Abstract: A low activation temperature heat seal hot melt adhesive for packaging applications based on a blend of metallocene catalyzed polyolefin polymer, tackifying resin, wax and other optional additives. In order to achieve the high viscosity suitable for an extrusion heat seal application, the adhesive composition of the invention is highly loaded with polymer, and thus should have a viscosity of about 50,000 centipoise or more measured at a temperature of 300° F. Accordingly, the hot melt adhesive composition contains about 50% to about 90% by weight of metallocene catalyzed polyolefin polymer, about 5% to about 50% by weight of tackifying resin, about 0.5% to about 40% by weight of wax, about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of a stabilizer or antioxidant, and 0% to about 25% by weight of optional additives. The hot melt adhesive composition must have an activation temperature of about 160° F. or less, and provide a minimum peel force of about 1.

Abstract: Adhesive compositions for styrene polymers are provided. The adhesives are suitable for use as tie-layers in multi-layer films and sheets and comprise a polyolefin base resin, a functionalized polyolefin and a combination of styrene triblock copolymers.

Abstract: Provided is an adhesive composition which has cutting processability when it is fitted to the shape of an adherend part before pasting and processed, long-term storage stability at a normal temperature before pasting of the cut shape after processing, low temperature melting properties of not imparting damage to the adherend part when being pasted, and uneven step absorbability after pasting. Hence, an adhesive composition which contains a crosslinking agent and a photopolymerization initiator at from 1 to 50 parts by weight and from 0.3 to 3 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of an ethylene-?-olefin-based copolymer, respectively, and has a crystal melting peak by DSC of from 30 to 80° C. is proposed.

Abstract: A multi-ply absorbent sheet includes a first absorbent ply of cellulosic sheet; a second absorbent ply of cellulosic sheet; and a ply bonding adhesive interposed between the first absorbent ply and the second absorbent ply, the ply-bonding adhesive thereby adhering said absorbent plies together. The ply-bonding adhesive comprises polyvinyl alcohol and nanofibrillated cellulose. In a particularly preferred embodiment the adhesive is applied as a dilute aqueous composition to tissue plies and the nanofibrillated cellulose has a Characteristic Breaking Length of 6.5 km or above.

Abstract: Provided is a water-dispersed pressure-sensitive adhesive composition capable of forming a pressure-sensitive adhesive that combines removability and repulsion resistance at a high level. This invention provides a water-dispersed pressure-sensitive adhesive composition comprising a pressure-sensitive adhesive polymer as its base polymer and an isocyanate-based crosslinking agent. The pressure-sensitive adhesive polymer has a weight ratio GA of ethyl acetate-insoluble portion of 10% to 50%. The isocyanate-based crosslinking agent is contained so as to yield a weight ratio GB of 15% to 45% with respect to the ethyl acetate-insoluble portion of a crosslinked pressure-sensitive adhesive formed from the pressure-sensitive adhesive composition.

Abstract: An optical pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet for silver nanowire layer use includes a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer. The amount of acrylic acid ions extracted from the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer with pure water at 100° C. for 45 minutes is equal to or less than 5 ?g per gram of the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer, where the amount is measured by ion chromatography. The pressure-sensitive adhesive layer is preferably an acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive layer.

Abstract: It is an object of the invention to provide a water-dispersible pressure-sensitive adhesive composition capable of forming a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer having removability and a sufficient level of adhesion reliability and to provide a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer made from such a water-dispersible pressure-sensitive adhesive composition. It is another object of the invention to provide a pressure-sensitive adhesive optical film including an optical film and such a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer provided on at least one side of the optical film and to provide an image display device having such a pressure-sensitive adhesive optical film. The present invention relates to a water-dispersible pressure-sensitive adhesive composition, comprising emulsion particles each having a core-shell structure in which (A) a (meth)acryl copolymer forms a core layer and (B) another (meth)acryl copolymer forms a shell layer, wherein the (meth)acryl copolymer (B) has a glass transition temperature of ?10° C.

