Abstract: A method for electromechanically characterizing an object placed in a chamber, at least some walls of which have low absorbance at said frequency, one of the chamber walls being provided with an antenna array. In a first step, the parameters S of a first system consisting of the chamber and the antenna array are measured and in a second step, the same parameters S of a second system consisting of the chamber, the object and the antenna array are measured. The parameters S of the first system are subtracted from the parameters S of the second system to obtain a matrix of corrected parameters that is then diagonalized. The eigenvalues of the matrix constitute a characteristic electromagnetic signature of said object.

Abstract: A pulse transmission controller generates transmission timing signals for a high-frequency radar transmission signal in every transmission cycle. A transmission phase shifter gives a transmission signal generated by a modulator phase shifts each corresponding to a transmission cycle on the basis of the transmission timing signals generated at intervals that are equal to the transmission cycle. A reception phase shifter gives a reception signal that is output from an A/D converter reception phase shifts that are opposite in direction to the respective transmission phase shifts given by the transmission phase shifter on the basis of the transmission timing signals generated at intervals that are equal to the transmission cycle.

Abstract: An object detecting device includes a signal transmitting and receiving unit configured to generate an intermediate frequency signal based on a transmission signal and a reception signal which is a reflected wave thereof, a processing unit configured to determine that an image of a target peak frequency is a virtual image based on noise when it is determined that a peak frequency of predetermined n times the target peak frequency is not present in information based on the intermediate frequency signal generated by the signal transmitting and receiving unit and to detect an object based on the determination result, where n is an integer of 2 or greater.

Abstract: A radar device according to an embodiment includes a transmission unit, a reception unit, and a processing unit. The transmission unit emits a transmission wave relating to a frequency-modulated transmission signal. The reception unit receives a reflected wave acquired by reflecting the transmission wave on an object as a reception signal. The processing unit detects object data corresponding to the object from the reception signal, outputs the object data to the vehicle control device that controls the vehicle, and removes object data satisfying the removal condition that is a condition used for determining whether or not object data is to be removed from an output target for the vehicle control device and includes at least the distance and the relative speed of the object data with respect to the speed of the vehicle as conditions from output targets for the vehicle control device.

Abstract: A device for judging a likelihood of a collision between a vehicle and a target is provided. The device comprises: a target detection sensor and an ECU. The ECU comprises: a CPU; an orientation determining unit configured to enable the CPU to determine the orientation of a target relative to a reference vehicle in which the device for judging a likelihood of a collision is mounted, using information which is detected by the target detection sensor; a change-amount detecting unit configured to enable the CPU to detect an amount of temporal change in the orientation of the target; and a determining unit configured to enable the CPU to determine a likelihood of a collision between the reference vehicle and the target under a condition that the amount of temporal change in the orientation of the target is a predetermined threshold or less.

Abstract: A radar system for discriminating between sources of radar interference and targets of interest. The system includes a transmitter for transmitting radar signals into a region, a receiver for receiving return signals of the radar signals returned from within the region, and a processor for processing the return signals to discriminate between return signals returned from a first object and return signals returned from a second object where the return signals from the second object comprise both zero and non-zero Doppler components and interfere with the return signals from the first object. The radar system is operable for discriminating between the return signals when the return signals are received at a distance from the second object which is less than a proximity limit based on the geometry of the object.

Abstract: Proximity sensor devices are described that integrate a light emitting diode with a light sensor assembly in a single, compact package. The proximity sensor devices comprise a substrate having a surface. The light emitting diode and light sensor assembly are mounted to the substrate proximate to the surface. The light emitting diode is configured to emit electromagnetic radiation in a limited spectrum of wavelengths, while the light sensor assembly is configured to detect electromagnetic radiation in the limited spectrum of wavelengths emitted by the light emitting diode. An encapsulation layer is formed on the surface over the light emitting diode and light sensor assembly. A trench is formed in the encapsulation layer to receive electromagnetic radiation blocking material configured to block electromagnetic radiation in the limited spectrum of wavelengths to at least partially mitigate crosstalk between the light emitting diode and the light sensor assembly.

