Abstract: This disclosure provides boron nitride nanosheets, and methods of making and using the same. The boron nitride nanosheets may be made by heating solid boron, magnesium oxide and iron oxide compounds in a furnace in the presence of ammonia gas and a substrate, such that the boron nitride nanosheet is deposited on the substrate, where the boron nitride nanosheet comprises a first end, a second end, and a sheet between the first and second ends, where the first end is engaged with the substrate and the sheet extends upward away from the substrate and then curls back towards the substrate so that the second end is oriented towards the substrate.

Abstract: Provided are methods for the manufacture of highly porous aerogels, particularly to twisted carbon fibers (TCF) and carbon microbelt (CMB) aerogels, by providing a carbon raw material and heating said carbon raw material under inert gas atmosphere and reduced pressure up to 900° C. Also encompassed are the thus obtained aerogels and the use thereof, particularly for treating waste water.

Abstract: A CNT metal composite material is provided depositing a metal into a plurality of CNTs is provided including 3% by weight or more and 70% by weight or less of the CNTs, a region is arranged with the metal uniformly distributed in a scanning electron microscope image magnified ten thousand times and the length of the region is at least 1 ?m, a signal of the metal and a signal of carbon are not localized in a specific area in a two-dimensional elemental analysis image magnified ten thousand times, and a length of a region uniformly distributing the signal of the metal and the signal of carbon uniformly distributed is at least 1 ?m, an allowable current density is at 6×106 A/cm2 or more, and volume resistivity is 1×10?6 ?·cm or more and 5×10?3 ?·cm or less.

Abstract: Provided is a novel method for efficiently separating a metallic SWNT and a semiconducting SWNT from single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The present invention is a method for separating a metallic SWNT and a semiconducting SWNT from SWNTs, said method comprising: dispersing the SWNTs in a solution containing a low-molecular-weight compound having an alkyl chain moiety for exhibiting solubility in a solvent and an aromatic-ring-containing moiety for interacting with the SWNTs; and separating the dispersion into a solution fraction and a solid fraction.

Abstract: The present invention relates to graphite nanomaterials in the form of onion-like carbons, the method of preparation thereof and the use thereof.

Abstract: A graphene transfer method using water vapor-assisted determination of CVD-grown graphene film on the Cu foil. By using the polymer film as a supporting layer, we found that graphene can be directly detached from the Cu foil as a consequence of water intercalated at the graphene-Cu interface(s), by a ‘dry transfer’ method. The delaminated graphene films are continuous over large area. This nondestructive method also worked for the transfer of graphene grown on a Cu single crystal without sacrificing the expensive crystal, thus affording the possibility of producing high-quality graphene and reusing the substrate. The Cu foil and single crystal can both be repeatedly used for many times, which may reduce the cost of graphene synthesis and is environmentally more benign. Our method affords the advantages of high efficiency, likely industrial scalability, minimal use of chemicals, and the reusability of the Cu foil in multiple growth and delamination cycles.

Abstract: The present application provides a method for producing a graphene quantum dot using thermal plasma, comprising injecting a carbon source into a thermal plasma jet to pyrolyze the carbon source so as to form a carbon atomic beam and allowing the carbon atomic beam to flow in a tube connected to an anode to produce a graphene quantum dot. The present application also provides an isolated graphene quantum dot from different types of graphene quantum dots and method for obtaining each of an isolated graphene quantum dot from different types of graphene quantum dots.

Abstract: Disclosed are graphene and a method of manufacturing the same. The method of manufacturing graphene includes forming a metal catalytic layer on a substrate (Step a), providing a cover member on the metal catalytic layer of Step a (Step b), and growing graphene on the metal catalytic layer of Step b by performing chemical vapor deposition (Step c), whereby the size of the micro-scale grain boundary on the surface of the metal catalyst can be reduced by simultaneously promoting the aggregation of metal catalytic molecules in a chemical vapor deposition device and preventing the evaporation of the metal catalyst due to the effect of the cover member, ultimately improving the quality of synthesized graphene, including the transparency thereof. Also, a graphene sheet can be grown under various concentrations of carbon source gas, and efficient mass production thereof is possible in a chemical vapor deposition device having a confined space.

