Abstract: A unibit re-sharpening device for reconditioning the surface of worn unibits by filing them in a tapered recess. The unibit re-sharpening device comprises a device housing having a tapered recess with a diamond infused file therein, with the file connected to an integrated electric motor and high frequency mechanical vibrator, with an attachable collet for securing a conventional unibit in the tapered recess. In use, a unibit is secured in the collet and the collet is placed in the tapered recess. The power switch is then turned on, causing the motor and vibrator to vibrate the file and resulting in material being cut from the cutting edge or face of the unibit by the vibrating file. While the file is vibrating, a user can rotate the unibit to expose its whole conical surface to the file, thereby sharpening the entire unibit.

Abstract: A method, and device, for producing gears in gearwheels with a skiving wheel that features cutting teeth, a workpiece spindle for receiving the gearwheel and a tool spindle, wherein the tool and workpiece spindles are positioned at an axial cross-angle relative to one another, wherein the gearing is produced in successive processing steps. Spacewidths between the teeth are incrementally cut deeper. The axial spacing between the tool and workpiece spindles and a turning angle is changed between the processing steps in such a way that a first cutting edge section of the cutting tooth engages on a tooth flank section of a first tooth flank produced during a preceding processing step with an at least reduced material removal referred to other cutting edge sections of this cutting tooth.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for the machining of the tooth edges between an axially facing surface and the tooth flanks of a gear with a machining tool that has a toothed contour. For the material-removing cutting operation, the machining tool, rotating about the axis of its toothed contour, is brought into rolling engagement with the toothed workpiece under a crossing angle different from zero between the rotary axes of the machining tool and the toothed workpiece.

Abstract: Method for profiling a finishing tool, in particular a grinding worm, having a first and a second finishing flank; the method providing the steps of: arranging a cutting portion of a profiling tool in contact with the first flank of the thread; causing the cutting portion to slide in contact with the first flank of the thread so as to profile it; removing the cutting portion from the thread; automatically rotating the profiling tool so as to arrange the cutting portion in contact with a second flank of the thread; and causing the cutting portion to slide in contact with the second flank of the thread so as to profile it.

Abstract: A controller for controlling a wire electric discharge machine is configured to monitor the remaining lifetime of a wire electrode and calculates an electric discharge machining time, thereby determining the timing of replacement of the wire electrode, so that it can recognize the timing of interruption of electric discharge machining. Consequently, a program operation can be suspended and the wire electrode can be cut and automatically replaced at that timing. After the replacement of the wire electrode, moreover, the wire electrode can be connected and the program operation can be restarted.

Abstract: Provided are a method of soldering a functionalized metal oxide, and an electronic device manufactured thereby, and more particularly, a method of soldering a functionalized metal oxide which is capable of growing a solder structure by a hydrothermal synthesis method using a pulsed laser, and is usable in a UV sensor, and an electronic device manufactured thereby. According to the present invention, thermal diffusion generated from a laser is limited due to the use of a pulsed laser, and thus, nanosolder having high density and a shape to be precisely adjustable may be prepared by a hydrothermal synthesis method by the pulsed laser, thereby facilitating the joining of the nanostructure, and further, the nanosolder is formed between the nanostructures, thereby being usable as a metal oxide structure having functionality.

Abstract: In an arc spot welded joint manufacturing method in which two steel sheets configured by high strength steel having a component carbon content of 0.07% by mass or greater are overlapped, and the sheets are lap welded together in a spot pattern. The method includes a first welding pass in which a second steel sheet on the lower side is melted up to a back face side, and first weld metal is formed including a first reinforcement portion, and a second welding pass in which a second weld metal including a second reinforcement portion is formed over the first weld metal, such that the heights of the first reinforcement portion or the second reinforcement portion is formed at t/5 or greater with respect to the sheet thickness t of the steel sheets, and the average weld bead diameter is formed at from 3t to 10t.

Abstract: A tool welding system is disclosed that includes a table that heats a tool. A multi-axis robot includes a welding head that is moved relative to the table in response to a command. A controller is in communication with the robot and generates the command in response to welding parameters. The weld parameters are based upon a difference between an initial tool shape and a desired tool shape. The difference between the initial tool shape and the desired tool shape corresponds to a desired weld shape. The desired weld shape is adjusted based upon initial tool shape variations, which includes thermal growth of the tool. The tool is welded to provide the desired weld shape to achieve a desired tool shape.

