Abstract: This invention provides an image processing apparatus which allows an operator to easily recognize relevance between morbid portions, which exist in a plurality of layers, according to a disease.

Abstract: Systems and methods for mapping and evaluating visual distortions caused by metamorphopsia are provided. A subject with distorted vision is shown initial patterns which may be adjusted to appear non-distorted. A reference pattern within the subject's region of distorted vision is generated from the initial patterns and is used to promote suitable head position and eye fixation. Further patterns within the distorted region are shown to the subject and are adjusted to appear non-distorted. Patterns may be non-adjustable outside of the distorted region. A distortion map is defined based on the adjusted patterns. Additional detail may be added to the distortion map by interpolation. Images may be distorted using the distortion map to appear non-distorted to the subject.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method and system for improved aiming during Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) on young children and those unable to cooperate with OCT imaging by synchronization with retinal birefringence scanning (RBS). OCT is performed without knowing whether or not the subject is looking at the intended target. The present invention combines OCT retinal imaging, such as, but not limited to, time domain OCT, SDOCT, or SSOCT, with RBS technology that provides accurate information on the presence or absence of foveal fixation. Therefore, the present invention only analyzes data during foveal fixation. A system combining OCT with RBS is implemented such that both systems co-operate in a specified alignment, such that when the RBS fixation detection system detects alignment with the fovea of the eye, the OCT system will be aimed at the retinal region of interest, usually but not necessarily including the macular area.

Abstract: The present invention refers in general to the measurement of aberrations of the optical system of a living being, in particular a human. More specifically, the invention refers to methods and systems for reconstructing a wave front and/or for building a refractive error map.

Abstract: Provided is an imaging apparatus capable of imaging a confocal image and a nonconfocal image, in which an image intended by an examiner is provided easily and rapidly. The imaging apparatus includes: an acquiring unit configured to acquire a confocal image and a nonconfocal image of an eye to be inspected; a display unit configured to display at least one of the acquired confocal image and the acquired nonconfocal image; an analysis unit configured to analyze the acquired confocal image and the acquired nonconfocal image; and a display control unit configured to change a display form displayed on the display unit in accordance with an analysis result obtained by the analysis unit.

Abstract: A non-invasive bedside tool for monitoring central nervous system effects of opioids. The tool illustratively comprises a quantitative pupillometry system for predicting a probability of at least one opioid-related central effect based on detected pupillary effects.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods for identifying and treating subjects having nutrient deficiencies. A method for scoring nutritional deficiency in a subject's eye is also provided.

Abstract: This invention relates generally to minimally-invasive, in vivo methods of detecting one or more ligands on an intraluminal surface of a blood vessel using microparticles coated with one or more ligand binding partners. More particularly, in certain embodiments, the invention relates to minimally-invasive, in vivo methods of detecting endothelial and leukocyte antigens that are predictive of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and/or other conditions using protein-conjugated microparticles detectable by a non-invasive detection system, for example, a scanning laser ophthalmoscope. In other embodiments, the invention relates to targeted delivery of drugs or other substances to specific regions of an intraluminal surface of a blood vessel using drug-containing microparticles coated with one or more ligand binding partners.

Abstract: An intraocular pressure monitoring and sensing device for implantation in an eye of a patient may include a substrate having a pressure sensor disposed on a top surface thereof and a pressure sensor cap disposed on the substrate over the pressure sensor. The pressure sensor cap may include a wall structure extending from the top surface of the substrate, the wall structure laterally surrounding the pressure sensor. The pressure sensor cap may further include a cap top situated above the pressure sensor, the cap top and wall structure together forming an interior chamber, and a chamber inlet providing fluid access to the interior chamber. At least one of the cap top and the wall structure includes a semi-permeable surface to aid in priming.

Abstract: An ophthalmic surgical microscope of an embodiment includes an objective lens, illumination system, observation system, OCT system, and optical-path connecting member. The illumination system includes a diaphragm irradiated with light from an illumination light source and a lens unit including one or more lenses that make the light having passed through the diaphragm into a parallel light flux, and irradiates the light having passed through the lens unit to an eye through the objective lens. The observation system is configured for observing the eye being irradiated by the illumination system through the objective lens. The OCT system is configured for examining the eye by OCT through the objective lens. The optical-path connecting member is located between the diaphragm and the lens unit or between the lens unit and the objective lens to connect the optical path of the OCT system to that of the illumination system.