Abstract: The present invention relates to ultrahard nanotwinned diamond bulk materials and synthetic method thereof. In particular, the present invention discloses a diamond bulk material containing high density of nanocrystalline twins and synthetic method thereof, in which a nanotwinned diamond bulk is synthesized from particles of nanospherical onion-like carbon without diamond core (preferably with a size of 5-70 nm) as raw materials by using high temperature and high pressure synthesis. As compared with the prior art, the nanotwinned diamond bulk obtained according to the present invention has a much higher hardness than that of single crystal diamond and that of ultrahard polycrystalline diamond. The nanotwinned diamond bulk has wide prospects in various applications, including geological drilling, machining fields such as high speed cutting and precision and ultra-precision machining, abrasives, drawing dies, and special optics as well as other fields.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalyst for preparing phosgene and a method for preparing phosgene using the catalyst. Said method comprises: modifying the surface of an activated carbon coating/foamed silicon carbide structural catalyst using an alkali metal salt; filling the catalysts having different thickness of the activated carbon coating and different amount of the alkali metal salt in different sections in the axial direction of the multi-tubular reactor of the fixed bed, and preparing phosgene using Cl2 and CO. The radial and axial temperature difference of the catalyst bed is lowered by using the alkali metal salt-modified activated carbon coating/foamed silicon carbide structural catalyst and by segmental filling, so that high temperature of tube wall is obtained in the case of a larger tube diameter, and high quality of steam is obtained stably.

Abstract: The present invention is a silicon carbide powder with which it is possible to obtain favorable results in terms of the reaction performance of carbon and silicon, the amount of free carbon (FC), and the yield of the silicon carbide powder. In a mixture containing a silicon source, a carbon source, and a catalyst, the silicon source is methyl silicate; and when the mixture is 100 weight %, the weight % of the carbon source is 33 weight % or more and 39 weight % or less, the weight % of silicon source is 55 weight % or more and 62 weight % or less, and the weight % of the catalyst is 3 weight % or more and 10 weight % or less.

Abstract: The present invention is a silicon carbide powder which is suitable for producing a high-strength silicon carbide sintered body, wherein: the molar ratio between carbon and silicon in a mixture containing a silicon source, a carbon source, and a catalyst is 2.5 or more; and the average particle diameter is 10 ?m or more and 25 ?m or less.

Abstract: A method for preparing a composition includes silico/germano-metal particles functionalized by at least one organic group, which involves:—carrying out a hydrothermal treatment of a hydrogel precursor of the silico/germano-metal mineral particles, and—preparing a hydrogel including silico/germano-metal particles having at least one organic group by co-precipitation in an aqueous medium. A composition including functionalized silico/germano-metal mineral particles of which 1% to 75% of the silicon atoms and/or of the germanium atoms are covalently bonded to at least one organic group is also described.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of nonlinear optical crystal materials and provided herein a Li4Sr(BO3)2 compound, a Li4Sr(BO3)2 nonlinear optical crystal as well as preparation method and use thereof. The Li4Sr(BO3)2 nonlinear optical crystal has a second harmonic conversion efficiency at 1064 nm of about two times that of a KH2PO4 (KDP) crystal, and an UV absorption cut-off edge less than 190 nm. Furthermore, the crystal did not disintegrate. By flux method with Li2O, Li2O-B2O and Li2O-B2O3-LiF used as flux agent, large-size and transparent Li4Sr(BO3)2 nonlinear optical crystal can grow. The Li4Sr(BO3)2 crystal had stable physicochemical properties, moderate hardness, and was easy to cut, processing, preserve and use. Therefore it can be used for preparing nonlinear optical devices and thus for developing nonlinear optical applications in the ultraviolet and deep-ultraviolet band.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing zeolite, zeolite-like or zeotype particles comprising the steps of: 1) Adding one or more metal precursors to a silica or alumina source; 2) Reducing the one or more metal precursors to form metal nanoparticles on the surface of the silica or alumina source; 3) Passing a gaseous hydrocarbon, alkyl alcohol or alkyl ether over the silica or alumina supported metal nanoparticle to form a carbon template coated zeolite, zeolite-like or zeotype precursor composition; 4a) Adding a structure directing agent to the carbon template coated zeolite, zeolite-like or zeotype precursor composition thereby creating a zeolite, zeolite-like or zeotype gel composition; 4b) Crystallising the zeolite, zeolite-like or zeotype gel composition by subjecting said composition to a hydrothermal treatment; 5) Removing the carbon template and structure directing agent and isolating the resulting zeolite, zeolite-like or zeotype particles.

