vehicle needs a rear-side support in relation to the state of the other vehicle, based on a recognition result of the recognition unit.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for avoiding a vehicle collision with low power consumption based on converged radar sensors, configured for optimizing collision avoidance between vehicles with a low power consumption by operating a minimum number of sensors according to a road situation in order to reduce a fuel consumption in a high speed driving environment such as a freeway, etc. and a low speed driving environment such as a busy downtown, etc.

Abstract: A method and system for preventing a following vehicle from driving up on a vehicle driving directly in front. The following vehicle detects a behavior of the vehicle driving directly in front by sensor information and a behavior of at least one vehicle driving in front by vehicle-to-X information. The vehicle-to-x information requests an intervention in the steering of the following vehicle by a steering angle to be set and/or an intervention in the braking of the following vehicle by a deceleration to be set in order to prevent driving up on the vehicle, and wherein the steering angle and/or the deceleration requested by the vehicle-to-X information is greater than a steering angle and/or a requested deceleration requested by the sensor information and/or driver inputs. The intervention is only carried out if the steering angle and/or the deceleration is confirmed by sensor information and/or driver inputs.

Abstract: The invention relates to determining a lane course with the aid of a plurality of recorded routes of vehicles using a compensation curve. Each of the plurality of recorded routes includes individual position indications in an order of passing during a respective journey. The method includes selecting a route from the plurality of recorded routes, determining a number of checkpoints for the compensation curve based on the selected route, and determining an initial compensation curve based on the number of checkpoints and the selected route from the plurality of routes.

Abstract: When a temperature T detected by a thermistor built inside a camera unit exceeds a preset temperature T1, at least a process, among processes executed by a CPU built inside the camera unit, that relates only to LKA or AHB (such as a white line recognizing process) is stopped. Then, the amount of heat generated by the CPU decreases, whereby the temperature inside the housing also decreases. In this way, even when the PCS control is continuously performed by continuing electric power supply to an imaging element in the camera unit, performance of the imaging element can be maintained in some cases, thus allowing the electric power supply to the imaging element to continue in a satisfactory manner for a long period.

Abstract: A control system for a vehicle operable to implement a speed control function, the control system being operable to: receive an input of a target speed at which the vehicle is intended to travel; determine an instantaneous value of a primary target speed torque parameter corresponding to an amount of torque that should be developed at a given position in a powertrain in order to control the vehicle to travel at the target speed; and filter by means of filter means a value of a torque parameter input thereto to generate a filtered torque parameter value, the system being operable to command the powertrain to develop at said position an amount of torque corresponding to the filtered torque parameter value, wherein the system is operable to input to the filter means a secondary target speed torque parameter value determined in dependence on the primary target speed torque parameter value and a current value of filtered torque parameter generated by the filter means.

Abstract: In a vehicle including a plurality of devices (14, 16, 60, and 70 to 74) for operating so as to cause a yaw rate of the vehicle to approach a target yaw rate, a target control amount ??t for the yaw rate for causing a yaw rate ? of the vehicle to approach a target yaw rate ?t is calculated (S20 to S60), for each device, a ratio of a change amount of the yaw rate to an energy loss amount caused by an operation is calculated as an efficiency (S80 to S100), the target control amount is sequentially distributed to the plurality of devices in descending order of the efficiency, to thereby calculate individual target control amounts for the plurality of devices (S110 to S160), and the operations of the respective devices are controlled based on the individual target control amounts (S170).

Abstract: A hybrid drive includes a combustion engine, a generator driven by the combustion engine, a charge storage unit, and an electric engine. The hybrid drive can be driven in a load point shifting mode, a recuperation mode, and a boost mode. In the load point shifting mode, a power or torque distribution regulator specifies the torques supplied by the combustion engine and the electric engine in the sense of a maintenance of a predetermined theoretical value of the charging state of the charge storage unit. The theoretical value of the charging state of the charge storage unit is shifted in the load point shifting mode, as a function of the charging state changes of the charge storage unit in a previously carried out recuperation or boost mode.