Abstract: A method for measuring and registering 3D coordinates has a 3D scanner measure a first collection of 3D coordinates of points from a first registration position. The 3D scanner collects 2D scan sets as 3D measuring device moves from first to second registration positions. A processor determines first and second translation values and a first rotation value based on collected 2D scan sets. 3D scanner measures a second collection of 3D coordinates of points from second registration position. Processor adjusts the second collection of points relative to first collection of points based at least in part on first and second translation values and first rotation value. Processor identifies a correspondence among registration targets in first and second collection of 3D coordinates, and uses this correspondence to further adjust the relative position and orientation of first and second collection of 3D coordinates.

Abstract: A position location system comprises transmitters that broadcast positioning signals. Each broadcasted positioning signal comprises a pseudorandom ranging signal. The position location system includes a remote receiver that acquires and measures the time of arrival of the positioning signals received at the remote receiver. During an interval of time, at least two positioning signals are transmitted concurrently by the transmitters and received concurrently at the remote receiver. The two positioning signals have carrier frequencies offset from one another by an offset that is less than approximately twenty-five percent of the bandwidth of each positioning signal of the two positioning signals. Cross-interference between the positioning signals is reduced by tuning the remote receiver to a frequency of a selected signal of the two positioning signals and correlating the selected signal with a reference pseudorandom ranging signal matched to a transmitted pseudorandom ranging signal of the selected signal.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods comprising a positron emission tomography detector having a first rectangular cross-section crystal block positioned between a first pentagonal cross-section crystal block and a second pentagonal cross-section crystal block.

Abstract: A method for erasing bright burn includes: applying, to a scintillator, visible light having an intensity peak at a wavelength in the range of 405 nm to 500 nm, wherein the scintillator includes cesium iodide and is provided in a radiographic imaging device having a photoelectric transducer.

Abstract: A scintillator panel includes a substrate having a front side and a rear side. A first scintillator layer is embedded into the front side of the substrate to a first depth. A second scintillator layer is embedded into the rear side of the substrate to a second depth.

Abstract: An X-ray line detector includes a housing and a predefined number of carrier modules having the same width disposed in the housing. A one-piece printed circuit board, on which a photodiode is arranged, is attached to each carrier module. Each printed circuit board is wider than an active area of pixels constituting the photodiode and ascintillator element is attached to each photodiode. Each scintillator element has a length that exactly covers the active area in the width thereof plus an interspace between two adjacent pixels of a photodiode. The width of each carrier module is at most twice as great as the length of a scintillator element. The carrier modules are arranged in two rows in the housing such that the photodiodes of each row are opposite each other, the scintillator elements abut against each other upon contact, and mutually contacting scintillator elements are arranged in respectively opposite rows.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a system for fast gain regulation in a gamma-ray spectroscopy instrument. The system includes a detector configured to generate a signal indicative of energy arriving at the detector, and a processor configured to determine one or more system performance indicators. The system also includes a controller configured to compute a first gain correction term based on one of more system performance indicators and change the device gain based on the computed first gain correction tem.

Abstract: A method or system for detecting a seismic event includes detecting a primary wave of a seismic event using at least one sensor at a measurement location; using at least one parameter of the detected primary wave to determine an estimated peak ground intensity at the measurement location without determining the magnitude of the seismic event; determining an epicenter of the seismic event; and estimating the intensity of the seismic event at a specified location using the determined estimated peak ground intensity and the distance of the specified location from the epicenter. The epicenter can be determined using sensors at a single location. A noise detection system can filter out detected signals that correspond to local vibrations rather than seismic events.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of processing seismic image of the subsurface. The method comprises determining two surfaces in the seismic image, the two surfaces being extracted from well data from at least on well in the subsurface; determining the dip components the first surface and the second surface; determining interpolated dip components based on dip components of the two surfaces; determining an interpolated surface based on at least the interpolated dip components; determining a density value based on a number of intersections of the determined surfaces with a column comprising said current pixel; determining a geological-time image, columns of said geological-time image are computed based on the density values of pixels of a corresponding column of the seismic image; and on the color value of pixels of the corresponding column of the seismic image.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for 3D seismic exploration for use in a small ship. The apparatus includes a seismic source towed by the small ship from a rear side thereof, a pair of support rods connected to the rear side and horizontally arranged in two rows behind the seismic source in the direction extending from a sailing direction of the ship, and a plurality of streamers arranged between the support rods in the sailing direction of the ship.