Abstract: The present invention concerns zeolites with hierarchical porosity having a molar ratio Si/Al of between 1 and 1.4, inclusive, of which the average diameter, as a number, is between 0.1 ?m and 20 ?m, having controlled and optimized crystallinity, and having mesoporosity such that the mesoporous outer surface area is between 40 m2·g?1 and 400 m2·g?1. The present invention also concerns the method for preparing said zeolites with hierarchical porosity.

Abstract: Provided is a novel form of AFX zeolite, a novel synthesis technique for producing pure phase AFX zeolite, a catalyst comprising the AFX zeolite in combination with a metal, and methods of using the same.

Abstract: A method for preparing an MAZ framework type zeolite is disclosed using a trimethylphenylammonium cation as a structure directing agent. The MAZ framework type zeolite, in its as-synthesized form, contains in its intracrystalline pores the trimethylphenylammonium cation. The resultant MAZ framework type zeolite crystals have an average crystallite size of greater than 5 ?m.

Abstract: A method of making sodium carbonate and/or sodium bicarbonate is disclosed in which carbon dioxide gas is reacted with an aqueous solution sodium hydroxide solution in the presence of a compound of the formula (I): Na+[X—O]? where X is Cl, Br, or I.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and system for extracting a plurality of red mud lumps from a slurry. The method and system includes separating an aqueous content from the slurry by simultaneous action of one or more de-watering agents and a physical force, and extracting the plurality of red-mud lumps having a moisture content of less than 18 percent from a slurry mixture. The separating of the aqueous content from the slurry includes feeding the slurry mixture to a filtering arrangement, exerting a first physical force to the slurry mixture in the filtering arrangement; and exerting a second physical force to the slurry mixture in the filtering arrangement. The slurry mixture includes the slurry and the one or more de-watering agents in a pre-determined quantity. The filtering arrangement is utilized for the extracting of the plurality of red-mud lumps from the slurry.

Abstract: An ITO film having a band gap in a range of 4.0 eV to 4.5 eV.

Abstract: A method for producing a barium titanate-based powder that includes mixing a titanium compound and a barium compound together with water and chlorine to prepare a slurry, and temporarily firing the mixture of the titanium compound and the barium compound which is contained in the slurry to provide a barium titanate-based powder. The chlorine in the slurry is in the form of chlorine ions in a ratio of 230 to 1100 wt ppm based on the amount of the barium titanate-based powder to be synthesized.

Abstract: Magnesium oxide produced by a process is used as a neutralizing agent for preliminary neutralization treatment of a leached slurry obtained by leaching a nickel oxide ore at a high temperature and pressure with sulfuric acid added. A neutralizing agent is added to a leachate, obtained by leaching a nickel oxide ore, to separate impurities, and a sulfurizing agent is added to the resulting neutralized solution to obtain nickel and cobalt sulfides, followed by separating the sulfurized solution; discharge waste water, obtained by adding a neutralizing agent to the sulfurized solution to separate aluminum and manganese, is concentrated to precipitate and separate calcium contained in the discharge waste water as calcium sulfate; the resulting solution is concentrated to precipitate magnesium in the solution as magnesium sulfate; the magnesium sulfate is roasted with a reducing agent to obtain magnesium oxide and a sulfurous gas; and the magnesium oxide is washed.

Abstract: A system and process for enhancing total organic carbon (“TOC”) removal from raw, untreated water while maintaining optimum membrane filter performance. The present invention overcomes many of the disadvantages of prior art water filtration systems by controlling the pH level of the water, prior to the water being directed through said membrane filter, so that the particulate charge of the water aligns with the electromagnetic surface charge of membrane filter. Maintaining the particulate charge of the water within an optimum charge window for the particular membrane filter enhances the membrane filter's performance by decreasing the fouling rate of the membrane filter.

Abstract: Selective scaling in water treatment systems in which desalination is performed is generally described. According to certain embodiments, the location of the formation of solid scale within a water treatment system is controlled by adjusting one or more system parameters, such as the temperature and/or flow velocity of a saline stream within the water treatment system.

Abstract: An apparatus to remove sludge from a reservoir of liquid. A downwardly opening enclosure is positioned atop the floor of a reservoir with the enclosure having inlets for sludge and liquid to flow into the cavity. The cavity includes a channel for the sludge and liquid to flow upward in the channel which increases in size. Gas emitters on the edge portions of the enclosure assist the flow of sludge and liquid into the cavity.