Abstract: A welding or cutting system is provided that uses welding cables between a wire feeder and a power supply for high-speed data communications between the wire feeder and the power supply. A system designed as discussed herein eliminates the need for voltage and/or current sense leads for communication arc voltages/currents detected at the welding operation.

Abstract: A welding or cutting system is provided that uses welding cables between a wire feeder and a power supply for high-speed data communications between the wire feeder and the power supply. A system designed as discussed herein eliminates the need for voltage and/or current sense leads for communication arc voltages/currents detected at the welding operation.

Abstract: A welding or cutting system is provided that uses welding cables between a wire feeder and a power supply for high-speed data communications between the wire feeder and the power supply. A system designed as discussed herein eliminates the need for voltage and/or current sense leads for communication arc voltages/currents detected at the welding operation.

Abstract: Certain embodiments described herein are directed to devices that can be used to sustain a low flow plasma. In certain examples, the low flow plasma can be sustained in a torch comprising an outer tube and an auxiliary tube within the outer tube. In some examples, the auxiliary tube comprises an effective length to match the shape of a low flow plasma sustained in the torch using a flat plate electrode. Methods and systems using the torches are also described.

Abstract: Welding machine for edge-side connection at the edge of overlapping material webs, wherein the materials are connectable to one another under the effect of heat and subsequent pressure, with a chassis on which at least guide rollers, a heating device and at least one pressure roller are arranged. The heating device has a cantilevered contact heating element that can be inserted laterally between the edges of the material webs, wherein the chassis is driven by an electric motor which is arranged on a longitudinal leg of the chassis. The electric motor according to the invention is formed as a brushless DC motor and the reduction gear as a planetary gear, which are united by a drum drive motor. In this case, the direct current motor is preferably a disk rotor motor. The chassis has a lateral leg which is adjustable perpendicularly to the working direction relative to the longitudinal leg.

Abstract: A welding device of a robot arm includes a welding machine having a first pressing member which includes a cylindrical first pressing part and a second pressing member which includes a second pressing part inserted into a hollow of the first pressing part. A transformer supplies a positive (+) current to the first pressing member and a negative (?) current to the second pressing member. The first and second pressing parts have the same co-axis.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for connecting at least two sheet metal parts (1, 5), wherein an impressing/press-insertion element is fastened to the first sheet metal part (1) and then the impressing/press-insertion element (3) fastened to the first sheet metal part (1) is welded to the second sheet metal part (5), in particular by spot welding. According to the invention, in order to fasten the impressing/press-insertion element to the first sheet metal part (1), the impressing/press-insertion element (3) is pressed into the material of the first sheet metal part (1) in a deep-drawing direction (T) in a deep-drawing process and enters into a form-locked connection to the first sheet metal part (1) under plastic deformation.

Abstract: A method of resistance spot welding a steel workpiece and an aluminum or aluminum alloy workpiece together includes several steps. In one step a workpiece stack-up is provided. The workpiece stack-up includes a steel workpiece and an aluminum or aluminum alloy workpiece. Another step involves providing a first welding electrode that confronts the aluminum workpiece, and providing a second welding electrode that confronts the steel workpiece. The first welding electrode has an electrode body and an insert that functions to limit or eliminate heat flux into the electrode body. Other steps of the method involve bringing the first and second welding electrodes into contact with opposite sides of the workpiece stack-up and resistance spot welding the stack-up.

Abstract: A fabrication method of a steam turbine blade equipped with an erosion shield includes the steps of preparing constituent elements including the steam turbine blade having a blade part, the erosion shield to be joined to a leading edge part of the blade part on the tip side thereof, and a shim to be disposed between the blade part and the erosion shield, any of the constituent elements having a backing part to serve as a backing for preventing burn through of molten metal at the time of the electron beam welding; assembling the constituent elements; performing electron beam welding to the leading edge part of the blade part, the erosion shield and the shim while utilizing the backing; and machining including removal of the backing part, after the electron beam welding, thereby forming the steam turbine blade in the shape of a final product thereof.