Abstract: Provided is an adhesive composition for multilayer semiconductors. The adhesive composition gives, when applied and dried by heating, an adhesive layer that has approximately no adhesiveness at a temperature lower than 50° C., but, when heated at such a temperature as to less cause damage to semiconductor chips, offers adhesiveness and is rapidly cured thereafter. This adhesive composition for multilayer semiconductors includes a polymerizable compound (A), at least one of a cationic-polymerization initiator (B1) and an anionic-polymerization initiator (B2), and a solvent (C). The polymerizable compound (A) contains 80% by weight or more of an epoxide having a softening point or melting point of 50° C. or higher. The cationic-polymerization initiator (B1) gives a composition having a thermal curing time of 3.5 minutes or longer at 130° C.

Abstract: Provided are a polyester polyol which exhibits a high adhesion strength after being cured in a case of being used as a main agent for an adhesive for lamination, an excellent temporal stability in which the adhesion strength is not deteriorated in a heat and moisture resistance test, and an excellent appearance after being subjected to a lamination processing, a resin composition using the same, a two-part adhesive for lamination which contains the resin composition, and a back sheet for a solar cell. Specifically, as a main agent for the two-part adhesive for lamination, a polyester polyol which has a resin structure obtained by reacting a branched alkylene diol, a long-chain aliphatic dicarboxylic acid having 8 to 20 carbon atoms, and an aromatic tricarboxylic acid, and has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 10,000 to 100,000 and a molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) of 3.0 to 4.7 is used.

Abstract: A preparation method for moisture-curing polyurethane reactive hot melt adhesive for textile lamination mainly includes the following steps: (1) mixing and stirring polyether polyol 4000E, polyester polyol 3000H, polyester polyol 2000N, and an antioxidant, heating the mixture to about 120° C., and dehydrating for 0.5h under a vacuum of lower than 100 Pa; (2) adding a tackifying resin, heating the mixture to 135-140° C., and dehydrating for 1.5h under a vacuum of lower than 100 Pa; (3) lowering the temperature to 87° C., adding 4,4?-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and a catalysis, stirring the mixture, and reacting for 2h under a vacuum of lower than 100 Pa; (4) releasing vacuum, adding white carbon black, rapidly stirring the mixture evenly, and further stirring for 10 min under a vacuum of lower than 100 Pa; and (5) rapidly discharging at a temperature of 85-100° C., packaging, and then curing for 4h at 80-85° C., to obtain a target product.

Abstract: An object to be achieved by the present invention is to provide a bookbinding adhesive which is excellent in high-speed application properties, cutting properties, book opening properties, and bookbinding strength. The present invention is directed to a bookbinding adhesive characterized by having a melt viscosity in the range of from 1,000 to 10,000 mPa·s, as measured at 120° C. by means of a cone plate viscometer, exhibiting a JIS A hardness of 20 or more, as measured with respect to the adhesive which is applied and allowed to stand for 30 minutes, in an atmosphere at 23° C., and exhibiting a JIS A hardness of 95 or less, as measured with respect to the adhesive which is applied and allowed to stand for 30 minutes, in an atmosphere at 23° C., and is then allowed to stand in an atmosphere at 23° C. and at a humidity of 50% for one week, wherein a cured film of the adhesive has an upper yield stress of 7 MPa or less.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a coagulant with excellent coagulability performance, and a tire puncture repair kit that uses the coagulant. The present invention is a coagulant of a tire puncture repair liquid, the coagulant including at least one component selected from the group consisting of a plant protein, a pectin, a cellulose, a phospholipid and a fatty acid glyceride, and a tire puncture repair kit that uses the coagulant.

Abstract: Provided is a polishing composition with which haze and surface defects can be reduced. This invention provides a polishing composition comprising a synthetic water-soluble polymer ML-end that has a hydrophobic region at least at one end of its main chain. The hydrophobic region has at least one hydrophobic group derived from a polymerization initiator.

Abstract: Provided is a polishing composition with which surface defects can be efficiently reduced. This invention provides a polishing composition comprising a water-soluble polymer MC-end. The main chain of the water-soluble polymer MC-end is formed with a non-cationic region as its main structural part and a cationic region located at least at one end of the main chain. The cationic region has at least one cationic group.