Abstract: A glucose monitoring system, includes a glucose sensor strip or package of strips. The strip includes a substrate and a glucose monitoring circuit that has electrodes and a bodily fluid application portion of selected chemical composition. An antenna is integrated with the glucose sensor strip. A RFID sensor chip is coupled with the glucose sensor strip and the antenna. The chip has a memory containing digitally-encoded data representing calibration and/or expiration date information for the strip.

Abstract: Methods and devices for transmitting and receiving data through biological tissue using ultrasonic pulses are described. Methods of the present invention may set an initial time-hopping frame length and an initial spreading code length for data transmission. A request-to-transmit may be sent from a transmitter over a control channel at the initial frame and code length. The receiver may respond to the transmitter with a clear-to-transmit packet having feedback information. The feedback information can be used to improve a forward time-hopping frame length and a forward spreading code length. Embodiments of the invention may involve a body area network or body surface network comprising a plurality of implanted sensor nodes operating according to the disclosed invention.

Abstract: Methods for ultrasonic communications through biological tissue using ultrasonic pulses are disclosed. For example, methods for calculating a forward data generation rate and a forward transmission probability profile for ultrasonic communications through biological material are disclosed. The method may comprise measuring sets interference values corresponding to instants on a communication channel. First and second order moments may be calculated for each instant based on the measured interference values. An outage probability may be calculated for each set and the forward data generation rate and forward transmission probability profile may be calculated based on the outage probability value and other parameters and a threshold transmission rate, a transmission delay threshold, and a residual transmission error rate.

Abstract: An exemplary system, method and computer-accessible medium for determining resultant information about a portion(s) of a tissue(s), can include, for example, receiving initial information which is based on a particular radiation that is returned from the portion(s), the particular radiation can be is based solely on an interaction between the portion(s) and a near-infrared radiation forwarded to the portion(s), and determining the resultant information about the portion(s) of the tissue(s) based on the initial information. The near-infrared radiation can be provided by a near-infrared light optical arrangement that can include a diffusely reflected near-infrared light arrangement. A depth of a lesion to be ablated can be determined by the near-infrared radiation based on the initial information. The initial information can include data corresponding to a reflectance spectrum(s) of the portion(s).

Abstract: The invention relates to a device and an according method for multispectral optoacoustic imaging of an object, the device comprising: an irradiation unit configured to irradiate the object with electromagnetic radiation at two or more different irradiation wavelengths (?), said electromagnetic radiation having a time-varying intensity; a detection unit configured to detect acoustic waves generated in the object upon irradiating the object with the electromagnetic radiation at the different irradiation wavelengths (?); and a processing unit configured to reconstruct images of the object based on the detected acoustic waves generated in the object at each of the irradiation wavelengths (?) and to determine a spatial distribution of at least one first concentration value, which relates to a concentration of at least one electromagnetic radiation absorber in the object, wherein the determination of the spatial distribution of the at least one first concentration value is based on the reconstructed images at the d

Abstract: A reflection-mode photoacoustic endoscope includes a tube, a light source configured to emit a light pulse suitable for photoacoustic imaging, an ultrasonic transducer configured to detect a response signal, and a light and acoustic reflector rotatable relative to the tube.

Abstract: Systems and methods for non-invasive thermal monitoring use multiple coupling sensors and temperature sensors in order to determine multiple temperatures of a patient. The sensors may be carried by support structure such as a wrap, blanket, mattress, and similar structures. Signals generated by the coupling sensors reflect coupling strength and/or reliability between sensors and the patient. Positional information/mapping of temperature information can be derived from the coupling sensors, image sensors, and/or the variation of the temperature profile itself over time. The measurements may be used to construct a thermal (full-body) profile of the patient and provide targeted thermal control (heating/cooling).

Abstract: The present invention is related to a cardiovascular monitoring device including an inflatable cuff for surrounding a limb of a user, at least a first and a second electrodes, a controlling circuitry with a processor accommodated in a housing, and a display element. The controlling circuitry is configured to perform a blood pressure measurement through controlling a pressure inside the inflatable cuff, and perform an electrocardiogram measurement by using the electrodes. The processor is also configured to provide a diastolic blood pressure and a systolic blood pressure when the blood pressure measurement is performed, and to provide a heart rhythm information when the electrocardiogram measurement is performed. Further, for achieving a better and more stable contact between the electrodes and the user's skin, the present invention provides an improved structure with electrodes arranged thereon based on the conventional blood pressure monitor.