Abstract: A number of variations may include a weld gun and a method of operating the weld gun including a motor operably coupled to a converter. The converter may be operably coupled to a booster. A horn may be operably coupled to the booster. An anvil may be operably coupled to the horn wherein vibration of the horn may be caused by the motor. Moreover, the vibration of the horn may produce heat in order to weld a piece which may be disposed adjacent to the horn. The weld gun may not require separate or additional tooling.

Abstract: A dual ultrasonic welder unit may be coupled to and carried by a mounting bracket including a base member extending in a an end of a robot arm and may include a first welder including a welding horn adjustable in a Z-axis direction by a first motor mounted within a mounting bar assembly of the first welder. The mounting bar assembly may be coupled to the base member and include a support for adjusting the location of the first welder in an X-axis direction by a second motor mounted to an extension member coupled to the base member and including a threaded member coupled to a follower member coupled to the mounting bar assembly. The dual ultrasonic welder may include a second ultrasonic welder fixedly coupled to the base member.

Abstract: The present invention is a friction welding method for friction welding of metal members characterized by starting friction welding in a state inserting an insert material between surfaces of the metal members facing each other, wherein the insert material consists of a metal having a melting point (centigrade temperature) of 60 to 80% of the melting point (centigrade temperature) of the metal members, melting the insert material, and pushing the melted insert material out from between the pair of metal members. Due to this, the adverse effects due to high temperature heating like in the past are eliminated while a quality of joint equal to or better than the past is obtained in a short time period.

Abstract: A method of making a bracket assembly for a brake assembly. The method may include friction welding a brake wing to a camshaft tube that may receive a camshaft for actuating a brake pad assembly. Rotation of the brake wing and/or the camshaft tube about an axis may be controlled to fix an angular position of the brake wing with respect to the camshaft tube within a predetermined tolerance.

Abstract: A method of separating a workpiece into a plurality of sections includes generating one or a plurality of lines of modified material along one or a plurality of predefined separating lines in the workpiece in a first step by local material processing using a laser beam through a surface of the workpiece, which results in a reduction of breaking stress of the workpiece along the separating lines, and dividing, in a second step, the workpiece into the sections along the separating lines by thermal laser beam separation, wherein the one or the plurality of lines are generated completely or at least in portions at a distance from the surface in the workpiece.

Abstract: A wafer producing method for producing a hexagonal single crystal wafer from a hexagonal single crystal ingot includes a separation start point forming step of setting the focal point of a laser beam inside the ingot at a predetermined depth from the upper surface of the ingot, which depth corresponds to the thickness of the wafer to be produced, and next applying the laser beam to the upper surface of the ingot while relatively moving the focal point and the ingot to thereby form a modified layer parallel to the upper surface of the ingot and cracks extending from the modified layer, thus forming a separation start point. In the separation start point forming step, the laser beam is applied to the ingot plural times with the focal point of the laser beam set at the modified layer previously formed, thereby separating the cracks from the modified layer.

Abstract: A hexagonal single crystal wafer is produced from a hexagonal single crystal ingot. The wafer producing method includes a separation start point forming step of setting the focal point of a laser beam to the inside of the ingot at a predetermined depth from the upper surface of the ingot, which depth corresponds to the thickness of the wafer to be produced, and next applying the laser beam to the upper surface of the ingot while relatively moving the focal point and the ingot to thereby form a modified layer parallel to the upper surface of the ingot and cracks extending from the modified layer, thus forming a separation start point. A plate-shaped member having a thickness corresponding to the thickness of the wafer is separated from the ingot at the separation start point after performing the separation start point forming step, thus producing the wafer from the ingot.

Abstract: A wafer producing method for producing a hexagonal single crystal wafer from a hexagonal single crystal ingot is disclosed. The wafer producing method includes a separation start point forming step of forming a modified layer parallel to the upper surface of the ingot and cracks extending from the modified layer to thereby form a separation start point in the ingot. The separation start point forming step includes a first separation start point forming step of setting the focal point of a laser beam at a first depth which is N times (N is an integer not less than 2) the depth corresponding to the thickness of the wafer from the upper surface of the ingot and next applying the laser beam to the ingot to thereby form a first separation start point composed of a first modified layer and first cracks extending therefrom.

