Abstract: A rotating connector formed within an endoscope console for connecting an endoscope to a console, comprising: a fixed part located on the endoscope console for attaching the rotating connector to the console; and a rotating part adapted to be attached to the at least one fixed part such that the rotating part can rotate relatively to the at least one fixed part, the rotating part also adapted to receiving an endoscope connector, wherein the rotating connector enables rotation of the endoscope while eliminating twisting of a proximal shaft connecting the endoscope to the console.

Abstract: An endoscope includes an insertion portion in which a rigid distal end portion, a bending portion, and a flexible portion are provided in a connected row arrangement, and an optical fiber that is inserted through the insertion portion. The endoscope has, in the rigid distal end portion, an optical transmission module in which an image pickup device, an optical device in which a light-emitting portion is formed, and a holding member that has a through hole. A length in the bending portion of the optical fiber whose distal end portion is inserted into and fixed in the through hole of the holding member is longer than a length L0 of the bending portion.

Abstract: A pneumoperitoneum apparatus includes: an insufflation conduit for pneumoperitoneum; an endoscope connection tube connecting the insufflation conduit for pneumoperitoneum; an insufflation flow rate measuring section that measures an insufflation flow rate as a measured flow rate; a set flow rate setting section that sets the measured insufflation flow rate to a target set flow rate; an insufflation flow rate adjusting section; an adjustment value storing section that if the measured flow rate is equal to the target set flow rate, stores the adjustment value for the insufflation flow rate adjusting section; and a control section that if the measured flow rate varies to a value that is equal to or below a threshold value after the measured flow rate reaches the target set flow rate, performs control to set the adjustment value read from the adjustment value storing section for the insufflation flow rate adjusting section.

Abstract: The invention refers to a secondary endoscope mountable onto a mother endoscope. The secondary endoscope comprises a grip body (4; 400) having an outer body including an inner channel and an inner body (3; 300) arranged in the inner channel of the outer body, said inner body (3; 300) being movable relatively to the outer body; a catheter (5; 500) mounted on the grip body (4; 400); a control element (1; 100) at the proximal side of the grip body (4; 400) for controlling a bending portion (6; 600) arranged on the distal end of the catheter (5; 500), said control element (1; 100) being arranged on the proximal side of the inner body (3; 300); and a mounting connection on the distal end of the grip body (4; 400) for fixing the secondary endoscope to a mother endoscope (200), said mounting connection being attached to the outer body of the grip body (4; 400).

Abstract: Use of near-infrared fluorescence imaging in performing an endoscopic surgery, such as laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A composite video image of the surgical field (e.g. the biliary anatomy) is shown on a display screen. The composite video image combines a visible color image and a fluorescence image of the surgical field. Using various techniques, selective fluorescence imaging of a particular area of interest in the surgical field is made possible. For example, in a cholecystectomy procedure, the biliary ducts may be the particular area of interest for the selective fluorescence imaging.

Abstract: The present invention provides improved medical devices, including oral airway devices, equipped with a visualization device for intubation, extubation, ventilation, drug delivery, feeding and continuous remote monitoring of a patient. The present invention also provides methods for rapid and accurate placement of a medical device in a patient and continuous real time monitoring, including a remote monitoring, of the patient after the placement.

Abstract: A system for direct imaging and diagnosing of abnormal cells in a target tissue includes an image acquisition system comprising a plurality of independently movable optical elements. The image acquisition system is arranged to capture at least one of a single image or multiple images or video of cells within the target tissue using at least one of bright field or dark field source divided into independently operated segments to obtain a plurality of data sets. An image analysis and control unit in communication with the image acquisition system analyzes the data sets and applies algorithms to the data sets for diagnosing abnormal cells.

Abstract: An observation system for viewing light-sensitive tissue includes an illumination system configured to illuminate the light-sensitive tissue, an imaging system configured to image at least a portion of the light-sensitive tissue upon being illuminated by the illumination system, and an image display system in communication with the imaging system to display an image of the portion of the light-sensitive tissue.