Abstract: An azeotrope-like mixture consisting essentially of chlorotrifluoropropene and at least one component selected from the group consisting of a C1-C3 alcohol, a C5-C6 hydrocarbon, a halogenated hydrocarbon, methylal, methyl acetone, water, nitromethane, and combinations thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed are compositions comprising at least one iodocarbon compound and preferably at least one stabilization agent. These compositions are generally useful as refrigerants for heating and cooling, as blowing agents, as aerosol propellants, as solvent composition, and as fire extinguishing and suppressing agents.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention refrigerant compositions are disclosed. The refrigerant compositions contain comprise 11-28 weight percent difluoromethane; 34-59 weight percent pentafluoroethane; and 21-38 weight percent 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene. The refrigerant compositions are useful in processes to produce cooling, in methods for replacing refrigerant R-404A or R-507A, and in refrigeration systems. These inventive refrigerant compositions can be used in stationary and mobile refrigeration equipment, and are particularly useful for transport refrigeration units.

Abstract: The invention provides a heat transfer composition comprising (i) a first component selected from trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234ze(E)), cis-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234ze(Z)) and mixtures thereof; (ii) carbon dioxide (R-744); and (iii) a third component selected from difluoromethane (R-32) 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A container for a food and/or beverages is provided. The container is designed such that it may have the capability of absorbing excess thermal energy from the food or beverage, thereby cooling the consumable material to a desired temperature and maintaining the material at the desired temperature for a considerable period of time. The container typically includes an outer insulating shell; an inner heat conducting liner and a phase change material (PCM). To facilitate heat transfer to and from a food or beverage stored in the container, the PCM is commonly disposed between the outer insulating shell and the inner heat conducting liner and positioned in thermal contact with the inner heat conducting liner. The PCM may include a diol diester having a melting point of about 30 to 90° C.

Abstract: Provided is an adhesive composition for a heat dissipating adhesive tape, the adhesive composition comprising a (meth)acrylic acid ester based photocurable resin, a thermal conductive filler, and a benzotriazole-based compound.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a water based High-Temperature High-Pressure (HTHP) fluid composition having a density of about 8.3 to about 21.0 ppg, comprising: (i) a brine based fluid; (ii) about 0.5 ppb to about 20 ppb of crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP); (iii) about 5 ppb to about 100 ppb of bridging agents selected from the group consisting of CaCO3 and sized salts; and (iv) optionally about 0 ppb to about 25 ppb of Fluids Loss Additives (FLA), wherein the crosslinked PVP is prepared by precipitation polymerization of vinylpyrrolidone (VP) in an organic solvent in the presence of a crosslinking agent and a free radical polymerization initiator, wherein the crosslinking agent is present in an amount of from about 0.1 wt. % to about 5.0 wt. % based on the weight of the vinylpyrrolidone. Also discloses a method of drilling and completing operations in a subterranean formation.

Abstract: An oil-based masterbatch in the form of granules containing carbon nanotubes. Also, a method for preparing an oil-based masterbatch in the form of granules containing carbon nanotubes. Also, the use of an oil-based masterbatch in the form of granules containing carbon nanotubes for manufacturing an aqueous or organic viscoelastic fluid, intended for drilling in underground formations.

Abstract: Compounds comprising multiple hydrophilic heads and a lipophilic tail may be contacted with a metal or other surface so as to adhere to the surface and inhibit corrosion, among other things. Suitable hydrophilic heads may include quaternary ammonium cation moieties, phosphonium cation moieties, and combinations thereof. Such corrosion-inhibiting compounds may be introduced into a wellbore penetrating at least a portion of a subterranean formation, for instance in oil and/or gas recovery operations and the like, whereupon the compound may adhere to a metal or other surface downhole so as to inhibit corrosion of the surface. These compounds may be employed in various other environments, such as any metal or other surface that may be exposed to corrosive conditions.

Abstract: A method of treating a subterranean formation including providing a treatment fluid comprising an aqueous base fluid, a polyvalent metal salt of a carboxylic acid containing monomer, and a cationic monomer. The treatment fluid is combined with a polymerization initiator and is introduced into a subterranean formation. Upon contacting unconsolidated proppants, the treatment method produces consolidated proppants.

Abstract: The invention relates to a hydrocarbon recovery composition, which composition contains: a) a first anionic surfactant which is a propoxylated primary alcohol sulfate; and b) a second anionic surfactant which alkoxylated primary alcohol sulfate selected from the group consisting of (i) an ethoxylated primary alcohol sulfate and (ii) an ethoxylated-propoxylated primary alcohol sulfate. Further, the invention relates to an injectable liquid containing the hydrocarbon recovery composition and a method for treating a hydrocarbon containing formation.

