Abstract: A heat exchanger including: a heat exchanger core including a top head, a bottom head, an first casing disposed between the top head and the bottom head, a second casing disposed between the top head and the bottom head and opposite an inner surface of the first casing, an inlet on the first casing, the second casing, or a combination thereof, and an outlet on the first casing, the second casing, or combination thereof, wherein at least one of the first casing and the second casing includes a ridge, and wherein the first casing and the second casing and define a flow passage between the inlet and the outlet; and a pressure vessel; an inlet member on the inlet, which connects the inlet to an outside of the pressure vessel; and an outlet member on the outlet, which connects the outlet to an outside of the pressure vessel.

Abstract: A quench-cooling system has a primary quench cooler (10) as a double-tube heat exchanger, a tube bundle heat exchanger as a secondary quench cooler (20). A tube bundle is enclosed by a casing (32), forming a casing room (36), which is formed between tube sheets (28) arranged at spaced locations. Bundle tubes (29) are held with the tube sheets. Parallel cooling channels (27) connected with one another and have a rectangular tunnel geometry formed (I) from the thin tube sheet (28), separating a gas side from a water/steam side and connected to a ring flange (35), which is connected to the casing of the enclosed tube bundle; (ii) from parallel webs (33), arranged on the tube sheet separating individual water/steam flows from one another; and (iii) from a covering sheet (34), provided with openings (18) for bundle tubes and defining the flow in the tunnel arrangement of the cooling channels.

Abstract: A chemical heat storage device includes a reaction vessel accommodating a heat storage material, a heat exchange flow path provided so that a heat-exchange fluid flows along an outer surface of the reaction vessel, and the chemical heat storage device being configured in such a manner that the reaction vessel is rotated and the heat storage material is agitated, by a flow force of the heat-exchange fluid.

Abstract: A system is disclosed. The system includes a thermally conductive enclosure bounding an interior cavity, a metallic cell wall structure disposed within the cavity, in thermal communication with the enclosure, and defining a plurality of cells, and a phase change material disposed within the cells and in thermal communication with the cell walls. The plurality of cells have a cell width less than about 5 millimeters, and the cell wall thickness of the cell wall structure is in a range from about 0.25 millimeter to about 1 millimeter.

Abstract: A thermal energy storage installation including a thermal energy storage tank and a spider diffuser system mounted in said tank. The TES tank comprises an outer wall having a generally cylindrical inner surface surrounding a hollow internal space in the tank. The spider diffuser system comprises a centrally disposed manifold structure that is disposed in vertically spaced relationship relative to a thermocline formed in a temperature stratifiable liquid in the space during operation of the tank. The manifold structure has an internal chamber and includes an opening for introduction of a said liquid into the chamber or discharge of a said liquid from the chamber. The spider diffuser system also includes a diffuser pipe assembly comprising a plurality of elongated diffuser legs. Each of the legs is attached to the manifold structure so as to extend generally radially outwardly from the structure and toward the inner surface of the tank.

Abstract: Apparatus for controlling the thermal uniformity of a substrate are provided. The thermal uniformity of the substrate may be controlled to be more uniform or the thermal uniformity of the substrate may be controlled to be non-uniform in a desired pattern. In some embodiments, an apparatus for controlling the thermal uniformity of a substrate includes: a substrate support having a support surface to support a substrate thereon; and a flow path disposed within the substrate support to flow a heat transfer fluid beneath the support surface, wherein the flow path comprises a first portion and a second portion, each portion having a substantially equivalent axial length, wherein the first portion is spaced about 2 mm to about 10 mm from the second portion, and wherein the first portion provides a flow of heat transfer fluid in a direction opposite a flow of heat transfer fluid of the second portion.

Abstract: A system for cooling electronic components. The system includes tubing having a central portion attachable to a heat source disposed within a sealed enclosure. Distal portions of the tubing extend outside the enclosure through walls thereof. The system also includes fins attachable to the distal portions.

