Abstract: A sub-carrier successive approximation (SCSA) radar having a sufficiently high accuracy to capture 3D images of concealed objects. The invention is phase-based, and directly measures round trip time by estimating the phase delay of the carrier. One of its advantages is that the carrier does not need to sweep across a wide frequency range, thereby relaxing RF front-end bandwidth and linearity requirements. SCSA radar accuracy is limited only by the extent of system noise, allowing very high accuracy to be achieved with a sufficient integration period. The SCSA radar can be readily implemented in CMOS, as well as other device technologies, and fabricated within one or more small integrated circuits.

Abstract: A method for detecting a traffic violation in a traffic light zone through rear end measurement by a FMCW radar device (1). A specific position (sP1) assigned to the front of a vehicle (3) and the radial velocity are derived from the measurement signal obtained at a first measurement time (t1), and a first anticipated position (eP1) for the front of the vehicle is calculated by the distance-time rule at the second measurement time (t2) by means of the time period between the first measurement time (t1) and the second measurement time (t2). Through repeated calculation of an anticipated position for the front of the vehicle at further measurement times, an anticipated time when the front of the vehicle crosses a stop line (5) defining the traffic light zone is predicted iteratively with the determined vehicle velocity.

Abstract: System and method for estimating uncertainty by obtaining conditional probability densities of bathymetric uncertainty due to navigation error and bottom slope using a Monte Carlo technique, using the Monte Carlo results to train a Bayesian Network to provide the causal relationships of navigation error and bottom slope to bathymetric uncertainty, producing a histogram of bathymetric uncertainty from the Bayesian Network of the uncertainty for an area similar to the training set area, and estimating the uncertainty based on the histogram produced by the Bayesian Network.

Abstract: Provided is a sensing circuit for recognizing a movement including: at least one light emitting device outputting light; at least one light receiving device receiving the light reflected by an object on the light emitting device and generating a plurality of current signals proportional to an amount of incident light; a signal conversion unit converting the plurality of current signals into a plurality of digital signals; a recognition unit measuring a synthetic digital signal to determine whether an object moves by receiving the plurality of current signals; and a control unit controlling the recognition unit, wherein the recognition unit generates a clock signal for the synthetic digital signal greater than a critical value and measures a count generated by the clock signal; and the control unit determines whether the object moves through a comparison of the count and a reference value.

Abstract: A marker system includes at least one emitter. The emitter(s) emit light responsive to a flow of electrical current there through. The marker system includes a device for acquiring an incoming signal and a circuit for processing the incoming signal. The circuit for processing the incoming signal monitors the device for acquiring the incoming signal to determine if the incoming signal includes any of a plurality of incoming Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) and/or munitions-targeting signals. The circuit emits one of a plurality of responses by sending electrical current selectively through the emitter(s) and/or other feedback devices based upon which of the plurality of incoming Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) and/or munitions-targeting signals is detected by the means for processing.

Abstract: The modulation scheme disclosed in this invention report allows for utilizing multiple 3D time-of-flight cameras at the same time by exploiting the inherent pseudo noise properties of the optical modulation signals. Compared to recent systems based on pure pseudo noise modulation signals, the stochastic measurement error in a single-camera environment is significantly reduced. The basic concept relies on the generation of a three level optical modulation signal that includes two pseudo noise sequences.

Abstract: A system, apparatus and corresponding method by which to synchronize to a time reference a main module of a device—a main module such as global positioning system (GPS) receiver—using a cellular communication signal received by a cellular module also included in the device. To synchronize the main module to the reference time, the invention provides a method including the steps of: having the cellular module respond to the cellular communication signal by providing to a clock module of the main module a trigger pulse derived from the data component of the cellular communication signal, and also by providing to the main module information relating the trigger pulse to a universal time. The main module is then able to resolve a value for time based on the information relating the trigger pulse to a universal time and the trigger pulse.

Abstract: A vehicle position notification apparatus include a main body unit which includes at least a detection unit, an attachment unit and a communication unit; wherein the detection unit detects a body under detection; the attachment unit makes the main body unit adhere to the body under detection detected; and the communication unit transmits position information of the main body unit.