Abstract: Implementations of the present disclosure include methods, systems, and computer-readable storage mediums for determining a deviation between an actual position and a desired position of a laser machining head of a laser machining machine. Implementations include actions of selecting at least two different machining positions of the laser machining head, in which a laser beam emitted by the laser machining head is directed onto a desired position of a workpiece, moving the laser machining head into a first selected machining position and forming a through-opening into the workpiece at or around the desired position by operation of the laser beam, moving the laser machining head into a second selected machining position and detecting radiation generated by an interaction between the laser beam and the workpiece, and determining whether there is a deviation between an actual position of the laser machining head and the desired position based on the detected radiation.

Abstract: A method for marking a thin workpiece is designed to prevent deformation of the workpiece. A plurality of lasers are opposed to respective opposite sides of the workpiece so as to both sides are heat treated. The lasers can operate synchronously with the respective emitted beams aligned with one another. As a result, the workpiece does not exhibit signs of deformation upon the completion of the marking. The workpiece is made either from plastic or metals and has a thickness not exceeding 2 millimeters. The lasers each are configured as either a fiber laser or a gas laser. The marking can be performed by lasers which are configured uniformly or non-uniformly and includes annealing, engraving and ablating. The marking can be performed synchronously or sequentially. The multi-surface marking could also be used to cause “distortion of the surface in a more controlled or desired fashion.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to the field of laser induced modification and processing of materials. Modification is achieved by confining laser-material interaction within an array of narrow zones characterizing an optical interference profile. Disclosed is a method of laser induced modification of a material comprising applying at least one laser pulse to the material, the at least one laser pulse being incident on the first interface of the material, wherein the material is selected on the basis that it can support an optical interference pattern such that a thin volume at a site of at least one intensity maxima of the optical interference pattern is characterized by a laser intensity above a threshold value to responsively produce the laser induced modification of the material at a location relative to the first interface.

Abstract: A device for guiding a laser beam for machining a work piece, the laser beam being guided via a mirror system and a focusing optical system to processing points on the work piece that are preselectable by a suitable alignment of the mirrors. The mirror system is disposed farther away than the simple focal length from the optical main plane of the optical system. The device makes it possible to machine work pieces having elevations with the aid of a laser scanning device without the occurrence of self-shading.

Abstract: A laser material processing system comprises: a housing defining an engraving chamber, an xy laser beam steering system, a non-telescoping focus mechanism, and a camera system that facilitates production of engravings that exceed the xy dimensions of the engraving chamber. The housing includes a removable bottom panel that allows processing of workpieces that exceed dimensions of the engraving chamber. The focus mechanism includes a carriage mirror subassembly, a sliding member moveably attached to the carriage mirror subassembly, and a focusing lens subassembly attached perpendicularly to a lower portion of the sliding member. The carriage mirror subassembly and focusing lens subassembly are configured to receive and focus a laser beam to a focal point. The focusing lens subassembly is adjusted along a z-axis by disengaging the locking component and vertically sliding the sliding member and is locked into a position by engaging the locking component with the sliding member.

Abstract: A method of method of forming or repairing a superalloy article having a columnar or equiaxed or directionally solidified or amorphous or single crystal microstructure includes emitting a plurality of laser beams from selected fibers of a diode laser fiber array corresponding to a pattern of a layer of the article onto a powder bed of the superalloy to form a melt pool; and controlling a temperature gradient and a solidification velocity of the melt pool to form the columnar or single crystal microstructure.

Abstract: A system for scribing a photovoltaic structure is provided. During operation, a conveyor can move a photovoltaic structure along a path, and a scribing apparatus is directed toward that path to scribe a groove of a predetermined depth. In one embodiment, the groove does not penetrate an interface between a base layer and an emitter layer of the photovoltaic structure.

Abstract: A laser processing method for forming a laser processed hole in a workpiece having a first member including a first material and a second member including a second material, the laser processed hole extending from the first member to the second member, the laser processing method including: applying a pulsed laser beam to the workpiece; using a plasma detecting means to detect the wavelength of plasma light generated by applying the pulsed laser beam to the workpiece; controlling, via a controller, a laser beam applying means according to a detection signal from the plasma detecting means; and stopping the application of the pulsed laser beam when both: (i) the light intensity detected by a first photodetector is decreased, and (ii) the light intensity detected by a second photodetector is increased to a peak value and next decreased to a given value that is slightly less than the peak value.