Abstract: A method for detecting physiological information, adapted to a wearable multi-axis accelerometer for detecting the physiological information, the method comprises obtaining a detecting signal in a sampling time via the multi-axis accelerometer; detecting peaks of the detecting signal in a first searching time interval to obtain a plurality of first peaks; calculating first time intervals between every two adjacent first peaks, and taking maximum of the first time intervals as a second searching time interval; detecting peaks of the detecting signal in the second searching time intervals to obtain a plurality of the second peaks; and obtaining the physiological information from the detecting signal based on the second peaks.

Abstract: The invention pertains to the establishment, implementation and management of a personalized information system pertinent to a user's general health, wellness and/or sport performance. A novel set of portable devices with calorimetric, metabolic sensing, computing and communication capabilities are used for non-stop real-time measurement and display as well as long-term logging of highly accurate information about a user's metabolic state. Continuous real-time feedback on the user's respiratory quotient (RQ) and other data may be provided. A novel dual-battery system is also provided by which an uninterrupted power supply can be provided for electronic components. The personalized information system is further designed to consider measured and calculated metabolic parameters in relation to manually specified, user-specific goal(s), and to provide feedback about the user's progress with regards to these goals over the short- and long term.

Abstract: A biosensor includes light emitting elements and a light receiving element disposed on a principal surface of a wiring board; a light shielding portion disposed between a light-emitting-element sealing portion and a light-receiving-element sealing portion; a base medium having light transmitting properties, disposed in parallel with the wiring board with the light shielding portion therebetween; an adhesion layer having light transmitting properties, configured to bond the base medium with the light-emitting-element sealing portion, the light-receiving-element sealing portion, and the light shielding portion; and a first electrocardiograph electrode attached to a principal surface of the base medium. The refractive index of the base medium is set to be higher than that of the adhesion layer, and a surface of the first electrocardiograph electrode which is adjacent to the base medium is roughened so that stray light passing through the base medium will be scattered.

Abstract: In a system and method for identifying a driver of a source associated with a heart rhythm disorder, data are accessed from a plurality of sensors representing biological activity in the heart. A first region and a second region of the heart, which comprise the source of the heart rhythm disorder, are identified. If the first region of the heart has repeating centrifugal activation and controls the second region of the heart for at least a predetermined number of beats, the first region is identified as controlling the source of the heart rhythm disorder.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device (12) for obtaining a vital sign of a subject (14), comprising an interface (22) for receiving a set of image frames (24) of a subject (14), a signal extraction unit (26) for extracting a photoplethysmographic (PPG) signal of the subject (14) from said set of image frames (24), a signal evaluation unit (28) for determining a feature of said PPG signal indicative of the information content of the extracted PPG signal with respect to a desired vital sign of the subject (14), a processing unit (30) for determining a binning configuration based on the determined feature of the extracted PPG signal, said binning configuration being provided for controlling binning of image pixels of an image frame; and a vital signs determination unit (32) for determining vital sign information from the extracted PPG signal.

Abstract: The circuitry of an optical receiver reduces the ambient DC component and the pleth DC component to leave a pleth signal with substantially only a pleth AC component. The circuitry also provides gain control and can provide transmit power control to change the range of the pleth AC component to occupy a desired input range of an analog-to-digital converter.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to devices and methods for sensing ACVG. In one example, the device comprises an ACVG sensor for sensing signals of heart beat and arterial pulse in a predetermined period. The ACVG sensor transforms the signals to electrical output. The analog-to-digital converter receives the electrical output and converts the electrical output into digital signals. The present disclosure further relates to methods of determining physiological conditions. In one example, the method comprises receiving an ACVG, providing a waveform data by processing the ACVG, extracting at least one data point from a predetermined time interval of the waveform data, obtaining indicators based on the at least one data point, and determining a physiological condition according to the indicator.

Abstract: A method and medical device for determining a P-wave of a cardiac signal that includes sensing the cardiac signal, determining a P-wave sensing window in response to the sensed cardiac signal, the P-wave sensing window having a first portion and a second portion, determining signal characteristics of the sensed cardiac signal within the first portion and within the second portion, comparing the determined signal characteristics, and determining the P-wave in response to the comparing.

Abstract: A physiological signal processing circuit includes an amplifier, an analog-to-digital converter, and a physiological characteristic detector circuit. The amplifier is configured to amplify an analog physiological signal of a user for providing an amplified signal. The analog-to-digital converter is coupled to the amplifier, and is configured to convert the amplified signal to a digital signal. The physiological characteristic detector circuit is coupled to the analog-to-digital converter, and configured to detect a physiological characteristic of the user from the digital signal so as to provide an output signal.