Abstract: One embodiment is directed towards a method for providing integrity for a hybrid navigation system using a Kalman filter. The method includes determining a main navigation solution for one or more of roll, pitch, platform heading, or true heading for the vehicle using signals from a plurality of GNSS satellites and inertial measurements. Solution separation is used to determine a plurality of sub-solutions for the main navigation solution. The method also includes determining a separation between the main navigation solution and each of the sub-solutions, and a discriminator for each of the separations. The method also includes determining a separation variance between the main navigation solution and each of the sub-solutions, a threshold for detection of a satellite failure based on the separation variances; and a protection limit that bounds error in the main navigation solution based on the threshold.

Abstract: GNSS receivers and methods of determining a current receiver state of a GNSS receiver are provided. The method includes receiving positioning signals from a plurality of satellites; generating a plurality of correlation grids from the received positioning signals, where each correlation grid is associated with a respective one of the plurality of satellites; estimating a probability distribution of the current receiver state from the plurality of correlation grids; and determining a maximum likelihood estimate of the current receiver state from the estimated probability distribution.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for estimating a position of a mobile device based on one or more images is disclosed. Positioning information is derived from an image containing an SAS (self-addressing source such as a QR code), thereby setting a first vector V1 and an SAS pose. The image is also used to determine a displacement between the mobile device and the self-addressing source, thereby setting a second vector V2. Using the first vector V1, the SAS pose and the second vector V2, the mobile device may estimate its position with high accuracy and may also recalibrate dead-reckoning navigation and a gyrometer.

Abstract: A global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver includes at least one GNSS antenna configured to receive input signaling from at least a first GNSS source and a second GNSS source; an in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) mixer coupled to the at least one GNSS antenna and configured to process the input signaling to obtain complex intermediate signaling; a first complex filter coupled to the I/Q mixer and configured to filter the complex intermediate signaling with respect to a first frequency range to obtain first real output signaling; a second complex filter coupled to the I/Q mixer and configured to filter the complex intermediate signaling with respect to a second frequency range to obtain second real output signaling; and a signal combiner coupled to the first and second complex filters and configured to generate combined real output signaling by combining the first real output signaling and the second real output signaling.

Abstract: An imaging device which is highly stable to irradiation with radiations such as X-rays and can inhibit a decrease in electrical characteristics is provided. The imaging device obtains an image using radiations such as X-rays and includes pixel circuits which are arranged in a matrix and which a scintillator overlaps. Each of the pixel circuits includes a switching transistor whose off-state current is extremely low and a light-receiving element. A shielding layer formed using a metal material and the like overlaps the transistor and the light-receiving element. With the structure, an imaging device which is highly stable to irradiation with radiations such as X-rays and can inhibit a decrease in electrical characteristics can be provided.

Abstract: A radiographic image capturing apparatus includes: a readout IC equipped with a plurality of readout circuits connected to signal lines, respectively; a power source circuit which supplies a power to the readout IC; and a discharge circuit disposed on a path through which the power source circuit supplies the power to the readout IC, the discharge circuit being is capable of connecting the path and a GND to each other. The discharge circuit connects the path and the GND during a sleep mode.

Abstract: An embodiment of the invention includes combining pseudorandom sweeps with an independent, or nearly independent, survey acquisition technique. Targeted design of pseudorandom sweeps can direct the majority of cross-correlation noise to lie outside key time-lags of the record (i.e., windows of interest). Embodiments of the invention are described herein.

Abstract: Embodiments relate to marine vibrators that incorporate one or more piston plates that act on the surrounding water to produce acoustic energy. An example marine vibrator may comprise: a containment housing; a piston plate; a fixture coupled to the containment housing; a mechanical spring element coupled to the piston plate and the fixture; a driver disposed in the marine vibrator, wherein the driver is coupled to the piston plate and the fixture; and a container coupled to the piston plate, wherein the container is configured to hold a variable mass load; wherein the marine vibrator has a resonance frequency selectable based at least in part on the variable mass load.