Abstract: A stacking-type header includes: a first plate-shaped unit and a second plate-shaped unit having a distribution flow passage that includes a branching flow passage including: an opening port; a first straight-line part parallel to a gravity direction and having a lower end communicating with the opening port through a first connecting part; and a second straight-line part parallel to the gravity direction and having an upper end communicating with the opening port through a second connecting part, in which at least a part of the first and second connecting parts are not parallel to the gravity direction, and in which the refrigerant flows into the branching flow passage through the opening port, and flows out from the branching flow passage through each of an upper end of the first straight-line part and a lower end of the second straight-line part.

Abstract: A first header collecting pipe of an outdoor heat exchanger has three communication chambers and one mixing chamber. One auxiliary horizontal partition plate is disposed between two main horizontal partition plates. The mixing chamber is defined between the first main horizontal partition plate and the auxiliary horizontal partition plate. A gas-liquid two-phase refrigerant supplied to the outdoor heat exchanger functioning as an evaporator flows into the mixing chamber, and is then distributed to the three communication chambers. This structure allows the refrigerant that is to be distributed from the mixing chamber to the communication chambers to have a uniform wetness.

Abstract: A heat exchanger that is constructed with a heat exchanger shell having inlet and outlet plenums and fluid inlet and outlet ports, and a tube sheet construction disposed in the heat exchanger shell. The tube sheet construction includes at least two separate tube sheets and a plurality of tubes that extend between the separate tube sheets. Each tube sheet includes at least two planar tube sheet segments and an interstitial layer disposed between the at least two tube sheet segments, and at least one sensor element supported by each of the interstitial layers. A control monitor controls flow through the shell by a feedback control from the sensor to an inlet control valve and/or a stimulus device excites the media layer.

Abstract: A thermal interface material system includes a thermally conductive porous matrix, the thermally conductive porous matrix having a plurality of interstitial voids, and a thermally conductive colloidal suspension disposed on each side of the thermally conductive porous matrix to inhibit thermal pump-out of the thermally conductive colloidal suspension so that the thermally conductive porous matrix and thermally conductive colloidal suspension collectively form a thermally conductive porous pad.

Abstract: A heat exchanger may include input-side and output-side tube plates and tubes supported therein, forming a first flow duct for a first medium. A housing may surround the tube plates and the tubes, forming a second flow duct for a second medium running between the tubes in the housing. The heat exchanger may further include at least one turbulence-generating insert arranged in the second flow duct between the tubes, the insert having ducts with permeable side walls for the second medium, and at least one dividing wall duct having closed side walls and being spaced apart at least at one longitudinal end from the housing. The at least one dividing wall duct may be designed to be open at both longitudinal ends, may be produced by a compression process, and may have a rising first flank and a second flank engaging below the second flank.

Abstract: An aluminum alloy brazing sheet which is thin but has excellent weldability and post-brazing strength. An aluminum alloy brazing sheet having a core material comprising an aluminum alloy, an Al—Si based brazing filler metal clad on one surface of the core material and a sacrificial anode material clad on the other surface of the core material: wherein the core material comprises certain amounts of Si, Fe, Cu and Mn and certain amounts of one, two or more selected from Ti, Zr, Cr and V; the sacrificial anode material comprises certain amounts of Si, Fe, Mg and Zn; in a cross section parallel to the longitudinal direction and along the thickness direction, the interface between the core material and the sacrificial anode material includes 300 pieces/mm or less of an Al—Mg—Cu based intermetallic compound; and the core material and the sacrificial anode material have an unrecrystallized structure.

Abstract: A non-detachable magazine lower receiver for a firearm includes a stock mount, a trigger well extending from the stock mount, and a magazine well. The trigger well is configured to receive a firing mechanism. The magazine well is configured to receive a magazine. A proximal wall of the magazine defines a retention opening that passes through a distal wall of the trigger well. The retention opening is configured to receive a magazine retention member for fixing a magazine recovered in the magazine well to the lower receiver.