Abstract: An implantable medical device and method for determining an atrial arrhythmia event that includes a cardiac sensing device comprising a housing having circuitry positioned therein, a plurality of electrodes electrically coupled to the circuitry to sense a cardiac signal, and a processor configured to generate an initial detection of an atrial arrhythmia event in response to an atrial arrhythmia threshold, determine whether a P-wave occurs during the initial detection, determine an adaptive threshold in response to the P-wave being detected, adjust the atrial arrhythmia threshold in response to the adaptive threshold, and generate a subsequent initial detection of an atrial arrhythmia event using the adjusted atrial arrhythmia threshold.

Abstract: A cardiac monitoring device for determining the occurrence of a sick sinus syndrome condition of a patient that includes a plurality of electrodes to sense a cardiac signal, a sensing module electrically coupled to the plurality of electrodes having circuitry positioned therein to receive the sensed cardiac signal, and a processor coupled to the sensing module and configured to determine an RR interval variability during an RR interval variability session in response to the sensed cardiac signal, determine whether a P-wave occurs during the RR interval variability session, determine whether a sick sinus indicator is satisfied in response to a P-wave occurring, increment a sick sinus count in response to the sick sinus indicator being satisfied, determine whether a sick sinus burden is satisfied in response to the sick sinus count being incremented, and determine the occurrence of sick sinus syndrome in response to the sick sinus burden being satisfied.

Abstract: Described herein are methods, apparatuses, and systems for heart monitoring of a patient. The heart monitoring system can be used to take an electrocardiogram (ECG) using only two electrodes. A handheld device can be used to sequentially measure the electrical signal between different positions on a patient's body. The electrical signals can be processed and analyzed to prepare an ECG for the patient, including a 12-lead ECG.

Abstract: A method and implantable medical device for determining noise in response to a cardiac signal that includes sensing the cardiac signal, determining a sensing window in response to the sensed cardiac signal, the sensing window comprising a first portion and a second portion, determining a first derivative signal in response to the sensed cardiac signal within only one of the first portion and the second portion of the sensing window, determining a second derivative signal in response to the sensed cardiac signal within the one of the first portion and the second portion of the sensing window, determining whether an amplitude of the second derivative signal satisfies an amplitude threshold, and determining noise in response to the amplitude of the second derivative signal satisfying the amplitude threshold.

Abstract: A method and implantable medical device for determining a flutter event in response to a cardiac signal that includes sensing the cardiac signal, determining a sensing window in response to the sensed cardiac signal, the sensing window having a first portion and a second portion. A first derivative signal and a second derivative signal are determined in response to the sensed cardiac signal within the first portion and the second portion of the sensing window, and a sum of amplitudes of the second derivative signal within one or both of the first portion and the second portion of the sensing window is determined, and the flutter event is determined in response to the determined sum of amplitudes.

Abstract: An improved apparatus and method of using an EEG net to obtain electroencephalographic measurements from a patient in an emergent or urgent care setting. The net is comprised of a headpiece with a plurality of straps and recording ports formed therein. A recording head of an electrode is associated with each recording port and is pre-incorporated into the net. Transmitting wires are associated with each electrode head and have common terminated points. The terminus of each wire is hard wired into a connecting device that can be directly mated to a receiving console or remotely transmit wirelessly the electrode signals.

Abstract: A physiological parameter measurement and motion tracking system including a control system, a sensing system, and a stimulation system is disclosed. The sensing system includes one or more physiological sensors including at least brain electrical activity sensors. The stimulation system includes one or more stimulation devices including at least a visual stimulation system. The control system includes an acquisition module configured to receive sensor signals from the sensing system, and a control module configured to process the signals from the acquisition module and control the generation of stimulation signals to one or more devices of the stimulation system. The control system further includes a clock module and the control system is configured to receive content code signals from the stimulation system and to time stamp the content code signals and the sensor signals with a clock signal from the clock module.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus implementing a generalizable self-calibrating protocol coupled with machine learning algorithms in an exemplary setting of classifying perceptual states as corresponding to the experience of perceptually opposite mental states (including pain or no pain) are disclosed. An embodiment presented represents inexpensive, commercially available, wearable EEG sensors providing sufficient data fidelity to robustly differentiate the two perceptually opposite states. Low-computational overhead machine learning algorithms that can be run on a mobile platform can be used to find the most efficient feature handles to classify perceptual states as self-calibrated by the user. The invention is generalizable to states beyond just pain and pave the way towards creating EEG NFB applications targeting arbitrary, self-calibrated perceptual states in at-home and wearable settings.