Abstract: A wafer producing method produces a hexagonal single crystal wafer from a hexagonal single crystal ingot. The method includes a separation start point forming step of setting the focal point of a laser beam to the inside of the ingot at a predetermined depth from the upper surface of the ingot, which depth corresponds to the thickness of the wafer to be produced, and next applying the laser beam to the upper surface of the ingot while relatively moving the focal point and the ingot to thereby form a modified layer parallel to the upper surface of the ingot and cracks extending from the modified layer, thus forming a separation start point. The separation start point forming step includes an indexing step of relatively moving the focal point in a direction of formation of an off angle to thereby index the focal point by a predetermined index amount.

Abstract: A welding device provided for welding automobile parts received in a pallet to a vehicle body includes: an aligner configured to grip and align the parts received in the pallet; a mover configured to move the aligner to take out the parts and let the taken out parts adhere to an installation position of the vehicle body; and a welding machine configured to weld the adhering portion between the parts and the vehicle body.

Abstract: A method of forming an earth-boring tool includes forming a tool body including at least one inverted cutting element pocket, at least a portion of the at least one inverted cutting element pocket having a profile substantially matching a profile of an actual cutting element to be secured within a cutting element pocket to be formed by subsequently machining the at least one inverted cutting element pocket. Hardfacing material may be applied to portions of the tool body. The actual cutting element pocket is formed by removing material of the tool body within the at least one inverted cutting element pocket subsequent to applying the hardfacing material to portions of the tool body. A cutting element is affixed within the actual cutting element pocket.

Abstract: A braze preform is provided that includes a filler metal and a luminescent material that covers at least a portion of the filler metal and that can luminesce when exposed to a black light. The luminescent material may include a luminescent ink and a solvent that are mixed together before being applied to filler metal. Presence of the braze preform may be determined using automated equipment by detecting luminescence of the braze preform with a sensor. A decision may be made on whether to advance a parts assembly for brazing based on the determination of presence or absence of the braze preform on such parts assembly.

Abstract: A solder paste whereby metal does not flow out of a joint during a second or subsequent reflow heating stage. The solder paste excels in terms of temporal stability and exhibits high joint strength at room temperature and at high temperatures. The solder paste comprises a powdered metal component and a flux component, the powdered metal component comprising the following: 10-70 mass % of a powdered intermetallic compound comprising copper and tin and 30-90 mass % of a solder powder including tin as a main component. Neither the powdered intermetallic compound nor the solder powder contains a copper-only phase, inhibiting the elution of copper ions into the flux.

Abstract: A solder paste whereby metal does not flow out of a joint during a second or subsequent reflow heating stage. The solder paste exhibits high joint strength at room temperature and at high temperatures, excels in terms of temporal stability, exhibits minimal void formation, and can form highly cohesive joints. The solder paste comprises a powdered metal component and a flux component, the powdered metal component comprising: a powdered intermetallic compound that comprises copper and tin and has metal barrier layers covering the surfaces thereof and a solder powder including tin as a main component. Neither the powdered intermetallic compound nor the solder powder contains a copper-only phase, inhibiting the elution of copper ions into the flux.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel brazing filler metals comprising copper, silver, zinc, manganese and at least one metal selected from the group indium, gallium and tin, the brazing filler metal is free from cadmium and phosphorus, aside from unavoidable impurities, comprising copper, from 15.5 weight percent to 49 weight percent silver, from 10 weight percent to 35 weight percent zinc, from 6 weight percent to 19 weight percent manganese, from 0.1 weight percent to 5 weight percent of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Indium, Gallium, Tin and combinations thereof, the balance being copper and unavoidable impurities, with the proviso that if the silver content is from 35 weight percent to 49 weight percent, the manganese content is more than 8 weight percent.

Abstract: A positioning attachment for definition of torch angle and torch to workpiece distance during welding and/or training is provided. The positioning attachment includes one or more legs of equal or varied lengths capped with a tip, which contacts the workpiece, and a body, which may be permanently attached or removably secured to the welding torch nozzle. Certain embodiments may be made of heat resistant metals or ceramic to withstand high temperatures during welding. The positioning attachment may be mounted on the welding torch nozzle or provided as an extension of the contact tip.