Abstract: A device for treating a medium using UV radiation includes a treatment chamber to accommodate the medium. An LED UV radiation source provides UV radiation. A chamber-forming structure has a stiffening base structure with at least one orifice formed therein and has a UV-radiation-transmissive film. The base structure defines a placement of the UV-radiation transmissive film. The chamber-forming structure separates the treatment chamber from the LED UV radiation source, and the UV radiation is introduced into the treatment chamber through the chamber-forming structure.

Abstract: A plasma spark discharge reactor for treating water. The plasma spark discharge reactor comprises a HV electrode with a head and ground electrode that surrounds at least a portion of the HV electrode. A passage for gas may pass through the reactor to a location proximate to the head to provide controlled formation of gas bubbles in order to facilitate the plasma spark discharge in a liquid environment.

Abstract: A method, device, and system for removing a volatile component from a liquid solution for a chromatographic separation are described. The method includes the flowing of a liquid solution through a first chamber of the device. A volatile component in the liquid solution is transported across a first ion exchange barrier from the first chamber to a second chamber. The first ion exchange barrier has a first charge. The second chamber includes an ion exchange packing having a second charge that is an opposite polarity to the first charge. The volatile component reacts with the ion exchange packing to create a charged component in the second chamber. The charged component having a third charge that is a same polarity to the first charge. The ion exchange packing is regenerated by electrolytically generating a hydronium or a hydroxide.

Abstract: A water treatment device for altering the chemical and physical properties of water for use in existing plumbing and/or piping systems wherein the treatment device may be customized for intended use and for treatment of the water profile in the geographical area of installation.

Abstract: An ion-exchange water purification method and system. Feed water is exposed in countercurrent to active media in a vessel, resulting in treated water and spent media. The treated water flows upwards in the vessel and is recovered. The spent media flows to a regeneration zone of the vessel below the active media and is exposed to a regenerant in the regeneration zone, resulting in regenerated media and spent regenerant. The regenerated media flows to a point above the active media and from the point above the active media toward the active media while treated water flows upwards in countercurrent from the active media toward the regenerated media, rinsing the regenerated media and resulting in rinsed media and rinse water. The rinsed media flows to the active media and is combined with the active media.

Abstract: Electrochemical treatment of chromium-containing wastewater has the advantage of simultaneously reducing hexavalent chromium (CrVI) and reversibly adsorbing the trivalent product (CrIII), thereby minimizing the generation of waste for disposal and providing an opportunity for resource reuse. The application of electrochemical treatment of chromium can be often limited by the available electrochemical surface area (ESA) of conventional electrodes with flat surfaces. Here, the preparation and evaluation of carbon nanotube (CNT) electrodes containing of vertically aligned CNT arrays directly grown on stainless steel mesh (SSM). The 3-D organization of CNT arrays increases ESA up to 13 times compared to SSM. The increase of ESA can be correlated with the length of CNTs, consistent with a mechanism of roughness-induced ESA enhancemen, and the increase directly benefits CrVI reduction by proportionally accelerating reduction without compromising the electrode's ability to adsorb CrIII.

Abstract: An apparatus and method to convert high resistivity (18 MOhm/cm) deionized water into lower resistivity deionized water with a tight resistivity range. The apparatus is diminished in size to require less space, has an improved sensitivity resistivity probe to permit a lower operating range, an increased communication rate with updated control logic to permit holding tighter tolerances. The method is environmentally friendly in that it replaces the use of harsh chemistries and eliminates the generation of hazardous waste.

Abstract: Methods for the use of peracid compositions having decreased hydrogen peroxide concentration and a UV-blocking agent for various water treatments, including oil- and gas-field operations, and/or other aseptic treatments are disclosed. In numerous aspects, peracetic acid is the preferred peracid and is treated with a peroxide-reducing agent to substantially reduce the hydrogen peroxide content.

Abstract: The present invention provides a bioelectrochemical system for removing a polyvalent ion present in seawater etc., capable of producing electricity. The bioelectrochemical system according to the present invention comprises: an anode chamber comprising an anode which accommodates an electron produced when treating an organic material in wastewater with a microorganism; a cathode chamber comprising a cathode receiving the electron from the anode, for producing a hydroxide ion by reacting the electron with oxygen and water provided from the outside, and depositing the polyvalent ion inside an electrolyte by using the hydroxide ion; and an anion exchange membrane for blocking the polyvalent ion inside the electrolyte from moving to the anode chamber. Also, the present invention provides the bioelectrochemical system capable of removing the polyvalent ion present in seawater etc., and simultaneously producing hydrogen.