Abstract: The present invention is related to a cardiovascular monitoring device including an inflatable cuff for surrounding a limb of a user, at least a first and a second electrodes, a controlling circuitry with a processor accommodated in a housing, and a display element. The controlling circuitry is configured to perform a blood pressure measurement through controlling a pressure inside the inflatable cuff, and perform an electrocardiogram measurement by using the electrodes. The processor is also configured to provide a diastolic blood pressure and a systolic blood pressure when the blood pressure measurement is performed, and to provide a heart rhythm information when the electrocardiogram measurement is performed. Further, for achieving a better and more stable contact between the electrodes and the user's skin, the present invention provides an improved structure with electrodes arranged thereon based on the conventional blood pressure monitor.

Abstract: The present invention provides a portable electromyographic signal neuromuscular rehabilitation system, comprising: a surface electromyography sensor, a signal transmitter, a rhythm generator, a comparator, and a, wherein the signal transmitter is connected to the surface electromyography sensor; the comparator is connected to the signal transmitter and the rhythm generator; the is connected to the rhythm generator and the comparator and configured to receive and display the specific rhythm to the user. The portable electromyographic signal neuromuscular rehabilitation system according to the present invention is portable and allows a remote monitoring. It enables a user to be treated at various locations. Besides, it can interestingly interact with the user, which avoids the tedium of lengthy treatment process, thereby enhancing the user's adherence to a long-term treatment and enables user to make self-treatment.

Abstract: A coated electromyography needle including an anti-microbial, electrically insulative coating applied to non-tip portion of an electrode of the electromyography needle.

Abstract: The application relates to a method for recording auditory steady-state responses responses of a person, the method comprising a) providing an acoustic stimulus signal to an ear of the person, b) recording the auditory steady-state responses of the person originating from said acoustic stimulus signal. The application further relates to a system. The object of the present application is to excite the auditory system with a signal capable of assessing the auditory systems ability to process speech. The problem is solved in that the acoustic stimulus signal comprises a speech-like stimulus provided as a combination of a series of frequency-specific stimuli, each having a specified (e.g. predetermined) frequency bandwidth, presentation rate, amplitude and amplitude-modulation. An advantage of the disclosure is that it allows a clinical assessment of the effect of a hearing device in a normal mode of operation, i.e. when processing speech stimuli. The invention may e.g.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes systems and methods for recording and stimulating neural and other tissue. The disclosure describes a tissue interface that can be configured as a cuff or a ribbon and includes a plurality of electrodes and ultrasound transducers. The tissue interface is configured to electrically and ultrasonically stimulate tissue, such a muscle tissue and neural tissue. The tissue interface is also configured to monitor the target tissue by recording electrical activity of the target tissue with one or more of the electrodes and image the target tissue with one or more of the ultrasound transducers.

Abstract: A method of characterizing myocardial perfusion pathology by analyzing a plurality of medical images of at least a portion of the heart of a subject of interest (20), acquired in a consecutive manner by a medical imaging modality (10), the method comprising steps of: sampling intensities of selected myocardial image positions from the plurality of medical images and assigning an index representing an order of acquisition to the respective sampled intensities of the myocardial image positions to obtain intensity curves (60); and—calculating an index number (64, 66) indicative of a spatio-temporal perfusion inhomogeneity or perfusion dephasing among at least a subset of myocardial segments of the plurality of myocardial segments, based on the obtained intensity curves (60); a system (52) for myocardial perfusion pathology characterization by analyzing a plurality of medical images by carrying out such method; a medical imaging modality (10) comprising such system (52); a software module (48) for carrying out su

Abstract: A system and method for monitoring lung water content of a patient. The system may include at least two microwave sensors and a processor. The system may transmit one or more microwave signals into the thorax of a patient using one or more of the microwave sensors. The system may then receive one or more of the microwave signals using one or more of the microwave sensors. The one or more received microwave signals may each have at least one associated frequency component with a magnitude and a phase. The system may analyze the phase of one or more received microwave signals to monitor changes in the lung water content. The system may analyze the magnitude of one or more received microwave signals to determine whether the lung water content is increasing or decreasing.