Abstract: A self-contained magazine intended for a firearm, including a main housing configured to receive a plurality of cartridges and having an open upper end through which the cartridges are loaded and unloaded, a follower arranged relative to the main housing and able to slide in a longitudinal axial direction along the main housing, a spring urging the follower toward the upper end so as to push the cartridges toward the upper end, a secondary housing fixed and preferably removably relative to a substantially planar lower end of the main housing, and an indicator device arranged at least partially inside the secondary housing to indicate the number of cartridges contained in the main housing.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are devices/apparatuses, systems, methods, and machine readable media for implementing and using a system for identifying an individual who discharged a firearm, and for recording, assessing, identifying, and transmitting information related to the firing of a firearm. More specifically, the present invention relates to firearm telemetry, and includes assessing the predictive nature of a trigger-pull and associated activities, which are unique to individual users when firing a weapon. Using the techniques described herein, it is possible to uniquely identify the individual that fired a firearm.

Abstract: A gun locking and unlocking device, which may be configured to be disposed on or in a gun to alternatively prevent or enable firing, includes a data receiver, a data memory and a logic device for determining whether security data received by the receiver is the same, or substantially the saris, as data stored in the data memory. One or more separate electronic gun key devices are provided to transmit security data and gun control signals to the data receiver of the gun lock device. The logic device responds to the gun control signals transmitted by one of the gun key devices to lock or unlock the gun, respectively, when the received security data and the security data stored in memory are substantially similar. The logic device also automatically locks the gun when the gun is located more than a prescribed distance from the gun key device.

Abstract: The various embodiments herein provide a fire restraining device for selective target shooting in a weapon with a safety lock comprises an infrared sensor, a central computing unit, and a rack and pinion or a shot pin module. The infrared sensor detects a temperature of a target in front of a nozzle of the weapon. The infrared sensor is connected to the central computing unit. The infrared sensor sends the temperature data of the target to the central computing unit. The rack and pinion module or the shot pin module is connected with the central computing unit at one side and the safety lock on another end. The present fire restraining device allows a gunner to control the firing shots over a human or unwanted targets which reduces false fatalities in close combats.

Abstract: The recoil compensator uses a two piece design that allows for convenient indexing of the vent channels relative to the barrel, while securely munting the compensator to the threaded end of a barrel. The recoil compensator consists of a muzzle brake and a jam nut. The muzzle brake turns onto the threaded end of the barrel and the jam nut is operatively threaded onto the body of the muzzle brake so that it can be tightened about the muzzle brake and the barrel to securely lock the muzzle brake to the barrel once properly indexed relative to the barrel. The jam nut has an annular flange that overlies the body of the muzzle brake to provide a clean aesthetic appearance of the recoil compensator.

Abstract: The present invention discloses generally a firearm stabilizing mount system and method of use, the system comprising (1) at least one mountable base with an upper and lower surface; (2) at least one magnet with an upper and lower surface; (3) at least one support structure with top and bottom opposing ends; and (4) a gun mount with top and bottom opposing ends. The upper surface of the magnet substantially covers the bottom surface of the mountable base. The bottom end of the support structure converges vertically to a point in the upper surface of the mountable base. The gun mount pivots or swivels along its bottom end at the top end of the support structure and accepts at least a portion of the firearm along its top end such that the firearm rests or is secured within the gun mount.

Abstract: Firearm simulators are disclosed. In embodiments, a firearm simulator includes a processor, a memory module, a trigger unit that outputs a trigger output signal, a magazine sensor that outputs a magazine sensor output signal, an optoelectronic output device, an optoelectronic sensor, and a wireless communication device. In embodiments, the firearm simulator determines whether a trigger prep event has occurred, determines whether a trigger break event has occurred, and transmits the trigger prep event and the trigger break event with the wireless communication device. In embodiments, the optoelectronic output device is activated when a trigger break event has occurred and a simulated round is available to be fired. In embodiments, a firearm simulator wirelessly transmits information, such as magazine insertion events, magazine ejection events, trigger break events, and trigger prep event to a computing device that displays information pertaining to the received information.