Abstract: A receiver coil assembly for performing geophysical surveys, including a hollow outer shell defining a continuous internal passage that forms a loop; a multiturn receiver air coil extending around the continuous internal passage; and a first cored coil comprising multiturn solenoid windings about a ferromagnetic core, the first cored coil having a sensing axis in a different direction than a sensing axis of the air coil.

Abstract: An electromagnetic well logging instrument includes an instrument housing, at least one transmitter coil disposed on the housing and at least one receiver coil disposed on the housing. At least one of the transmitter and receiver coils is formed from a combination solenoidal (axial) and saddle coils. The net dipole moment direction of the combined coil is determined by selecting the relative turn-areas of the saddle and solenoidal coil. The combined coil can be formed from a single wire wound to have both a longitudinal magnetic dipole moment and a transverse magnetic dipole moment with respect to a longitudinal axis of the housing.

Abstract: Systems and methods for neutron porosity well logging with high precision and reduced lithology effects are provided. In accordance with an embodiment, a downhole neutron porosity tool may include a neutron source, a neutron monitor, a neutron detector, and data processing circuitry. The neutron source may emit neutrons into a subterranean formation while the neutron monitor detects a count of neutrons proportional to the neutrons emitted. The neutron detector may detect a count of neutrons that scatters off the subterranean formation. The data processing circuitry may determine an environmentally corrected porosity of the subterranean formation based at least in part on the count rate of neutrons scattered off the subterranean formation normalized to the count rate of neutrons proportional to the neutrons emitted by the neutron source.

Abstract: A position control system for a manual picking workstation having a plurality of component bins includes a light device and a process controller. The light device projects a light beam along a plane. The process controller includes a processor and memory containing a calibrated assembly sequence and predetermined bin coordinates for each of the component bins. The process controller executes a method to detect, via the light device, an instance of beam breakage wherein the light beam is interrupted or broken, and to determine two-dimensional (2D) coordinates of the beam breakage. The process controller also determines corresponding bin coordinates of an expected bin via the calibrated assembly sequence, compares the determined 2D coordinates to the corresponding bin coordinates, and executes a control action when the determined coordinates do not match the corresponding bin coordinates. The light device may be an oscillating laser scanner or fixed lasers.

Abstract: The probable location of petroleum deposits is determined by identifying a severe-weather-inducing site from severe weather such as mesocyclones, tornados, funnels aloft, wall clouds or supercells, water spouts, and a high density of multiple lightning ground strikes. Typically the severe-weather-inducing site is located by identifying the initial appearance of the tornado vortex signature in modern Doppler radar or monitoring the severe weather, recording data as to its position and its velocity and acceleration with respect to the ground or water surface if it is moving, and determining the inducing site from such data. The occurrence of multiple severe weather sites in a dense pattern is also used to determine the probable location of petroleum deposits.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and systems for conditioning electrodes while deployed in the sea with a marine electromagnetic survey system. An embodiment of the method may comprise deploying electrodes in seawater during a marine electromagnetic survey. The method further may comprise coupling at least one of the electrodes to a controllable current/voltage source while the electrodes are deployed in the seawater. The method further may comprise sending a first conditioning signal from the controllable current/voltage source to the at least one of the electrodes coupled to the controllable current/voltage source.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a thioepoxy compound for an optical material, a polymerizable composition including the thioepoxy compound, and a method for producing a thioepoxy optical material by polymerization of the polymerizable composition. The polymerizable composition further includes 4.1 to 15% by weight of 2,3-epoxypropyl(2,3-epithiopropyl)sulfide and/or 2,3-epoxypropyl(2,3-epithiopropyl)disulfide. The thioepoxy optical material is free from color instability, demolding, and polymerization imbalance, which are problems encountered in general thioepoxy optical materials.

Abstract: Disclosed are improved ophthalmic and otorhinolaryngological device materials and devices formed therewith. The device materials are soft, high refractive index styrenic device materials that are used to form the ophthalmic or otorhinolaryngological devices, particularly ophthalmic implants (e.g., intraocular lenses).