Abstract: A method for imaging episcleral vessels in an eye includes injecting the eye with a contrast agent, positioning an imaging probe proximate to a limbus of the eye, acquiring a plurality of images along a circumference of the limbus and applying a vessel segmentation algorithm to the plurality of images to quantify episcleral diameter and density in real-time. A system for imaging episcleral vessels in an eye includes a processing unit operably connected to an imaging probe and a visual feedback device. In certain embodiments, the contrast agent includes fluorescein. In certain embodiments, the episcleral diameter and density is displayed in an image on a visual feedback device. In certain embodiments, the method is part of a treatment for relieving intraocular pressure in an eye that can include the steps of identifying a target treatment area based on the image and applying a MIGS treatment in the target treatment area.

Abstract: Provided is an ophthalmic apparatus, including: an acquisition unit configured to acquire a confocal image and a nonconfocal image of an eye to be inspected (E); a first detection unit configured to detect a photoreceptor cell of the eye to be inspected (E) from the confocal image; a second detection unit configured to detect a photoreceptor cell of the eye to be inspected (E) from the nonconfocal image; and a display unit configured to compare the photoreceptor cell detected by the first detection unit and the photoreceptor cell detected by the second detection unit with each other to display a result of the comparison on a screen.

Abstract: A system and method for using a virtual reality or an augmented reality environment for the measurement and/or improvement of human vestibulo-ocular performance can be implemented by combining a video camera based eye orientation sensor, a head orientation sensor, a display, and an electronic circuit that connects the eye sensor, head sensor, and display. The system and method can be operated in the range of frequencies between 0.01 Hertz and 15 Hertz. The system and method can use a Fourier transform to compute a gain and a phase. The system and method can be used for measuring vestibulo-ocular reflex, dynamic visual acuity, dynamic visual stability, kinetic visual acuity, retinal image stability, or foveal fixation stability in a non-clinical setting. The system and method can be completely portable, head-worn, and self-contained.

Abstract: It is provided a method for quick switching to realize anterior and posterior eye segments imaging, which can realize quick switch and real-time image for locations at different depths. On one hand, with an ability of quick switch, objects at different depths can be measured, and the detection scope of the OCT system can be enhanced; the switch system is able to work stably and change positions accurately without influencing the signal-to-noise ratio of the system. On the other hand, the light beam can be respectively focalized at different locations. Thus, high quality of anterior and posterior eye segments imaging can be achieved with a relatively high lateral resolution for human eyes having different ametropia. Furthermore, based on the anterior and posterior eye segments imaging, an ability of real-time eye axial length measurement can be added.

Abstract: A corneal cover for placement on a patient's eye during eye surgery. A generally concave central arcuate portion has a first radius of curvature. A generally concave peripheral arcuate portion has a second radius of curvature larger than the first radius of curvature. One of a stem projecting from the peripheral arcuate portion, and a lip projecting from an outer periphery is provided to grasp the corneal cover, with a tool or manually, to place it on the eye and to remove it from the eye. The corneal cover has substantially no corrective power. The corneal cover is made of a hydrophobic material so it does not need to be irrigated during surgery.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a portable pupillometer including a testing compartment, at least one ocular disposed on the testing compartment, two or more light sources disposed in the testing compartment and forming a plurality of visual stimuli for a subject looking through the at least one ocular, at least one camera configured to capture images of a pupil of the subject via infrared detection, the images indicating pupillary responses to the two or more light sources, and an interface for connection with a computing device external to the pupillometer, the interface adapted to (i) provide, to the computing device, images from the at least one camera, and (ii) receive, from the computing device, control signals for controlling the plurality of light sources.

Abstract: Systems, devices, and methods are described for the assessment, screening, monitoring, or diagnosis of developmental or cognitive conditions, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD) by analysis of eye tracking data generated from feedback received as a result of display of specific predetermined visual stimuli to a subject or patient. Subsequent to a calibration phase, a testing procedure is performed by presenting predetermined stimuli (e.g., videos) to a subject via a display device. Eye tracking data (from the subject moving his or her eyes in response to predetermined movies or other visual stimuli) are collected. During the data collection period, the system periodically presents targets to reflexively elicit the subject's gaze. These data are used to later verify accuracy. Analysis of the subject's viewing patterns during these stimuli is used for the assessment, screening, monitoring, or diagnosis of developmental or cognitive conditions such as ASD.