Abstract: The recoil of an actual machine gun is simulated in an imitation machine gun by converting linearly reciprocating movement of an output shaft of a linear actuator into reciprocating movement of all or part of the imitation machine gun.

Abstract: Covers for key lock mounting systems on small arms such as the AR or M4 family of rifles and carbines can provide protection for the firearm, comfort for the operator, and electrical power to firearm accessories. The cover has keyhole grips that are pressed into the key lock mounting points in mounting system. The cover is held seated against the surface of the mounting system by the shape and resilience of keyhole grips. V-notch keyhole grips can attach to keyhole shaped mounting points and slot shaped mounting points. The covers have connectors and internal circuitry such that covers lined up edge to edge are electrically connected. Firearm accessories can be electrically powered the connectors.

Abstract: The invention relates to an archery system that launches an arrow from a position that is perpendicular to a direction of flight for the arrow. After release, the arrow rotates to a position that is parallel to the direction of flight to the target.

Abstract: A toy bow configured to adjust an angle of both ends of its limb by an angle adjustor, thereby enabling the user to easily change the size and the angle of the limb, if necessary. The benefit not only extends to using the bow, but also to storing and carrying to bow due to its reduced size. Preferably, the limb is detachably mountable to a stock of a crossbow to conveniently change its application from a toy bow to a toy crossbow and vice-versa.

Abstract: An archery bow peep sight designed to secure to a stranded bowstring. The peep sight is a circular, hollow disk, defined by cylindrical and longitudinal axes, circumferential and interior surfaces, and first and second ends. The disk has a pair of angular grooves extending along the circumferential surface of the disk, at an angle from the cylindrical axis; the disk may also have a uniform groove about its circumference. The disk further has a rectangular post extending in the direction of the cylindrical axis. The peep of the present invention is secured to the bowstring by separating a portion of the string into two strands, placing each strand into an angular groove of the disk, and securing the strands above and below the separation. When installed, a user may align the post of the peep sight in the direction of the target and the front bow sight, with the bow string and the arrow pulled back; releasing the string will cause the arrow to travel in the direction of the target.

Abstract: The method of controlling recoil in a disrupter comprises: providing liquid in a liquid chamber of the disrupter, the liquid chamber having a front nozzle for expelling the liquid therethrough; providing combustible propellant in a propellant chamber of the disrupter that communicates with the liquid chamber and that has a rear nozzle for expelling combustion gases therethrough; providing a bather between the liquid and the propellant to avoid admixing both; and igniting the propellant to generate expanding combustion gases that will expel the liquid out of the disrupter through the front nozzle in a first direction, either rupturing or propelling the barrier in the process, the combustion gases exhausting out of the disrupter at least partly through the rear nozzle in a second direction, with the first and second directions being at least partly opposite one another to control the recoil of the disrupter.

Abstract: A variable velocity pneumatic launcher that includes at least one chamber filled with a projectile. The launcher includes a ballast chamber filled with pressurized air selectively released to propel a projectile from the launcher's barrel. The launcher includes a firing chamber filled with ambient air and a ballast chamber filled with pressurized air. A piston rod extends between the chambers and attached to a firing piston and a ballast piston located inside the firing chamber and ballast chamber, respectively. The rod is connected to an adjustable velocity valve which controls the amount of longitudinal movement of the rod. When the trigger is activated, a portion of the pressurized air from the ballast chamber is delivered to the firing chamber. Because the surface area of the firing piston is greater than the ballast piston's surface area, the force exerted on the firing piston is sufficient to shift/displace the ballast piston.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a positioning control mechanism applied to an expandable baton including a first pipe provided with a clamping groove portion on two opposite inner walls thereof and a second pipe inserted into the first pipe and provided with shifting holes on two opposite wall surfaces thereof. The positioning control mechanism includes an activating mechanism and a releasing rod. The activating mechanism is formed by two activating blocks movably positioned in the shifting holes and hooked with each other to form a releasing hole therebetween. The releasing rod is mounted inside the first pipe and, when one end of the releasing rod is inserted into the releasing hole, the outer edges of the activating block can be retracted inwardly and is not inserted in the clamping groove portion, so the second pipe can be retracted into the first pipe and positioned to form a short-rod shape.