Abstract: This invention provides application of noble metal nanoparticles for devices with controlled light transmission, absorption and detection. Particularly described is the use of noble metal nanoparticles in photoconductive detectors, optical filters, optical switches, pixel arrays, and electrochromic windows for controlling the transmission and absorption of incident and transmitted light. In addition, the use of noble metal nanoparticles in an electrochromic display is described in which color of the transmitted light from a nanoparticle-based pixel is adjusted and controlled.

Abstract: Mirrors with no copper layer according to the present invention comprise a glass substrate, a silver coating layer provided at a surface of the glass substrate and at least two paint layers covering the silver coating layer, the outermost paint layer comprising a polyurethane resin based paint. They are characterized in that the paint layers are free of alkyd resin and in that the first paint layer closest to the silver coating layer has a thickness of at least 10 ?m.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a light transmissive optical component, includes a first etching process of forming a depressed portion by applying etching to a silicon region of a plate-shaped member, a thermal oxidation process of forming a silicon oxide film by thermally oxidizing an inner side surface of the depressed portion, and a nitride film formation process of forming a silicon nitride film that covers the silicon oxide film. Accordingly, it is possible to realize a manufacturing method for an optical component which is capable of uniformly forming a silicon oxide film on a semi-transmissive reflecting surface which is largely inclined (or nearly vertical) with respect to a substrate surface, and an optical component produced by this method.

Abstract: A method of forming microlenses for an image sensor having at least one large-area pixel and at least one small-area pixel is disclosed. The method includes forming a uniform layer of microlens material on a light incident side of the image sensor over the large-area pixel and over the small-area pixel. The method also includes forming the layer of microlens material into a first block disposed over the large-area pixel and into a second block disposed over the small-area pixel. A void is also formed in the second block to reduce a volume of microlens material included in the second block. The first and second blocks are then reflowed to form a respective first microlens and second microlens. The first microlens has substantially the same effective focal length as the second microlens.

Abstract: A colored, dynamic, and amplified security film includes a micro lens array layer, a base material layer, and a micro graphic layer. The layers meet the condition of Moore amplified imaging; the micro graphic layer is formed by a background area and a graphic area; the graphic area is distributed in the background area; the micro graphic layer includes a semi-transparent and semi-reflective metal layer, a medium layer, and a metal film layer successively from top to bottom; the metal film layer is of a planar structure; the thickness of the medium layer in the graphic area is greater than the thickness of the medium layer in the background area; and the thicknesses of semi-transparent and semi-reflective metal layers are consistent.

Abstract: In cube-corner retroreflective sheeting 3, cube-corner retroreflective elements in at least two mutually adjacent regions A and B rotate with each other around an axis perpendicular to the sheeting, in which cube-corner retroreflective elements 11 and 12 not in contact with boundaries between the regions A and B are cube-corner retroreflective elements having a hexagonal shape, and cube-corner retroreflective elements 11s, 12s, 11t and 12t in contact with the boundaries between the regions A and B are cube-corner retroreflective elements having a shape obtained by cutting parts of one or two reflective lateral surfaces of the cube-corner retroreflective element having a hexagonal shape where the partly cut reflective lateral surfaces are in contact with the boundaries.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a blazed diffraction grating made of a crystalline material comprising gallium phosphide (GaP) or gallium arsenide (GaAs) includes forming the blazed diffraction grating by forming a plurality of grating grooves on a machined surface of a workpiece by machining, wherein the grating grooves are formed so that a surface comprising a (110) plane is arranged to receive the most incident light among the surfaces that constitute each grating, where (110) describes a crystal orientation of the crystalline material.

Abstract: A spectrum analyzer includes an input member, a predetermined output plane and a reflection type diffraction grating. The input member receives an optical signal. The reflection type diffraction grating includes a non-Rowland circle curved grating profile curved surface and a plurality of diffraction structures. The diffraction structures, each having a pitch and disposed on the grating profile curved surface, are configured to separate the optical signal into a plurality of spectral components. At least some pitches of the spectral components are different from each other. One of the spectral components indicating a central wavelength is emitted to the predetermined output plane in a direction substantially perpendicular to the predetermined output plane. The grating profile curved surface is used for focusing the spectral components on the predetermined output plane.