Abstract: The invention relates to a hydrocarbon recovery composition, which composition contains: a) a first anionic surfactant which is selected from the group consign of a propoxylated primary alcohol carboxylate or a propoxylated primary alcohol glycerol sulfonate; and b) a second anionic surfactant which is an alkoxylated primary alcohol carboxylate or an alkoxylated primary alcohol glycerol sulfonate selected from the group consisting of (i) an ethoxylated primary alcohol carboxylate, (ii) an ethoxylated-propoxylated primary alcohol carboxylate, (iii) an ethoxylated primary alcohol glycerol sulfonate and (iv) an ethoxylated-propoxylated primary alcohol glycerol sulfonate. Further, the invention relates to an injectable liquid containing the hydrocarbon recovery composition and a method for treating a hydrocarbon containing formation.

Abstract: Methods involving the sequential application of surfactants to improve fluid recovery and control fluid loss in conjunction with subterranean fracturing treatments are provided. In one embodiment, the methods comprise: introducing a first surfactant into a portion of a subterranean formation; allowing the first surfactant to increase the oil-wettability of at least a portion of a fracture face in the portion of the subterranean formation; ceasing the introduction of the first surfactant into the portion of the subterranean formation; introducing a second surfactant into the portion of the subterranean formation; and allowing the second surfactant to increase the water-wettability of the portion of the fracture face in the portion of the subterranean formation.

Abstract: A method of treating a subterranean formation penetrated by a wellbore by forming a treatment fluid that includes at least a polyvinyl alcohol polymer and a crosslinking agent selected from the group consisting of an aliphatic polyester, a semi-aromatic polyester, a derivative of polyalkylene glycol diacid, and combinations thereof. The treatment fluid is then introduced into the subterranean formation.

Abstract: The present technology relates to gelling agents that can be employed in preparing organic-based viscoelastic fluids. The technology additionally relates to methods of using such gelling agents and viscoelastic fluids containing the gelling agents in energy and exploration applications.

Abstract: Methods of fracturing and, in certain embodiments, to methods of fracturing to enhance the communication between a primary fracture and its corresponding complex fracture network.

Abstract: Coated particles of the present invention are adapted to be packed in fractures formed in a subterranean formation. Each of the coated particles includes: a core particle having an outer surface; and a surface layer coating at least a part of the outer surface of the core particle, wherein the surface layer contains an acid curing agent and an acid curable resin to be cured in the presence of an acid, and wherein the acid curing agent is composed of acidic compounds having acidic groups, and at least a part of the acidic groups of the acidic compounds are blocked by block compounds having reactivity with the acidic groups. This makes it possible to provide the coated particles adapted to be packed in the fractures formed in the subterranean formation and capable of maintaining high fluid permeability thereof, an injection material containing the coated particles, and a packing method for injecting such an injection material into the fractures.

Abstract: A resin composition of the present invention is used for forming surface layers coating at least a part of outer surfaces of particles, the particles adapted to be packed in fractures formed in a subterranean formation. The resin composition contains an acid curing agent having an acidic group, an acid curable resin to be cured in the presence of an acid, and a polyester. The acid curing agent exists in a state that the acidic group thereof is blocked by a compound having reactivity with the acidic group. This makes it possible to provide a resin composition which can reliably cure an acid curable resin at a required place, an injection material containing such a resin composition and particles, and a packing method for packing such particles in the fractures formed in the subterranean formation.

Abstract: Treatment methods for coated or uncoated proppants that can, among other things, control fugitive dust and/or control moisture during typical handling procedures with typical transport equipment and/or add functional features to the proppant solid are disclosed herein.