Abstract: A hand guard-to-barrel clamping system having provisions for internal clamping fasteners is disclosed. A hand guard assembly includes upper and lower members each having bores tangential to a longitudinal axis of the assembly. The bores are arranged such that fasteners can be inserted through the bores for securing the upper and lower members together, thereby clamping the hand guard assembly to the firearm. Such fasteners are internal to the hand guard assembly, which provides a slim design that is easier to hold.

Abstract: A sock and sling system is presented for storing a gun within the sock in a storage state and for using as a sling connected to the gun when in a sling state. The system includes a sock extending a length from a first end to a second end and having an open interior. A pair of removable sling swivels connect the sock member to the gun. When used as a sling, the length of the sock member can be adjusted in a plurality of ways including twisting the sock member, selecting one of a number of loops to attach to or by adjusting the length of a length adjusting drawstring. In this way, a system is presented that serves the dual purpose of storing a gun in a storage state and as a sling in a sling state.

Abstract: An improved reticle piece for use in an optical sight, placed at either the first or second focal plane, and an associated method of manufacturing. The reticle piece includes a first portion having a front face, a second portion having a back face disposed opposite the front face, a housing, a reticle pattern on the second portion, and a moveable leveling indicator. The housing includes a spacing element that forms a cavity extending between the first and second portions, the cavity having a perimeter that defines a viewable area of the reticle piece. The moveable leveling indicator is within the cavity and capable of moving along at least a portion of the perimeter of the cavity, possibly moving along the entire perimeter of the cavity.

Abstract: A reticle for a projectile weapon aiming apparatus including a plurality of aiming marks, the plurality of aiming marks include a first mark positioned at the center of the reticle and at least one additional mark spaced below the first mark along a vertical center axis of the reticle, wherein adjacent marks of the first mark and the at least one additional mark are spaced apart by predetermined distances. First and second horizontal stripes are provided on each side of the plurality of aiming marks respectively, the first and second horizontal stripes offset relative to the vertical center axis with a gap provided therebetween and extending towards the perimeter of the reticle, the first and second horizontal stripes spaced a predetermined distance from a bottom of the reticle measured along the vertical center axis.

Abstract: Described are devices for automated ballistic targeting that are attached to a rifle for firing ballistic ammunition, in which such rifle may have one or more barrels for use with one or more types of ammunition. Various embodiments use one or more mirrors and an optical splitter all of which may be position-fixed or adjustable, a collimator sub-system, a data input unit, and a ballistic computer, in which the elements are configured to provide a calculated ballistic trajectory to hit a target, to correct elevation and azimuth, and to generate an aiming point that is super-imposed visually on an image of the target when the rifle is correctly aimed to hit the target (even where the ballistic trajectory requires that the aim be on an elevation or an azimuth off the target). In various embodiments, errors in roll maybe indicated and corrected. In various embodiments, periscope functionality may be used.

Abstract: An illumination device for a sight guard and pin for an archery bow, crossbow, or similar weapon or firearm includes at least one fiber optic or other optic element that carries light from an onboard artificial light source to an arc or to pinpoints positioned around the perimeter or circumference of the sight guard. The tip of a sight pin in the sight guard may also be illuminated by the optic element. Light emitted from the optic element is blocked from shining in the direction of the target, but remains visible from the perspective of the shooter. The illumination device enables the user to see the shape of the sight guard and the relative position of the sight pin in low light conditions where reflective tape, glowing materials, and other conventional devices would be difficult to use. Methods of using and activating the illuminated sight guard are also disclosed.