Abstract: A method of processing seismic data acquired consequent to actuation of a seismic source is described. The method comprises taking the result of the following process into account when processing the seismic data where the process comprises estimating the effect of uncertainty in the position and/or orientation of the seismic source relative to the measuring receiver on processing the seismic data by estimating a source wavefield from data acquired by a near-field measuring receiver and from a first parameter set including at least one parameter indicative of the position and/or orientation of the seismic source relative to the measuring receiver, varying the value of at least one parameter of the first parameter set, estimating the source wavefield from the data acquired by the measuring receiver and from the varied first parameter set and obtaining information about the uncertainty in the estimate of the source wavefield.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and software can be used to analyze microseismic data from a fracture treatment. In some aspects, fracture planes are identified based on microseismic event data from a fracture treatment of a subterranean zone. Each fracture plane is associated with a subset of the microseismic event data. Confidence level groups are identified from the fracture planes. Each confidence level group includes fracture planes that have an accuracy confidence value within a respective range. A graphical representation of the fracture planes is generated. The graphical representation includes a distinct plot for each confidence level group.

Abstract: A method of analysing seismic data from a geological volume is provided. The geological volume is divided into a plurality of voxels. For each voxel a respective neighbourhood is defined which includes that voxel and a predetermined arrangement of neighbouring voxels. For each voxel, the respective normal vectors of a seismic attribute vector field derived from the seismic data are calculated. For each voxel, a respective local structure tensor based on the normal vectors of the voxels of the respective neighbourhood is calculated. For each voxel, the value of an expression which includes one or more of the eigenvalues (?1, ?2, ?3) of the respective local structure tensor is calculated. The method can be used for seismic surveying, or to manage operation of or drilling of a subterranean well.

Abstract: A method for visualizing seismic data of a subterranean formation, including obtaining an estimated dip field of the subterranean formation, wherein the estimated dip field represents a measure of deviation of a stratigraphic layer from flat, extracting a matrix data item surrounding a voxel of the seismic data, wherein the matrix data item is extracted from the seismic data based on a value of the estimated dip field surrounding the voxel, generating modified seismic data by at least applying a matrix operator to the seismic data, wherein the matrix operator calculates a partial derivative of the seismic data using the matrix data item, and displaying the modified seismic data.

Abstract: Seismic sources including a steerable submersible float and related methods are provided. A seismic source includes a submersible float and a plurality of individual sources. The submersible float is configured to control at least one of a depth and a horizontal position of the submersible float by adjusting angles of one or more rotatable surfaces attached to the submersible float. The individual sources hang under the submersible float and are configured to operate at a depth larger than the depth of the submersible float.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to well logging and measurement in subterranean formations and more particularly, the present disclosure relates to a system and method for identifying anisotropic formations, such as fractures and fracture patterns, in subterranean formations. The method uses waveforms transmitted from a monopole source. After finding the Root Mean Square energy from at least four quadrants, the energy data is normalized. At least one minimum RMS energy point is identified and the azimuth of that minimum is also identified. The azimuth and the minimum are instructive in defining fracture patterns and characteristics.

Abstract: A towed system for underwater electromagnetic prospecting for use with a seaward vessel is provided. The towed system comprises a first portion, a second portion, and a tow cable. The first portion is located on the vessel and includes a controller and a power supply system. The second towed portion is for submersion in the water and transmits an electromagnetic waveform and receives a corresponding electromagnetic signal. The tow cable connects the first portion with the second portion. The tow cable includes at least a pair of suitable conductors for delivering to the second portion a power signal generated by the first portion and at least one optical fiber for carrying data communications between the first portion and the second portion. The transmitted and received signals are digitized and this information is sent digitally to the controller in the first portion.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and apparatus for determining the nature of a material in a cavity between one inner metal wall and one outer metal wall provided outside the inner metal wall. First a tool is located on the inside of the inner metal wall, where the tool comprises a pulse generator and a signal recorder. An electromagnetic short duration pulse is generated by means of the pulse generator, the pulse inducing mechanical vibrations in the walls. Data representing the reflections of the mechanical vibrations from said cavity is recorded by means of the signal recorder. The recorded data is analyzed to determine the nature of the material in the cavity.