Abstract: A wavelength-shift composite light-storing powder and method of manufacturing and applying the same. Wherein, inorganic metal oxide and light-storing material containing rare earth elements are made to collide at high speed in an environment of extremely low temperature. The collision process makes said inorganic metal oxide to produce fusion reaction on surface of said light-storing material, that causes changes of lattice structure, to generate photon shift phenomenon and produce said wavelength-shift composite light-storing powder. Said composite light-storing powder is apt to engage cross-linked structure of thermoplastic polymer in a high temperature blending process, to achieve even distribution. Finally, through a filament process to produce successfully light-storing fibers capable of emitting lights of various wavelengths, to raise its heat resistance and wash durability.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a red phosphor represented by formula (1): (x-a-b)MgO.aM1O.bM2O1.5.yMgF2.fM6X2.(1-g)GeO2.gM7O1.5:zMn4+??(1) where x, y, z, a, b, f, and g satisfy 1.144?x?11.0, 0<y<1.597, 0<z<0.1, 0<a<1.0, 0?b?1.0, 0?f?2.0, 0?g<0.484, 1.144<(x-a-b), and b and g satisfy b+g?0; M1 is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ca, Sr, Ba, and Zn; M2 is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu; M6 is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Zn; M7 is at least one element selected from the group consisting of B, Al, Ga, and In; and X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I, and M6X2 is other than MgF2.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved garnet luminophore which can be excited in a first wavelength range by electromagnetic radiation, as a result of which electromagnetic radiation can be emitted by the garnet luminophore in a second wavelength range. The invention additionally relates to a process for production of an improved garnet luminophore and to a light source comprising the garnet luminophore of the invention. The garnet luminophore has been activated with trivalent cerium and has a host lattice of the general chemical formula (LuxYyGdzAKk)3(AlbBcPd) (OeXf)12 where AK=Li, Na and/or K; B=Ga and/or In; and X=F, Cl and/or Br.

Abstract: A photosensitive resin composition comprising: a solvent in an amount of about 60 percentage by weight (wt %) to about 95 wt %; and a solid content in an amount of about 5 wt % to about 40 wt %, with respect to a total weight of the photosensitive resin composition, wherein the solid content comprises: a phosphor in an amount of about 5 wt % to about 90 wt %; a photopolymerizable compound in an amount of about 4 wt % to about 70 wt %; a photopolymerization initiator in an amount of about 0.1 wt % to about 20 wt %; an alkali soluble resin in an amount of about 5 wt % to about 80 wt %; and a dispersant in an amount of about 0.1 wt % to about 12 wt %, with respect to a total weight of the solid content.

Abstract: A photosensitive resin composition comprises: a solvent in an amount of about 60 percentage by weight (wt %) to about 95 wt %; and a solid content in an amount of about 5 wt % to about 40 wt %, with respect to a total weight of the photosensitive resin composition, wherein the solid content comprises with respect to a total weight of the solid content: a phosphor in an amount of about 5 wt % to about 90 wt %; a photopolymerizable compound in an amount of about 4 wt % to about 70 wt %; an acetophenone-based photopolymerization initiator in an amount of about 0.1 wt % to about 20 wt %; and an alkali soluble resin in an amount of about 5 wt % to about 80 wt %, with respect to a total weight of the solid content.

Abstract: Disclosed are a liquid crystal (LC) medium containing a polymerisable compound, a process for its preparation, its use for optical, electro-optical and electronic purposes, in particular in LC displays, especially in an LC display of the polymer sustained alignment (PSA) type, and to an LC display, especially a PSA display.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a nematic liquid crystal composition useful as a liquid crystal display material, the liquid crystal composition having negative dielectric anisotropy (??), and to a liquid crystal device element including the liquid crystal composition. The liquid crystal composition of the present invention has sufficiently low viscosity (?), sufficiently low rotational viscosity (?1), a large elastic constant (K33), and a negative dielectric anisotropy (??) whose absolute value is large, without reducing the refractive index anisotropy (?n) or the nematic-isotropic liquid phase transition temperature (Tni). Provided is, for example, a VA-mode liquid crystal display element including the liquid crystal composition, the liquid crystal display element having no or minimal display defects and having excellent display quality and a fast response.

Abstract: The invention relates to a polymer film comprising a polymerised liquid crystal (LC) material with improved adhesion to a substrate, to methods for preparing such a polymer film, to a polymerisable LC material used for the preparation of such a polymer film, and to the use of the polymer film and said polymerisable LC material for optical, electrooptical, decorative or security uses and devices.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display device that includes a particular color filter containing a material containing chiral liquid crystals and a particular dye and/or pigment. The present invention provides a liquid crystal display device that can prevent a decrease in the voltage holding ratio (VHR) of a liquid crystal layer and solve the problem of display defects, such as white spots, variations in alignment, and burn-in. Because liquid crystal display devices according to the present invention characteristically prevent a decrease in the voltage holding ratio (VHR) of a liquid crystal layer and reduces the occurrence of display defects, such as burn-in, the liquid crystal display devices are particularly useful as liquid crystal display devices in IPS mode and FFS mode for active-matrix driving and can be applied to household electrical appliances, automobiles, production facilities, measuring and analytical instruments, and communication devices.