Abstract: Systems, devices, and methods are described for assessing the risk of developmental, cognitive, social, or mental abilities or disabilities in very young patients (e.g., in the first 2-6 months of life). Generally, the decline in visual fixation of a subject over time with respect to certain dynamic stimuli provides a marker of possible abilities or disabilities (such as ASD). The visual fixation of the subject is identified, monitored, and tracked over time through repeated eye tracking sessions, and data relating to the visual fixation is then analyzed to determine a possible increased risk certain conditions in the subject. A change in visual fixation as compared to similar visual fixation data of typically-developing subjects or to a subject's own, prior visual fixation data provides an indication of a developmental, cognitive, or mental ability or disability.

Abstract: An eye gaze detection supporting device includes an illuminator including a light source that performs irradiation with light, a plurality of imaging units, position detectors that detect a first position indicating a center of a pupil and a second position indicating a center of corneal reflection, from an image of an eye ball of a subject irradiated with light by the illuminator, and captured by the imaging units, and a calculator that calculates a fourth position indicating a curvature center of a cornea, based on a position of the light source, a third position on a display, the first position, and the second position.

Abstract: A method and device for radiating light used to capture an iris are provided. The device for radiating light to capture an iris of a user includes a lens unit including a lens array of arranged lenses, a light source configured to radiate light beams into the iris of the user via the arranged lenses by emitting the light beams toward the arranged lenses, and a controller configured to change positions of the arranged lenses based on a distance between the device and the iris, in which the lens array is positioned between the light source and the iris.

Abstract: a contact lens that monitors the radius of curvature of cornea includes an amplification chamber, am annular membrane, a microfluidic channel, and a gas reservoir within a top and bottom lens layers of the contact lens. The annular membrane is positioned within the amplification chamber and is in fluid communication with the gas reservoir through the microfluidic channel. A working gas within the gas reservoir and a working fluid within the amplification chamber and the microfluidic channel create a fluid-gas equilibrium pressure interface. The curvature change of the cornea results the amplification chamber wall and the annular membrane to deflect, wherein the deflection results the fluid-gas equilibrium pressure interface baseline to change within the microfluidic channel. Then the baseline position change is recorded by an external imaging system to analysis sensitivity calculation of the cornea.

Abstract: A robotic vision screening system includes a user interface that interacts with a customer, at least one diagnostic device that examines at least one of the customer's eyes, at least one measurement device that measures the customer's head anatomy, a processor in communication with the at least one diagnostic device and the at least one measurement device, and a 3D printer in communication with the processor that produces a customized vision correction device based on data received from the at least one diagnostic device and the at least one measurement device.

Abstract: A method for non-contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (“MRA”) that has a short scan time and is insensitive to patient motion is provided. More particularly, the method provides significant arterial conspicuity and substantial venous signal suppression. A two-dimensional single shot acquisition is employed and timed to occur a specific time period after the occurrence of an R-wave in a contemporaneously recorded electrocardiogram. In this manner, k-space data is acquired that is substantially insensitive to variations in arterial flow velocity, or heart rate, and that further substantially suppresses unwanted venous signal in a prescribed imaging slice.

Abstract: A wireless ECG sensor system includes a sensor patch configured to attach to a user. The sensor patch may include a substrate having a positive and a negative electrode, and a passive radio-frequency identification (RFID) transponder carried by the substrate. The RFID may include a first antenna, a non-transitory and non-volatile storage medium in, electrical communication with the first antenna, a load modulation switch in electrical communication with the first antenna, and a microcontroller in electrical communication with the first antenna and in data communication with both the storage medium and the load modulation switch. The system may also include an interrogator device having a second antenna configured to wirelessly transmit electromagnetic radiation having a resonant frequency of the first antenna of the sensor patch, and a demodulator configured to measure a voltage amplitude of the electromagnetic radiation wirelessly transmitted by the second antenna.