Abstract: A multi-layered coating system for reflecting infrared waves is provided. The multi-layered coating system includes a layer one positioned above a substrate, wherein the layer one includes a plurality of well separated spherical particulates of radius a1 and a plurality of well separated spherical voids of radius b1>a1 that are randomly distributed, and a filler material of refractive index n1 intervening in the spaces between said spherical particulates and spherical voids; and subsequent layers expressible as the following word-equation, “a layer i positioned above the layer i?1, wherein the layer i includes a plurality of well separated spherical particulates of radius ai and a plurality of well separated spherical voids of radius bi>ai (where bi>bi?1) that are randomly distributed, and a filler material of refractive index ni intervening in the spaces between said spherical particulates and spherical voids,” where integer i is greater than one.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus includes an imaging unit configured to convert an incident light flux from an optical system into an electric signal, a band-cutting element disposed between the optical system and the imaging unit, having a band-cut function of performing band-cutting to enable distinguishing between wavelengths corresponding to bright line positions of a light source having bright lines, a control unit configured to control the band-cut function of the band-cutting element, an identification unit configured to identify a light source of an image captured by the imaging unit through comparison between a first image signal captured by the imaging unit when the band-cut function of the band-cutting element is ON and a second image signal captured by the imaging unit when the band-cut function of the band-cutting element is OFF, and an image processing unit configured to perform image processing based on the light source identified by the identification unit.

Abstract: A variable wavelength interference filter includes a first substrate having a stationary mirror, a second substrate bonded to the first substrate and provided with a movable section and a movable mirror fixed to the movable section, and a third substrate bonded to the second substrate on an opposite side to the first substrate, and is provided with a first inner space sandwiched by the first substrate and the second substrate, a first gap, through which the first inner space communicates with the outside, a second inner space sandwiched by the second substrate and the third substrate, and a second gap, through which the second inner space communicates with the outside, and the first gap and the second gap are each sealed by a sealing member.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a carbon nanotube sheet, and to a polarizer using same. More particularly, the present invention relates to a carbon nanotube sheet, and to a polarizer using same, the carbon nanotube sheet comprising: a substrate; and a carbon nanotube layer derived from a carbon nanotube forest and wound on the substrate, wherein the carbon nanotube layer is composed of 5 or more layers.

Abstract: A liquid crystal film (LCF) is provided. The exemplified LCF can be used as a reflective polarization plate, which can improve luminance and light utilization efficiency of a display device, such as an LCD, and the like.

Abstract: An optically anisotropic film which is superior in light leakage suppression in black display is provided. An optically anisotropic film is provided, which has a refractive index relation of nx>nz>ny, wherein nx?nz is less than 0.005, and nz?ny is less than 0.004, wherein nz represents a refractive index in the thickness direction, nx represents an in-plane refractive index in a direction in which a maximum refractive index is generated in the plane of the film, and ny represents a refractive index in a direction perpendicular to the diction of nx direction in the plane of the film.

Abstract: A solar light concentration plate comprises a first hologram which receives solar light and diffracts incident light in a range of an incident angle, and first and second light guides respectively disposed on both sides of the first hologram, wherein at least one of the first and second light guides has an outer surface substantially inclined to an inner surface of the at least one of the first and second light guides.

Abstract: The invention relates to a luminaire that enables the use of more sparsely distributed light sources, having a uniform fixture surface brightness and good color mixing. The luminaire comprises first and second light guide layers (10, 11) optically coupled together by at least one optical coupler (12a, 12b), which allows the passage of light from the first (10) to the second light guide layer (11). The luminaire also comprises a plurality of light sources (16a, 16b), each of which being arranged such that light emitted by the light source (16a, 16b) is coupled into the first light guide layer (10) at an interface surface (17)arranged substantially perpendicularly to a longitudinal axis of the first light guide layer (10). The luminaire further comprises a scattering element (14) adapted to cause light to be emitted from an emitting surface of the second light guide layer (11).

Abstract: Hollow-core capillary discharge lamps on the mm or sub-mm scale are provided. The hollow-core capillary discharge lamps achieve an increased light intensity ratio between 194 mm (useful) and 254 mm (useless) light than conventional lamps. The capillary discharge lamps may include a cone to increase light output. Hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HCPCF) may also be used.