Abstract: One exemplary embodiment is a method of controlling a vehicle system including an engine, a transmission, and a control system in operative communication with and structured to control operation of the engine and the transmission. The method determines an operating point of the engine including an engine torque and an engine speed and evaluates a relationship between the operating point and a soft limit on engine torque. The method modifies the soft limit to permit operation outside a boundary of the un-modified soft limit. Modification of the soft limit is constrained by a non-adjustable limit. The operating point of the engine is adjusted to increase engine torque above the boundary of the un-modified soft limit. The method may mitigate a vehicle speed lug event and/or avoid a transmission shift event.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for estimating a state of a battery system such as a current-limited state of power and/or a voltage-limited state of power using a battery system model incorporating a nonlinear resistance element. Parameters of elements included in a battery cell model associated with a nonlinear resistance of a battery cell may be directly parameterized and used in connection with state estimation methods. By accounting for the nonlinear effect, embodiments of the disclosed systems and methods may increase available battery power utilized in connection with battery system control and/or management decisions over a larger window of operating conditions.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus is mounted on a vehicle. The information processing apparatus includes: a first acquiring unit that acquires, from each of one or more traffic lights, traffic light information including identifying information for identifying a corresponding traffic light, position information of the corresponding traffic light, and start time and end time of lighting in a color of a traffic signal indicating stop of the vehicle; a calculation unit that calculates a signal waiting time that indicates a time period for the vehicle to stop at a traffic light by using one or more pieces of the traffic light information; and an electric power control unit that controls an electric power state during stop of the vehicle in a multistage manner in accordance with the signal waiting time.

Abstract: A braking force control apparatus in a motorcycle, includes a controller which controls a transmission to reduces driving force of an engine by a predetermined speed reduction ratio and transmits the driving force to a drive wheel of a vehicle, a clutch between the engine and the transmission, and brake devices which generate braking force on the wheels. The vehicle is switchable between a normal and a slow speed driving modes. In the slow speed mode the controller detects an inclination pitching angle ?, and causes the brake devices to generate braking force on at least one of the drive wheels when ??a predetermined value, then starts switching the clutch to a connected state when a driving operation is input, and gradually releases the braking force once driving force starts to be transmitted to the drive wheel.

Abstract: A method of controlling a clutch-to-clutch power-on upshift of a transmission includes defining a possible engine torque as a latched possible engine torque value. An on-coming clutch torque phase target value is defined as a latched on-coming clutch torque value, and held constant until a final ramp. A commanded engine torque is reduced and maintained to a maximum torque reduction value until a shift completion ratio is achieved. The commanded engine torque is increased until the commanded engine torque is equal to a restore ramp target value. Both the on-coming clutch torque and the commanded engine torque are simultaneously increased at a final ramp rate, such that the increase in the on-coming clutch torque parallels the increase in the commanded engine torque, until an actual engine torque is substantially equal to the possible engine torque, to complete the shift.

Abstract: A braking force control apparatus for a saddle ride vehicle includes a transmission controller which reduces driving force of an engine by a predetermined speed reduction ratio and transmits the driving force to a drive wheel, a clutch device which connects—disconnects the driving force between the engine and the transmission, a brake device which generates braking force on the drive wheel, and a sensor which detects a state of the transmission. The transmission switches between a neutral state and an in-gear state, and when the sensor detects that the transmission is switching from the neutral state to the in-gear state, the controller causes the brake device to generate braking force on the drive wheel, and then releases the braking force upon completion of the switching to the in-gear state.

Abstract: Provided is a wearable device including a main body that is configured to be worn on a specific portion of a user's body, a sensing unit, provided in the main body, that senses a biological signal of a user, a storage unit that collects log information relating to the biological signal, and in which an index pattern relating to a state of the user included in the collected log information is stored, and a controller that sets a reference driving index, using the stored index pattern, in which when it is sensed that the user gets in a vehicle, the controller determines a current driving index corresponding to the biological signal that is sensed before and after the user gets in the vehicle, based on the reference driving index being set, and outputs feedback that notifies the state of the user that corresponds to a result of the determination.

Abstract: A method of determining a driving tendency and a system of controlling shift using the same are disclosed. A system of controlling shift for a vehicle may include: a data detector detecting data for a shift control; and a controller determining a short term driving tendency index and a long term driving tendency index, and controlling an engine or a transmission according to the long term driving tendency index, wherein the controller determines the short term driving tendency when an accelerator pedal position reaches a predetermined position value while the vehicle is coasting.