Abstract: A sighting device for a bow which attaches to a release mechanism being used with said bow. The sighting device includes a sighting assembly, a positioning-and-orienting arm with multiple degrees of freedom, and a mounting clamp. The sighting assembly includes an annular plate, a sight eyepiece, and a telescoping support arm. The sight eyepiece is oriented normal to the annular plate and is positioned within a lateral boundary that is defined as an extension of an inner wall of the annular plate. The telescoping support arm is swivelably and adjacently connected to the annular plate and holds the sight eyepiece in place. A first end of the positioning-and-orienting arm is adjacently attached to the annular plate and a second of the positioning-and-orienting arm is attached to the mounting clamp. The mounting clamp is attached to the release mechanism, thus positioning the sighting assembly directly in front of the user's eye.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are several embodiments of a level indicator for a firearm that is configured to be repositioned from a home position, generally above the barrel of the firearm, to an extended position, generally above and to the side of the barrel of the firearm. Several different mounting apparatuses are also disclosed, as well as variations of adjustment mechanisms.

Abstract: A system may be provided that includes a scope configured to mount to a firearm. The scope may include imaging components, processing components, and a display. The processing components may generate an adaptive electronic reticle for the scope. The adaptive electronic reticle may be displayed with the display and may have a shape, a color, a style, a position, and/or other features based on the firearm, an ammunition type, a target type, a target range, a wind speed, a color of an image of a target scene, and/or other target scene information. The reticle may be generated to be a reticle that maximizes the reticle contrast relative to the target scene, a textured reticle, a moving reticle, a Mil-Dot reticle, and/or a custom ballistic reticle. Laser rangefinder input may be used to automatically determine a reticle location based on ballistics data and the range to a target.

Abstract: The invention relates to a mortar (1) comprising a stand (2) disposed on a mortar barrel (3) and a base plate (4) for setting up the mortar (1), characterized in that a device (10) for simulating the function of the mortar (1) is provided, wherein in a neutral position said device (10) is arranged almost completely inside the mortar barrel (3) and in an operating position from the mortar barrel (30 and device is arranged such that it protrudes from the mortar barrel (3) relative to the neutral position.

Abstract: A system and method for simulating lead of a target includes a network, a simulation administrator and a user device connected to the network, a database connected to the simulation administrator, and a set of position trackers positioned at a simulator site. The user device includes a virtual reality unit and a computer connected to the set of virtual reality unit and to the network. A generated target is simulated. The target and the user are tracked to generate a phantom target and a phantom halo. The phantom target and the phantom halo are displayed on the virtual reality unit at a lead distance and a drop distance from the target as viewed through the virtual reality unit.

Abstract: Apparatus and associated methods relate to a modular cartridge turret assembly system for quickly exchanging modular cartridges to interact with a ring gear. A modular cartridge may be a brake cartridge, which when inserted into a modular cartridge turret assembly, operably engages with the ring gear to inhibit the rotation of a turret. In an illustrative example, the brake cartridge, when inserted, may prevent damages and injuries caused by the rotation of the turret during transportation. In an exemplary embodiment, the modular cartridge turret assembly system may include a locking mechanism to secure the modular cartridge within the modular cartridge turret assembly. The locking mechanism may safeguard that the brake cartridge remains within the modular cartridge turret assembly system during turbulent situations caused by environmental conditions.

Abstract: A shock absorbing mount on a gun using a camera system for training a shooter. The mount includes a mounting bracket with an upper portion having an opening defined therein for firmly mechanically attaching to at least one barrel of a gun and a lower portion for firm mechanically attaching to a tube assembly. The tube assembly is adapted to slidably mount carriage assembly of a camera therein. The tube assembly includes a first end with a first captive cap holding a lens window directed toward a gun front sight when mounted on the gun, the first end including a load transfer ring positioned between the first captive cap and a carriage assembly body of the camera. A programming system is also disclosed to translate a relative position of the generated reticule overlay relative to a generated graticule overlay using the offset previously stored.