Abstract: A method for performing detection of a bed boundary can include deploying a tool body with a longitudinal axis in a borehole, modulating the magnetic moments of electromagnetic signals to be transmitted by the first transmitter and the second transmitter, firing the first transmitter and the second transmitter substantially simultaneously, utilizing the receiver to receive and measure the modulated electromagnetic signals from the first transmitter and the second transmitter, and computing the orientation and location of the bed boundary based on the amplitudes and phases of the electromagnetic signals received and measured at the receiver. The tool body can be deployed with a first transmitter, a second transmitter, and a receiver, all of which are oriented in different directions. The vector of the total magnetic moment of the modulated electromagnetic signals can electrically rotate during firing. A corresponding apparatus for detection of a bed boundary is also provided.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for simultaneously obtaining quantitative measurements of vertical and horizontal resistivity and permittivity formation parameters by firing, using at least one transmitter in each of a horizontally and vertically polarized array on opposite sides of a drill collar, signals in the direction of a downhole formation, the fired signals from the transmitters in the arrays being fired simultaneously and engaging the downhole formation. The apparatus and method continues by receiving, using at least one receiver in each of the arrays, signals associated with the fired signals after the fired signals have engaged the downhole formation, where the received signals represent apparent formation data. The apparatus and method further involves determining, using the measured apparent formation data, the true formation data including one or more vertical and horizontal formation parameters.

Abstract: This invention relates to an X-ray goods inspection apparatus, and in particular to a goods inspection apparatus using distributed X-ray source.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating porosities of a formation includes: a borehole conveyable pulsed neutron generator to emit a pulse of high energy neutrons; a short spaced neutron detector to provide a count rate as a function of time; a long spaced neutron detector to provide a count rate as a function of time; a timing gate to synchronize a timing of neutrons detected by the detectors with respect to the neutron pulse; and a processor. The processor is configured to determine epithermal count rates and thermal count rates for the detectors based on timing of detection of neutrons with respect to the neutron pulse and calculate a first ratio of short to long spaced detector epithermal count rates and a second ratio of short to long spaced detector thermal count rates. The processor estimates an epithermal porosity using the first ratio and a thermal porosity using the second ratio.

Abstract: A neutron detector includes a hollow shaped lithium-6-containing scintillator configured to produce a light signal in response to a neutron incident on the scintillator, a gamma-absorbing core that at least partially fills the inside of the hollow scintillator, and a device configured to produce an electrical signal in response to the light emitted from the scintillator.

Abstract: A method of estimating a geology of an earth formation includes: receiving gravity measurements from each of a plurality of gravity sensors nsj arrayed along a length of a borehole in an earth formation, each of the sensors nsj generating a gravity measurement gj associated with a location zsj, each of the plurality of sensors separated by a distance h; generating a model of the earth formation that includes approximate geological boundaries Nm having an approximate depth zmk, the geological boundaries defining a number of geologic layers therebetween; assuming that each geological boundary is represented by a minimum density change and each of the geologic layers has a thickness that encompasses two or more of the plurality of sensors nsj; and estimating a location and a density change ?? of a geologic boundary z between locations zsj and zsj+1 based on the gravity measurements gj and the distance h.

Abstract: Optical ground tracking apparatus for use with buried object locators or other instruments or devices are disclosed. In one embodiment, a magnetic field sensing buried object locator includes a ground tracking apparatus having input and output light snoot assemblies, light generation and sensing assemblies, and a processing element to receive signals from the light sensor assembly and generate location or tracking information associated with movement of the locator.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a temperature and humidity sensor, a timing unit, and a storage unit storing a number of temperature values provided by weather forecast. Each of the temperature values provided by the weather forecast is associated with one time point. The electronic device obtains the temperature value and the humidity value sensed by the temperature and humidity sensor, obtains current time from the timing unit, associates the obtained temperature value and the humidity value with the current time, and stores the associated temperature value, humidity value, and the current time. The electronic device further compares each obtained temperature value with each temperature value provided by the weather forecast to find at which time point there is a match, searches in the storage unit to determine that each determined humidity value associated with one found time point is a humidity value with accuracy.

Abstract: A method of forming colloidal photonic crystal structures, which diffract light to create color, which includes dispersing solid particles within a magnetic liquid media, and magnetically organizing the solid particles within the magnetic liquid media into colloidal photonic crystal structures.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a phthalocyanine compound represented by Formula 1, a dye including the same, a photosensitive resin composition including the same, and a color filter prepared using the same. In Formula 1, Z1 to Z16 and M1 are the same as defined in the specification, wherein 1 to 8 of Z1 to Z16 are substituted with one of Formulae 2 to 5, as also defined in the specification. The phthalocyanine compound can have high luminance, high contrast, and excellent heat resistance.