Abstract: Methods and systems for tracking user behavior, the user behavior including one or more of: one or more user actions and one or more user interactions with a vehicle. A storage system stores the user behavior, where the tracked user behavior is associated with a driver and the storage system is capable of storing the tracked behavior for the driver from a plurality of vehicles.

Abstract: A method for determining the efficiency of an electric energy system of a hybrid vehicle includes determining a measure representative of a relation between the electrical, brake energy and the mechanical brake energy, by determining a requested brake energy for a first vehicle retardation, and by determining an actual electrical brake energy and the actual mechanical brake energy during the vehicle retardation, determining a new measure representative of a relation between the electrical brake energy and the mechanical brake energy at a subsequent second similar vehicle retardation, comparing the determined measures representative of a relation between the electrical brake energy and the mechanical brake energy of the first and second vehicle retardations, where the actual efficiency of the energy system is obtained from the change in the measure representative of a relation between the electrical brake energy and the mechanical brake energy of the first and second vehicle retardations.

Abstract: An automatic operation vehicle control apparatus includes a contact detecting unit, an override detecting unit, and an automatic operation control unit. The contact detecting unit detects the presence of contact of a hand or hands of a driver with a steering wheel of a vehicle. The override detecting unit detects the presence of override on the steering wheel by the driver on the basis of the result of the detection by the contact detecting unit. The automatic operation control unit switches the operation mode at least including the automatic operation and the manual operation of the vehicle on the basis of the result of the detection by the override detecting unit.

Abstract: A user gesture is detected based on received data from one or more motion sensors. User gesture attributes are identified including at least one of hand vectoring, wrist articulation, and finger articulation from the gesture including respective movements of each of a plurality of a user's fingers. Based on the gesture attributes, a user and an action to be performed in a vehicle are identified. The action is performed in the vehicle to control at least one vehicle component based on the gesture.

Abstract: Methods and systems are presented for accepting inputs into a vehicle or other conveyance to control functions of the conveyance. A vehicle control system can receive gestures and other inputs. The vehicle control system can also obtain information about the user of the vehicle control system and information about the environment in which the conveyance is operating. Based on the input and the other information, the vehicle control system can modify or improve the performance or execution of user interface and functions of the conveyance. The changes make the user interfaces and/or functions user-friendly and intuitive.

Abstract: A recreational apparatus is provided having an elevated railway system with a vehicle suspended therefrom. The vehicle includes a drive mechanism that is responsive to energy input in order to advance the vehicle along the elevated railway system. The drive mechanism is capable of efficiently motivating the vehicle along straight and curved sections of the elevated railway system with minimal stress on moving parts, and minimal frictional losses.

Abstract: A method of shipping automobiles, railcars for shipping automobiles, and methods of manufacturing railcars for shipping automobiles to enable more efficient shipping of automobiles by facilitating conversion of autorack cars between unilevel, bi-level and tri-level configurations, and/or by providing increased load factors.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure include a rail car for supporting and transporting one or more containers storing proppant therein. A spine member extends from a first end to a second end of the rail car, and having a variable height that is greater at a midpoint than at the ends. A bolster is arranged on a top surface of the spine member, extends laterally in two directions, and has a greater width proximate the spine member than at a distal end. A mounting platform is positioned on the distal end of the bolster, has a container surface that receives the one or more containers, and extends vertically from the bolster to position the container above a top surface of the bolster. A locking assembly is positioned on the mounting platform and secures the one or more containers to the rail car when moved to a locked position.

Abstract: A hub unit including an end cap for preloading and retaining a bearing unit on an axle. The end cap is provided with a sensor unit for detecting at least one of vibrations and temperature of the bearing unit.

Abstract: A braking system is provided for rail equipment supported for rolling movement on the rails of a railway. The braking system includes a pair of braking elements arranged to be supported laterally spaced apart on the rail equipment for engaging the respective rails of the railway. Each braking element includes an upper brake block for selectively engaging a top side and a side brake block for selectively engaging an inner side of the corresponding rail. Actuators are provided for urging the braking elements downward and outward in relation to the rail equipment. The actuators engage the braking elements with the respective rails to provide a wedging action between respective inner sides of the rails. This arrangement provides considerable braking force using a relatively simple construction.