Abstract: A vortex tube is disclosed. A vortex tube is a slender tube with a diaphragm closing one end of the tube with a discharge hole in the center of the diaphragm with tangential inlet nozzles. The vortex tube separates an inlet gas stream into two compartments. The present invention relates to an optional geometry of the vortex tube for use with compressed natural gas.

Abstract: A stator vane removal system includes a reaction platform configured to couple between opposing sides of a slot defined in an inner surface of a casing of a rotary machine. At least one stator vane is retained in the slot. The reaction platform includes at least one wedge surface. The system also includes an actuator configured to couple to the reaction platform. The at least one wedge surface facilitates inducing a coupling force exerted by the reaction platform to the opposing sides of the slot when the actuator applies a pushing force to the at least one stator vane in the slot.

Abstract: A lathe or other rotating machine includes a chuck for holding a work piece or tool. The chuck is operated between grasping and releasing positions. At least one non-slip mat rests on the housing of the rotating machine, including raised edges.

Abstract: The invention provides an adapter for a dental milling block holder with a dental milling block (52 and 54) or dental grinding block, which is attached to a dental milling block holder, in particular glued on, wherein the dental milling block holder is provided with a round shank which is mounted in the adapter (40). It is characterised in that the adapter (40) is provided with at least one internal thread (92) for the mounting of a fastening screw (31) which acts on the shank, to which fastening screw (31) inside the shank mount of the adapter (40) of the fastening screw (31) positioned opposite of it, at least one in particular elevated, in particular at least two elevated clamping surfaces (74 and 76) are formed against which the shank abuts.

Abstract: A machine tool adapted to perform operations, in particular machining, on the surface of a part of large dimensions. The machine tool comprises a longitudinal rail and a transverse arm orthogonal to the longitudinal rail, fixed at a first end to slide on the longitudinal rail. A second end of the transverse arm is fitted with at least one motorized unit comprising at least one sucker allowing the unit to be held in position on the part during an operation. The unit is motorized and comprises a movement system for crawling over the part parallel to the longitudinal rail. The transverse arm carrying a tool is thus positioned precisely on the part. The unit is articulated relative to the transverse arm around a pivot of axis parallel to said transverse arm, in order to adapt to the curvature of the part along the longitudinal rail.

Abstract: A lathe or other rotating machine includes a tool rest on a carriage that is movable along the work piece. The carriage includes a post that is movable with the tool rest. The post supports a guard that is disposed between the user and the work piece. The guard may include a frame surrounding a transparent portion. The frame may support a plurality of light emitting elements directed onto the work piece. An extendable/retractable transparent portion may be extended from the guard between the user and the work piece. The extendable/retractable portion and/or the transparent portion may be a magnifier.

Abstract: A vertical machining center includes a base; a tilting rotary table, a tool spindle, a tilting shaft, a recessed area, a slide door, and an inner cover. The tilting rotary table is disposed on the base and configured to turn and tilt a table face of a rotary table. The tool spindle is rotatable about a vertical axis line and movable in an X axis direction, a Y axis direction, and a Z axis direction. The tilting shaft is disposed in the tilting rotary table and oriented in the Y axis direction. The recessed area is disposed on a front surface of the vertical machining center. The recessed area is adjacent to a support supporting the tilting shaft. The slide door is configured to cover the front surface. The inner cover is integral with the slide door. The inner cover is configured to cover the recessed area.

Abstract: A wheel rim processing machine for processing a wheel rim blank into a finished product of a defined wheel rim, comprises an infeed device, a detecting device, a first processing device, a second processing device, a third processing device, a discharge device, a movable clamp device, and a controlling device, wherein the controlling device can control actuations of each of the devices; as the controlling device received detection signal sent from the detecting device, the controlling device is able to control the first processing device, the second processing device, and the third processing device to conduct particular processes corresponding to the detection signal received from the wheel rim blank.

Abstract: A method of controlling polishing includes polishing a substrate at a first polishing station, monitoring the substrate with a first eddy current monitoring system to generate a first signal, determining an ending value of the first signal for an end of polishing of the substrate at the first polishing station, determining a first temperature at the first polishing station, polishing the substrate at a second polishing station, monitoring the substrate with a second eddy current monitoring system to generate a second signal, determining a starting value of the second signal for a start of polishing of the substrate at the second polishing station, determining a gain for the second polishing station based on the ending value, the starting value and the first temperature, and calculating a third signal based on the second signal and the gain.