Abstract: A meter for controlling the flow of feedstock from an in-feed hopper to a distillation unit, including a cylindrical roller having a first end, a second end, and an outer diameter, the roller defining a recess that extends helically substantially from the first end to the second end, a sleeve circumscribing a portion of the outer diameter of the cylindrical roller, the sleeve having an open first side that allows the passage of feedstock into the recess of the roller, and an open second side that allows the passage of feedstock out of the recess of the roller as the roller rotates relative to the sleeve, and a housing fixedly attached to the sleeve and capable of attachment to the in-feed hopper and the distillation unit such that feedstock most pass through the housing to get from the in-feed hopper to the distillation unit.

Abstract: A cooler for cooling product pursuant to a distillation process, including a first substantially enclosed housing with an inlet proximate a first end for receiving product from a distillation unit, and an outlet proximate a second end for discharging cooled product, and a first auger substantially enclosed within the housing for driving the product from the inlet to the outlet, the auger having a helical blade circumscribing a perforated central hollow shaft for transmitting cooled gas into the housing to help cool product within the housing.

Abstract: An apparatus for distillation of feedstock. Including a distillation chamber with an inlet for receiving feedstock and an outlet for discharging feedstock, and a plate for supporting the feedstock in the distillation chamber. The plate is positioned parallel to a substantially horizontal plane across a portion of the distillation chamber, and defines a plurality of transverse apertures extending transversely across a substantial portion of the width of the plate. A plurality of heating rods is included for insertion into the apertures of the plate to heat the plate. The apparatus also includes a conveyor enclosed within the distillation chamber and extending longitudinally across the distillation chamber, the conveyor having a plurality of paddles attached thereto that, when driven by the conveyor, move proximate and parallel, to the plate to agitate feedstock on the plate, and to drive the feedstock from the inlet to the outlet of the distillation chamber.

Abstract: A dry distillation reactor for a raw material of hydrocarbon with a solid heat carrier is provided. An inner component with a pore path or a pore space is arranged inside the reactor to form a flow channel for the gas-phase product of the dry distillation. Also a dry distillation method using the dry distillation reactor is provided. The dry distillation method includes moving the reacting materials from top to bottom; moving a gas-phase product of the dry distillation along a designed path in the reactor; and finally leading same out through an outlet arranged in a central collecting channel for the gas-phase product of the dry distillation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for recovering oil and tailing from a raw material such as shale, sand, and a rock, each of which contains oil. The raw material is heated in a fluidized bed, and a heat from the fluidized bed is utilized for heating an additional raw material in at least three retorts to produce oil and tailings.

Abstract: A method is provided involving reducing a pressure drop across a hydroprocessing reactor having a reactor feed and producing a hydroprocessing product, where the reactor feed includes a bio-oil feed and a hydrocarbon diluent; and the step of reducing the pressure drop comprises stopping or substantially reducing the bio-oil feed supplied to the reactor and supplying the hydrocarbon diluent to the reactor with a mass flux of at least about 1,000 lb/hr/ft2.

Abstract: As one aspect of the present invention, a chemical substance production system includes a first liquid reaction system that generates a first chemical substance, a second liquid reaction system that generates a second chemical substance, and a first membrane that is provided between the first liquid reaction system and the second liquid reaction system, wherein the second liquid reaction system causes a chemical reaction of the first chemical substance transferred from the first liquid reaction system to the second liquid reaction system through the first membrane, thereby generating the second chemical substance. According to this, a fuel production system that efficiently removes contaminants occurring in an extraction step when producing fuel derived from an alga or the like is provided.

Abstract: The present invention provides a Fischer-Tropsch derived gas oil having an initial boiling point of at least 165° C. and a final boiling point of at most 360° C. In another aspect the present invention provides a functional fluid formulation comprising a Fischer-Tropsch derived gas oil having an initial boiling point of at least 165° C. and a final boiling point of at most 360° C.