Abstract: An aerial system and method use a distance sensor to measure spatial distances between the distance sensor and plural vehicles in a vehicle system formed from the vehicles operably coupled with each other during relative movement between the distance sensor and the vehicle system. The spatial distances measured by the distance sensor are used to determine a size parameter of the vehicle system based on the spatial distances that are measured.

Abstract: An on-board device is loaded in a moving vehicle traveling on a track. The on-board device determines whether or not a traveling route has been secured, based on station related data indicating data related to a branch on the traveling route of the moving vehicle and acquired from a station interface device of a station to which the branch belongs, and different moving vehicle related data indicating data related to a different moving vehicle acquired from the different moving vehicle on the traveling route. The on-board device determines the traveling of the moving vehicle on the secured traveling route based on the different moving vehicle related data.

Abstract: An on-board device is loaded in a moving vehicle and includes a control device configured to control the traveling of the moving vehicle. In the control device, an in-field traveling instructing section determines whether a blockade moving vehicle exists to hinder the traveling of the moving vehicle on a traveling route to an inspection field in a railyard, based on different moving vehicle related data in the railyard when the moving vehicle is an inspection waiting vehicle. A traveling route securing section requests securement of the traveling route to a railyard interface device that controls branching on the traveling route when there is not the blockade moving vehicle on the traveling route. A traveling permission section permits the traveling of the moving vehicle on the secured route based on traveling route state data from the railyard interface device.

Abstract: A system and method for examining a route and/or vehicle system obtain a route parameter and/or a vehicle parameter from discrete examinations of the route and/or the vehicle system. The route parameter is indicative of a health of the route over which the vehicle system travels. The vehicle parameter is indicative of a health of the vehicle system. The discrete examinations of the route and/or the vehicle system are separated from each other by location and/or time. The route parameter and/or the vehicle parameter are examined to determine whether the route and/or the vehicle system is damaged and, responsive to determining that the route and/or the vehicle is damaged, the route and/or the vehicle system are continually monitored, such as by examination equipment onboard the vehicle system.

Abstract: A method for operating a vehicle, in particular a railroad vehicle, having a safety circuit to be actuated by a vehicle driver, the safety circuit initiating at least one emergency action if the vehicle driver actuates the safety circuit uninterruptedly, or not at all, in a predefinable time interval. Provision is made here that a condition of the vehicle driver is sensed by a camera device; and that the at least one emergency action is initiated depending on the condition of the vehicle driver.

Abstract: A cart includes a platform assembly, a handle assembly, first wheel assembly and a second wheel assembly. In use, the cart may folded from a deployed position in which it rolls along a surface to transport items, to a stowed position, in which it is collapsed in a compact geometry for storage. The cart may be further integrated into a chair, chaise lounge, garden cart, bicycle utility cart or a bicycle passenger cart.

Abstract: A shopping trolley is provided, including a shopping basket (1) having a grab bar (2) and wheels (3), a chain lock (4) and a coin deposit lock (5), the shopping trolley having a docking station (6) for a portable electronic device with a holder (7) for the device, a power source (8), and means (9) for transferring energy from the power source (8) to the device. The docking station (6) includes a detector for detecting when the device is inserted into the holder (7) and when the device is connected to the energy transfer means (9). The coin deposit lock (5) includes an electromagnetic locking mechanism. The detector is able to emit an electrical or electromagnetic signal to the electromagnetic locking mechanism of the coin deposit lock (5), which has a receiver that is able to trigger the unlocking of the chain lock (4).

Abstract: A conveyance cart having a drive source such as an engine or an electric motor has a complicated structure and is expensive. Using such a conveyance cart exclusively for carrying a generator is not economical. To solve the problem, a simple-structured, low-priced conveyance cart is provided. A walking conveyance cart has an electrically driven traveling part and a placement part for placing thereon a portable engine generator. The electric traveling part can be driven by the power outputted from the portable engine generator placed on the placement part.

Abstract: A driving assist unit of a truck for assisting a driving force applied to the truck by a worker includes a unit body connected to the truck, the unit body being turnable with respect to the truck, an operation portion provided on the unit body, the operation portion being configured to input a driving force to the truck through the unit body by being pressed by the worker, a driving wheel provided on the unit body, the driving wheel being rotatable in a longitudinal direction of the unit body, an assist force according to the operation of the operation portion being applied to the driving wheel, a lower engagement mechanism configured to be engaged with the truck by pressing the unit body onto the truck, and an upper engagement mechanism provided above the lower engagement mechanism and configured to be engaged with the truck by fitting of a locking member by the worker.