Abstract: The present invention provides an amphiphilic polysiloxane prepolymer which comprises hydrophilic monomeric units derived from at least one hydrophilic vinylic monomer, polysiloxane crosslinking units derived from at least one polysiloxane crosslinker having at least two terminal ethylenically-unsaturated groups, dangling polysiloxane chains each of which is terminated with one ethylenically unsaturated group, and chain-transfer units derived from a chain transfer agent other than a RAFT agent. A prepolymer of the invention is suitable for making hydrogel contact lenses. The present invention is also related to hydrogel contact lenses made from an amphiphilic polysiloxane prepolymer of the invention and to processes for preparing an amphiphilic polysiloxane prepolymer of the invention and for making silicone hydrogel contact lenses.

Abstract: A 3D network-structured silicon-containing preploymer and a method for fabricating the same are disclosed. The method of the present invention undertakes a hydrolytic condensation/polymerization reaction of penta(alkanol)alkoxy disiloxane, a reactive silicon-containing polymer and a reactive hydrophilic monomer to form a silicon-containing preploymer featuring a 3D network structure and having superior mechanical strength. The method further undertakes a copolymerization reaction of the silicon-containing preploymer, a hydrophilic monomer and a silicon-containing hydrophobic monomer to fabricate a silicone hydrogel-containing mixture having high oxygen permeability and high hydrophilicity. The silicone hydrogel-containing mixture can be used to fabricate contact lenses that the users wear comfortably.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an azo compound represented by the following formula (1), [wherein, A represents a phenyl group which may have a substituent, R1 to R6 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having a carbon atom number of 1 to 5, an alkoxy group having a carbon atom number of 1 to 5, a sulfo group, or an alkoxy group having a sulfo group and a carbon atom number of 1 to 5, and X represents an amino group which may have a substituent, a benzoylamino group which may have a substituent, a phenylamino group which may have a substituent, a phenylazo group which may have a substituent, or a naphthotriazole group which may have a substituent] or/and a salt thereof and to a polarizing film and a polarizing plate which contain it.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an azo compound represented by the following formula (1) [wherein, A represents a naphthyl group having a substituent, R1 to R6 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having a carbon atom number of 1 to 5, an alkoxy group having a carbon atom number of 1 to 5, a sulfo group, or an alkoxy group having a sulfo group and a carbon atom number of 1 to 5, and X represents a benzoylamino group having a substituent, a phenylamino group having a substituent, a phenylazo group having a substituent, or a naphthotriazole group having a substituent] and a salt thereof. By using the azo compound or a salt thereof of the present invention, a neutral color polarizing plate and a color polarizing plate for a liquid crystal projector being excellent in polarization performance and durability.

Abstract: Certain example embodiments of this invention relate to sputtered aluminum second surface mirrors with tapes optionally provided thereto, and/or methods of making the same. The tape replaces the paint backing that conventionally is used in the mirror industry to help protect the reflecting member of the mirror from the ingress of moisture. The final layer of the thin film layer stack is selected so as to help make its interface with the tape less sensitive to moisture. Because the safety tape can remain adhered to the layer stack even in high humidity environments, such minors may be used in a potentially broader array of applications and/or environments such as, for example, bathrooms, interior and/or exterior applications in areas where there are humid climates, etc. In one of the example embodiments, the tape is a safety tape.

Abstract: A window for a display device and a display device, the window including a first plastic substrate; a second plastic substrate on one side of the first plastic substrate, the second plastic substrate including a cycloolefin polymer; and a third plastic substrate on one side of the second plastic substrate, wherein a refractive index difference between the first plastic substrate and the second plastic substrate is less than or equal to about 0.05.

Abstract: Optical films, and organic light-emitting display devices employing the same, include a high refractive index pattern layer including a lens pattern region and a non-pattern region alternately formed, wherein the lens pattern region includes a plurality of grooves each having a depth larger than a width thereof, and the non-pattern region has no pattern; and a low refractive index pattern layer formed of a material having a refractive index smaller than a refractive index of the high refractive index pattern layer, wherein the low refractive index pattern includes a plurality of filling portions filling the plurality of grooves.