Abstract: A method and a system for selecting and retaining solids with superior settling characteristics, the method comprising feeding wastewater to an input of a processor that carries out a treatment process on the wastewater, outputting processed wastewater at an output of the processor, feeding the processed wastewater to an input of a gravimetric selector that selects solids with superior settling characteristics, and outputting a recycle stream at a first output of the gravimetric selector back to the processor.

Abstract: The present invention is related to methods, apparatuses, and compositions for controlling water hardness. The methods, apparatuses and compositions also reduce scale formation. The present invention includes substantially water insoluble resin materials. The resin materials may be loaded with a plurality of cations.

Abstract: A sewage treatment system includes a sewage pump, an inclined-plate catalytic reaction tower, a first centrifugal pump, a first jet device, a first oxygenator, a first ozonizer, a first catalytic reactor, a first heat exchanger, a filler catalytic tower, an aeration biological tower, and a water storage tank; the outlet of the sewage pump connects with the first inlet of the inclined-plate catalytic reaction tower; the first outlet of the inclined-plate catalytic reaction tower connects with the inlet of the first centrifugal pump; the outlet of the first centrifugal pump connects with the first inlet of the first jet device; the outlet of the first oxygenator connects with the inlet of the first ozonizer; the outlet of the first ozonizer connects with the second inlet of the first jet device; and the outlet of the first jet device connects with the inlet of the first catalytic reactor.

Abstract: Glass furnace regenerators having opposed pairs of side and end walls formed of refractory blocks, a crown arch assembly forming an arched roof of the regenerator, and a rider arch assembly forming an interior floor of the regenerator are provided, wherein at least one of the crown arch assembly and rider arch assembly is formed of adjacently positioned one-piece monolithic pre-cast structures of refractory materials.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a glass assembly comprises the steps: lowering of a dip pipe that gas may flow through vertically to the surface of a glass melt; determining when the surface of the glass melt is encountered by the dip pipe end showing towards the glass melt by detecting an increase of the gas pressure found inside the dip pipe; continued lowering of the dip pipe until a predetermined depth of entry of the dip pipe end showing towards the glass melt is reached; obtaining a predetermined pressure inside the dip pipe while the dip pipe first stays at the given immersion depth for the given duration and after the predetermined duration is completed, is lifted with a given speed vertically to the surface of the glass melt, thus creating a gas bubble in the glass melt whose walls are attached to the end of the dip pipe; continued lifting of the dip pipe vertically to the surface of the glass melt until the gas bubble is separated from the glass melt, with the wall of the gas bubble remaining at the dip

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of fabricating an improved lithium silicate glass ceramic and to that material for the manufacture of blocks for dental appliances using a CAD/CAM process and hot pressing system. The lithium silicate material has a chemical composition that is different from those reported in the prior art with 1 to 10% of germanium dioxide in final composition. The softening points are close to the crystallization final temperature of 800° C. indicating that the samples will support the temperature process without shape deformation.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods are described for separating glass sheets from lengths of flexible glass. According to one embodiment, a glass processing apparatus comprises a vent forming device configured to provide a partial or full vent in a surface of a length of flexible glass along an intended line of separation, a break table comprising a first portion and a second portion, the first second portions of the break table configured to rotate with respect to each other along a hinging line, and a glass securing device configured to secure the length of flexible glass to the first and second portions of the break table for separating the length of flexible glass into multiple lengths of flexible glass along the intended line of separation.

Abstract: There are provided a water jet laser cutting device and cutting method. The water jet laser cutting device includes an impulsive fluid jet unit and at least one laser beam emitting unit. Each laser beam emitting unit is configured to emit laser toward a cutting line, so as to turn a workpiece at the cutting line into a molten state. The impulsive fluid jet unit is configured to jet an impulsive fluid toward the cutting line in a molten state, so as to cut apart the cutting line in a molten state with an impulsive force of the impulsive fluid, and remove molten scraps at the cutting line.