Abstract: A cart suitable for transporting game that includes a shield, an axle, an electric motor, a battery, a first wheel, a second wheel, and a frame. The axle is attached to the frame so that the axle can rotate around the longitudinal axis of the axle, the first wheel is spaced apart from the second wheel. The first and second wheels are attached to the axle. The electric motor is in mechanical communication with the axle. The electric motor is in electrical communication with the battery so that the electric motor causes the axle and wheels to rotate. The shield is attached to the frame at a position below the axle so that the cart is protected when traversing undeveloped and rough terrain where, for example, rocks, stumps or other such conditions may be encountered which could damage components of the cart such as the motor or axle.

Abstract: A driving assist unit of a truck for assisting a driving force applied to the truck by a worker includes a unit body connected to the truck, the unit body being turnable with respect to the truck, an operation portion provided on the unit body, the operation portion being configured to input a driving force to the truck through the unit body by being pressed by the worker, and a driving wheel provided on the unit body, the driving wheel being rotatable in a longitudinal direction of the unit body, an assist force according to the operation of the operation portion being applied to the driving wheel.

Abstract: A stroller apparatus includes a front and a rear leg, a side handrail respectively connected pivotally with the front and rear legs, a handle pivotally connected with the side handrail, a seat support frame including a side bar located below the side handrail and pivotally connected with the front leg and the handle, a first seat detachably installable on the side handrail facing rearward at a first position adjacent to the handle, and a second seat detachably installable on the side bar facing rearward at a second position, the second position being located below the first position and adjacent to the handle.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a direction setting device for the seat of a baby stroller, characterized in that, the main backrest provides an auxiliary backrest whose bottom end is sewed with the seat fabric to form a sewing thread line via which the auxiliary backrest moves to the front end of the frame to change the seat direction; also characterized in that, a rear canopy is secured on the sunshade, and a switching line for turning over the rear canopy to change the direction forms at the joins of the rear canopy and the sunshade, wherein the rear canopy is fastened to the auxiliary backrest and to the footrest respectively by a fastening element after the seat direction is switched, so that the sunshade may simultaneously change its direction; furthermore, the tilting angle of the auxiliary backrest may be controlled by adjusting the elevation angle of the footrest.

Abstract: A steering wheel that enables heat to be efficiently conducted to a steering wheel outer covering. The steering wheel includes: a core; a spacer member arranged around an outer periphery of a rim portion of the core; a temperature adjusting element provided on the spacer member; and a resin layer formed to cover an outside portion of the spacer member. The spacer member keeps at least a part of the temperature adjusting element away from the core.

Abstract: A steering device which contracts by an impulse load. A steering device includes an inner column having a cylindrical shape, a base plate having a first hole opened therein, an outer column having a cylindrical shape into which at least a part of the inner column is inserted, and having a slit formed by notching one insertion side end of the inner column, an outer column bracket to tighten the outer column along with a telescopic friction plate, and a connection member provided at a position straddling the first hole and a second hole, and detachably connecting the base plate and the inner column bracket.

Abstract: A vehicle steering system transmission comprising a driver connected to a driver shaft, the driver shaft connected to an output shaft by a flexible link, a first sensor sensing the driver shaft, a control unit receiving a signal from the first sensor, and the control unit transmitting a signal to the driver to control an output shaft movement.

Abstract: A steering system is described for a vehicle having steerable wheels. A hydraulic charge pressure circuit may be configured to provide charge pressure to one or more hydraulic components of the vehicle, and a hydraulic drive pressure circuit may be configured to provide working pressure to one or more other hydraulic components of the vehicle. Hydraulic machines may rotate front wheels in order to drive the vehicle, and a front valve assembly may control steering of the front wheels by controlling the hydraulic machines. The hydraulic machines may be driven to rotate the front wheels by the working pressure from the hydraulic drive pressure circuit, and the front valve assembly may control the front hydraulic machines to steer the agricultural vehicle by controlling flow of hydraulic fluid from the hydraulic charge pressure circuit through the front valve assembly.