Abstract: Provided is a light-emitting unit that includes: a light-guide section having a light entering surface; and a plurality of light sources opposed to the light entering surface of the light-guide section and arrayed in a first direction, and each having an anisotropy in emission intensity. A pattern shape of light applied from any of the light sources to the light entering surface has a shape anisotropy, and the light sources are each disposed to allow a longitudinal direction of the pattern shape to be inclined relative to the first direction.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a backlight module and a liquid crystal display using the backlight module. The backlight module comprises an outer frame, a glue frame, a bending heat dissipating plate, and a light guide plate all amounted within the outer frame, a light source lamp facing the light guide plate being arranged on the side wall of the heat dissipating plate at the light-incoming side of the light guide plate. An inserting port is formed on the glue frame, a first positioning hole corresponding to the inserting port is formed on the side wall of the heat dissipating plate at the light-incoming side of the light guide plate, and a second positioning hole corresponding to the first positioning hole is formed on the outer frame. The portion of the outer frame around the second positioning hole is depressed inwards and extends into the inserting port to position the glue frame.

Abstract: The present invention provides a backlight simulating device comprising a light source simulating portion, an optical component simulating portion, a first distance measuring unit, and a second distance measuring unit. Multiple movable light-emitting members are equipped to the light source simulating portion. The optical component simulating portion is disposed adjacent to a light-emitting surface of each of the light-emitting members. The optical component simulating portion includes a light guide panel whose position can be changed relative to the light-emitting members. The first distance measuring unit acquires a distance between adjacent two of the light-emitting members. The second distance measuring unit acquires a distance between the light-emitting members and the light guide panel.

Abstract: Disclosed is an optical connection component manufacturing apparatus that manufactures an optical connection component in which a refractive index matching body is attached to a front end face of an optical fiber. The optical connection component manufacturing apparatus includes: a holding unit that includes a holding face holding a refractive index matching liquid including the refractive index matching body; a dispenser that supplies the refractive index matching liquid to the holding face; and a static electricity generating device that charges the optical fiber so that the refractive index matching liquid held on the holding face is adsorbed onto the front end face of the optical fiber, wherein the holding face has an outer peripheral edge connected in a curved line.

Abstract: A multicore fiber alignment apparatus is described, having a chassis into which is mounted ferrule-holding means for holding a multicore fiber ferrule having one or more capillaries extending therethrough. Fiber-holding means for holding one or more multicore fibers in position to be mounted into the ferrule, such that each multicore fiber extends through a respective ferrule capillary. Means are provided for monitoring the rotation angle of each multicore fiber within its respective capillary, relative to a reference rotational orientation. Means are further provided for rotating each of the multicore fibers within its respective capillary. The rotational orientation of each multicore fiber is fixed when its rotation angle is equal to zero.

Abstract: A method for fabricating, and a structure embodying, a single-mode polymer wave guide array aligned with a polymer waveguide array through adiabatic coupling. The present invention provides a structure having a combination of (i) a stub fabricated on a polymer and (ii) a groove fabricated on a silicon (Si) chip, with which an adiabatic coupling can be realized by aligning (a) a (single-mode) polymer waveguide (PWG) array fabricated on the polymer with (b) a silicon waveguide (SiWG) array fabricated on the silicon chip; wherein, the stub fabricated on the polymer is patterned according to a nano-imprint process, along with the PWG array, in a direction in which the PWG array is fabricated, and the groove fabricated on the silicon chip is fabricated along a direction in which the SiWG array is fabricated.

Abstract: A method provides acceptable performance from a semiconductor transmitter photonic integrated circuit (TxPIC) that contains a plurality of modulated sources each comprising a laser source and an external modulator where each laser source provides a different emission wavelength and each modulated source forms a separate signal channel, comprising the steps of providing at least some of the signal channels with an extended identical active layer (EIAL) so that the modulated sources each have an identical active region wavelength and detuning the laser emission wavelength in each laser source within the EIAL from the laser active region wavelength.

Abstract: A method of forming monolithically integrated III-V optoelectronics with a silicon complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) device. The method may include; forming a buried waveguide in a buried oxide (BOX) layer of a semiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) substrate; forming a first optoelectronic device and a second optoelectronic device adjacent to the buried waveguide; and forming a CMOS device on a semiconductor layer above the BOX layer.