Abstract: Methods for assessing a health condition of an individual using single coil magnetic induction tomography imaging are provided. A target area for medical imaging on a patient can be identified. A plurality of coil property measurements can be obtained using a single coil. The plurality of coil property measurements can be performed with the single coil at a plurality of discrete locations relative to the target area. The coil property measurements can be processed to generate an image of the conductivity distribution of the target area. The image can be analyzed to assess a health condition of the patient.

Abstract: An electrical impedance tomography device includes a plurality of electrodes, a display apparatus, and a control and evaluation unit for reconstructing a matrix of image elements, a spatial distribution of impedance changes in an electrode plane, from measurement signals with a reconstruction algorithm. A time series of matrices are provided from an inhalation and an exhalation that follow. The control unit detects a local impedance change, as a function of a quantity monotonically dependent on average alveolar pressure, as inhalation and exhalation curves from the time series of matrices, to calculate a parameter representing the deviation between the inhalation and exhalation curves as a dissipation value of the image element and to associate the parameter with the image element, to combine the dissipation values of all examined image elements in a dissipation map, and to display the dissipation values with graphical codings dependent on dissipation values of the dissipation map.

Abstract: A length measurement device includes a tape portion (10) which is provided with a plurality of electrode pads (100a, 100b, 101a, 1010b, . . . ) arrayed thereon and is used in a state being wound around a measuring object, an impedance acquisition unit that selects any pair of electrode pads from a plurality of electrode pads and acquires electrical impedance between the pair of electrode pads, and a length calculation unit that calculates a length between the pair of electrode pads, based on a change in impedance of the pair of electrode pads.

Abstract: A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) apparatus and a method of controlling the MRI apparatus are provided. The MRI apparatus includes a signal transceiver configured to transmit a radio frequency (RF) signal to an object, and receive a magnetic resonance (MR) signal from the object. The MRI apparatus further includes a controller configured to control the signal transceiver based on sequence information that is used according to an imaging protocol, determine a degree at which the object is able to move based on the sequence information, to generate operation information, and control a device connected to the MRI apparatus to provide the operation information.

Abstract: A method, including advancing a guidewire having a first diameter through a patient lumen, the guidewire being tracked by an electromagnetic system and an impedance system. While advancing the guidewire, signals of both systems, that are generated in response to differing positions of the guidewire in the lumen, are recorded. The method includes recording correspondences between the signals at each of the differing positions. The method also includes withdrawing the guidewire from the lumen, and then advancing through the lumen a second guidewire, having a second diameter smaller than the first diameter, which is tracked by the impedance system. While advancing the second guidewire, a signal of the impedance system generated in response to advancement of the second guidewire in the lumen is received. The method includes applying the correspondences to the signal in order to determine a position of the second guidewire in the lumen.

Abstract: A guidewire, consisting of a hollow tube, containing a longitudinal lumen and having a spiral channel cut into the tube, and having a distal end. The guidewire has an elongate flexible core positioned within the longitudinal lumen. The guidewire also has a conductive coil, wound around the core at a location within the lumen in proximity to the distal end, that is coupled to output a signal in response to a magnetic field applied to the guidewire.

Abstract: An endoscope insertion shape observation probe that is elongatedly formed along a longitudinal axis direction and is insertable into a channel provided in an endoscope insertion section or is incorporated in the endoscope insertion section includes an electronic component, a housing section having a recessed shape that houses the electronic component, a pair of electric connection sections provided in the housing section, a pair of electric connection terminal sections provided in the electronic component and engaged with and electrically connected to the electric connection sections, the electric connection terminal sections mechanically holding the electronic component in the housing section, a groove section formed in the housing section, and two attaching-direction defining terminal sections provided in the electronic component, the attaching-direction defining terminal sections engaging into the groove section and defining a direction around a longitudinal axis in which the electronic component is attach

Abstract: A method, including inserting a catheter having at least one electrode into a chamber of a body organ of a patient and recording at a sequence of times respective sets of currents between the at least one electrode and a plurality of patches positioned on skin of the patient. The method further includes, while recording the sets of currents, acquiring x-ray images of the at least one electrode, and determining locations of the catheter from the images. A relation is derived between the locations and the respective sets of currents based on the sets of currents and the images. The method also includes recording subsequent sets of currents between the at least one electrode and the patches, and determining, based on the relation, subsequent locations of the catheter in response to the subsequent set of currents.