Abstract: Ultralow expansion titania-silica glass. The glass has high hydroxyl content and optionally include one or more dopants. Representative optional dopants include boron, alkali elements, alkaline earth elements or metals such as Nb, Ta, Al, Mn, Sn Cu and Sn. The glass is prepared by a process that includes steam consolidation to increase the hydroxyl content. The high hydroxyl content or combination of dopant(s) and high hydroxyl content lowers the fictive temperature of the glass to provide a glass having a very low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), low fictive temperature (Tf), and low expansivity slope.

Abstract: The invention relates to a glass sheet with high IR transmission. More precisely, the invention relates to a glass sheet having a composition comprising in a content expressed in percentages of the total weight of the glass: 55?SiO2?85% 0?Al2O3?30% 0?B2O3?20% 0?Na2O?25% 0?CaO?20% 0?MgO?15% 0?K2O?20% 5?BaO?20% 0.002?total iron (expressed in the form of Fe2O3)?0.06%, said composition comprising a chromium content such as: 0.0001%?Cr2O3?0.06% expressed in a percentage of the total weight of glass. Because of its high IR transmission the glass sheet according to the invention can be advantageously used, for example, in a screen or panel or pad, wherein the glass sheet defines a touch sensitive surface. The invention also relates to the use of such a glass sheet in a device using an infrared radiation that propagates essentially inside said sheet.

Abstract: A leucite glass-ceramic is prepared from a glass comprising: about 66.8 to about 71.9 mol % of SiO2, about 8.5 to about 10.6 mol % of Al2O3, about 9.5 to about 12.8 mol % of K2O, about 0.5 to about 4.0 mol % of CaO, about 0 to about 3.0 mol % of TiO2, about 1.8 to about 4.0 mol % of Na2O, about 0.1 to about 6.0 mol % of Li2O, about 0 to about 1.0 mol % of MgO, about 0 to about 3.0 mol % of Nb2O5, and about 0 to about 3.0 mol % of B2O3. The leucite glass-ceramic is prepared by subjecting the glass components to a nucleation heat treatment, followed by a growth heat treatment. The leucite glass-ceramic may be used in the fabrication of a Dental restoration using various processes, and may be used in the construction of Dental restorations such as ceramic Dental inlays, crowns, veneers, bridges, veneering materials for zirconium oxide restoration substrates, alumina oxide restoration substrates, or metal restoration substrates.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a glass substrate to control the fragmentation characteristics by etching and filling trenches in the glass substrate is disclosed. An etching pattern may be determined. The etching pattern may outline where trenches will be etched into a surface of the glass substrate. The etching pattern may be configured so that the glass substrate, when fractured, has a smaller fragmentation size than chemically strengthened glass that has not been etched. A mask may be created in accordance with the etching pattern, and the mask may be applied to a surface of the glass substrate. The surface of the glass substrate may then be etched to create trenches. A filler material may be deposited into the trenches.

Abstract: A lightweight composite pane is provided that includes a mineral glass or glass-ceramic pane and an organic layer. The weight per unit area of the lightweight composite pane is in the range from 0.5 kg/m2 to 5.5 kg/m2, the ratio of the thickness of the mineral glass pane to the thickness of the organic layer is 1:0.01 to 1:1, and the thickness of the organic layer is less than or equal to 500 ?m. The lightweight composite pane meets the thermal safety requirements of aerospace authorities and has a “Total Heat Release,” measured in compliance with JAR/FAR/CS 25, App. F, Part IV & AITM 2.0006, of less than 65 kW×min/m2 and a flame time, after removal of the flame in the “Vertical Bunsen Burner Test”, measured in compliance with FAR/JAR/CS 25, App. F, Part 1 & AITM 2.0002A, is less than 15 seconds.

Abstract: A tempered glass having a compressive stress layer in a surface thereof, in which the tempered glass includes as a glass composition, in terms of mass o, 45% to 75% of SiO2, 10% to 30% of Al2O3, 0% to 20% of B2O3, and 10% to 25% of Na2O.

Abstract: The geosynthetic binder dry composition includes at least: an alkalino-calcium type activator including at least lime and an alkaline salt, which can suitably react together so as to form in situ a base in the presence of water, and a silico-aluminous compound, including an amount of calcium oxide higher than or equal to 15%, by weight, as compared to the silico-aluminous compound total weight, characterized in that the binder dry composition includes, by weight, as compared to the total weight, from 45 to 95% of the silico-aluminous compound, from 2 to 25% of lime and from 3 to 30% of an alkaline salt. The material including the geosynthetic binder dry composition and water, a method for producing the geosynthetic binder dry composition, and a method for producing the material are also described.