Abstract: Embodiments provided herein describe antireflective coatings and methods for forming antireflective coatings. A substrate is provided. A first antireflective layer is formed over the substrate. The first antireflective layer has a first refractive index. A second antireflective layer is formed on the first antireflective layer. The second antireflective layer has a second refractive index. The first antireflective layer and the second antireflective layer jointly form an antireflective coating. The antireflective coating is graded such that the antireflective coating comprises at least three sub-layers, each of the at least three sub-layers having a unique refractive index.

Abstract: A protector for a viewport of a vacuum chamber includes a substrate material that absorbs radiation having a wavelength of an amplified light beam and radiation having a wavelength included in an emission spectra of a target material that produces EUV light when ionized by the amplified light beam. The substrate material transmits one or more of visible or near-infrared light. The protector also includes a layer formed on the substrate material, and the layer reflects radiation having the wavelength of the amplified light beam.

Abstract: Provided are an optical device and a method of controlling propagation directions of light and a surface plasmon using the optical device. The optical device includes a light source, a substrate, and a metal layer that is disposed on the substrate, the metal layer includes at least two slots, and propagation directions of light and a surface plasmon may be controlled by using the light that is polarized in a direction parallel to a direction of a long length of any one of the at least two slots.

Abstract: In a direct type point light source backlight using point light sources, a light diffuser is provided that can achieve coexistence of superior luminance, luminance uniformity (front and oblique views), and a color unevenness characteristic even with a desired backlight thickness and a few number of point light sources without using a number of optical films together. Specifically, provided is a light diffuser for point light sources, the light diffuser having a plurality of convex portions formed on a surface thereof, wherein the convex portion has a substantially triangular pyramid shape whose bottom surface is a triangle, and an inclined angle ? with respect to a bottom surface of a side surface of the substantially triangular pyramid shape and a refractive index A of a material forming the convex portion satisfy the following equations (1) and (2). ???40A°+115.2°??(1) ??25A°+22.

Abstract: An optical film comprises a transparent supporting substrate and a structuralized layer integrally formed on the supporting layer and having a plurality of light-concentrating units including design that varies in height along their length or varies in pitch of prism structure to overcome the optical defects (wet-out) of the optical film and to enhance the optical properties of the optical film.

Abstract: A method for correcting a surface form of a mirror (1) for reflecting radiation in the wavelength range of 5-30 nm, which includes: applying a correction layer (13) having a layer thickness variation (21) for correcting the mirror's surface form, and applying a first group (19) of layers to the correction layer. The first group (19) of layers includes first (9) and second (11) layers arranged alternately one above another, wherein the first layers have a refractive index at the operating wavelength which is greater than the refractive index of the second layers for that radiation. The correction layer (13) is applied by: introducing the mirror into an atmosphere including a reaction gas (15), applying a correction radiation (17) having a location-dependent radiation energy density, such that a correction layer having a location-dependent layer thickness variation (21) grows on the mirror's irradiated surface.

Abstract: An optical component including an interference filter which is less likely to generate back reflected light, where the filter is accommodated in a hollow cylindrical housing and is tilted with respect to the optical axis. The housing has front and back openings. First and second collimator lenses respectively face the front and back openings. The housing includes a filter housing section and first and second cylindrical optical path sections extending in the front-back direction respectively from the front and back openings to the filter housing section while maintaining the shape of each opening. The diameter of the opening of the first optical path section is smaller than the apparent diameter of the first collimator lens. When light is input from the front along the optical axis, light of prescribed wavelengths is output to the back. Light reflected by the filter travels toward the inside of the first optical path section.

Abstract: The present invention provides an optical laminated body having a patterning polarizer layer in which a more complicated pattern can be set. The optical laminated body 1A of the present invention has a patterning polarizer layer 3A having at least two polarizing regions 31A and 32A having different single transmittances, and a substrate 2A. The two polarizing regions 31A and 32A are different in thickness.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a polarizer may include forming a first barrier and a second barrier on a surface of a metal layer. The method may further include providing a copolymer layer between the first barrier and the second barrier. The method may further include processing the copolymer layer to form a processed polymer layer that includes first-polymer portions and second-polymer portions that are alternately disposed. The method may further include removing the second-polymer portions from the processed polymer layer to form polymer members that are spaced from each other. The method may further include etching the metal layer, using at least the polymer members, the first barrier, and the second barrier as a mask, to form a plurality of first-type wires and a plurality of second-type wires.