Abstract: Embodiments include an inflatable blast-induced brain injury prevention device for living beings such as soldiers. The device may include one or more inflatable chambers that cooperate to form a substantially toroidal cervical collar configured to surround the soldier's neck. An inflator unit, activated by an initiator may be coupled to the one or more inflatable chambers to inflate the one or more inflatable chambers. An electronic control unit (ECU) in electrical communication with the initiator and in electrical communication with at least one sensor may be configured to measure atmospheric air pressure. The ECU may be programmed to activate the initiator when the air pressure measured by the sensor exceeds a threshold air pressure.

Abstract: A device for hiding or camouflaging an object or group of objects is disclosed. The device uses a knitted mesh of fibers which is subsequently deformed to provide further camouflage properties. Methods of using and making the device are also provided.

Abstract: Body armor includes a first armor plate having a concave rear surface, a second plate having a convex front surface, and optionally, a separate coupling layer configured to fit between the first ceramic armor plate and the polymer plate. The contours of the coupling layer are formed by pressing the coupling layer between the polymer plate and the armor plate into a shape that fills gaps or voids between the concave rear surface of the armor plate and the convex front surface of the polymer plate, such that the armor plate, the polymer plate, and the coupling layer form a matched set. In operation, the ceramic armor plate can be used alone, the polymer plate can be used alone, or the hard armor layer and the polymer plate can be used together with the optional coupling layer positioned between them.

Abstract: Armor/shields/helmets including highly property-mismatched interfaces (mismatch level of bulk materials and interfaces more than 60%) are disclosed, which provide protections against external dynamic loading such as blast loading, impact of projectiles and sharp-edged foreign objects. The mechanism to reduce dynamic force and damage is a specific material design using soft and ductile interfaces/adhesive layers to 1) bond or hold other layers/bulk materials with blast/impact/stab resistance, 2) reduce stress wave transmission and the maximum dynamic force, 3) decrease shear deformation of the inner layers behind interfaces, and 4) dissipate more energy due to blast and impact along the armor/shield/helmet surface. Therefore, less energy would be available to contribute to penetrate the armor/shields/helmets, or cause damage.

Abstract: A turret includes a hollow casing provided with a gun, such as a cannon. The casing includes an upper half-shell at least partially widening towards the bottom of the casing, and a lower half-shell at least partially widening towards the top of the casing; the upper half-shell and the lower half-shell meeting and widening, in at least one edge border of the casing.

Abstract: Described embodiments include a real-time system, method, and apparatus. A system includes an incoming object sensor configured to acquire data indicative of a trajectory of an incoming projectile. The system includes a human tracking circuit configured to acquire data indicative of a location of a human present in a monitored geographic area. The system includes a processing circuit configured to (i) receive the data indicative of the trajectory of the incoming projectile; (ii) predict a spatial relationship of the trajectory of the incoming projectile relative to the location of the human; and (iii) determine a suggested movement by the human to evade the incoming projectile. The system includes a transmitter circuit configured to transmit the suggested movement to evade the incoming projectile.

Abstract: An emitting structure for simulating an irradiance signature of a missile is provided. The emitting structure includes one or more radiation sources, each of which includes at least one ultraviolet radiation source and at least one infrared radiation source. The emitting structure also includes a spherical shell and a mechanism for positioning the radiation source(s) along a three dimensional boundary of the spherical shell. The emitting structure can locate and operate one of the radiation sources to simulate the irradiance signature of the missile.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for indicating an impact of a projectile. The apparatus comprises a compressed gas container having a plurality of ports adapted to exhaust a compressed gas contained within the gas container and an actuator adapted to detect an impact from a projectile. The apparatus further comprises a valve located between the gas container and the plurality of ports activated by the actuator in response to the impact and an audio indicator activated by the actuator in response to the impact. The method for indicating an impact of a projectile comprising detecting an impact of a projectile at a actuator, activating a valve located between a gas container and a plurality of ports in response to the impact upon the actuator and producing an audio indicator in response to the impact upon the actuator.