Abstract: The present invention is a novel approach in combining wired and wireless ECG monitoring. An ECG Wireless Plug (“Wplug”) is inserted between the Trunk Cable and the Leadwire Cable, so as to both pass the ECG to the Host Monitor and to intercept the signal for processing and wireless transmission. When the Wplug is inserted and the Host Monitor is active, the signal transmitted to the Telemetry Receiver can be identified as belonging to the same patient as on the Host Monitor.

Abstract: Systems and methods for measuring phase dynamics and other properties (e.g. intracranial pressure) are disclosed. For example, the system may generate a reference waveform and a measurement waveform using digital synthesizers, each waveform having an identical constant frequency but also a relative phase shift. Next, system may send a tone-burst, via a transducer, into a sample (e.g. a skull or a bonded material), and then receive a reflected tone-burst in response. Then, a phase difference between the received tone-burst and the measurement waveform may be determined with a linear phase detector. Next, the phase shift of the measurement waveform may be adjusted, by the determined phase difference, such that there is no longer any phase difference between the received tone-burst and the adjusted measurement waveform generated by the appropriate digital synthesizer. A similar adjustment may occur after subsequent tone-bursts, allowing accurate monitoring of continuously variable phase relationships.

Abstract: A fluorescence observation apparatus comprising a light source having a single light-emitting portion for emitting white light and excitation light simultaneously and radiates the white light and the excitation light; a light guide that guides the radiated white and excitation lights and simultaneously irradiates the white and excitation lights light onto a specimen; a white-light-image acquisition unit that receives return light of the white light coming from the specimen and acquires a white-light image; a fluorescence-image acquisition unit that receives fluorescence excited in the specimen by the excitation light and acquires a fluorescence image; an illumination-light filter that is disposed between the light-emitting portion and a radiation exit end of the light source, and satisfies the following conditional expression, Pf(?w)<Pf(?e), wherein Pf(?w) and Pf(?e) are transmittances of the illumination-light filter at a wavelength ?w in a white-light band and a wavelength ?e in a excitation-light band.

Abstract: An electromagnetic tomography system for gathering measurement data pertaining to a human head includes an image chamber unit, a control system, and a housing. The image chamber unit includes an antenna assembly defining a horizontally-oriented imaging chamber and including an array of antennas arranged around the imaging chamber. The antennas include at least some transmitting antennas and some receiving antennas. The control system causes the transmitting antennas to transmit a low power electromagnetic field that is received by the receiving antennas after passing through a patient's head in the imaging chamber. A data tensor is produced that may be inversed to reconstruct a 3D distribution of dielectric properties within the head and to create an image. The housing at least partially contains the antenna assembly and has a front entry opening into the imaging chamber. The head is inserted horizontally through the front entry opening and into the imaging chamber.

Abstract: Provided are a system and method for surface condition measurement and analysis to effectively utilize image data photographed when a surface as an object is photographed regularly and continuously. When a surface as an object is sequentially photographed as time passes and the photographed image data is sequentially stored, the sequentially stored images are compared and the presence or absence of image regions among the images that nearly coincide with each other is determined. When there are images with image regions that nearly coincide with each other, a coordinate system having one image as a reference is set, and a position of the other image in the coordinate system is determined. When an image with an undetermined position overlaps with an image with a determined position, including images photographed subsequent thereto, the position of the image is determined.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a therapy system comprising: a patient interface (16) for delivering a flow of breathable gas to a patient (10), wherein the patient interface (16) comprises a detection unit (24) for detecting reflected light from a skin area (22) of the patient (10) and generating an image signal from the detected light; a processing unit (26) for processing the image signal; and an evaluation unit (28) for deriving information on a vital state of the patient (10) based on an evaluation of a development of the image signal over time; wherein the processing unit (26) is configured to identify a blood vessel of the patient (10) within the skin area (22) and to determine a size measure for the blood vessel, and wherein the evaluation unit (28) is configured to evaluate a development of the determined size measure over time to derive information on the vital state of the patient (10).

Abstract: Device for non-invasive detection of predetermined biological structures associated with areas visible to the naked eye, provided with a) means for illuminating the area to be investigated by means of infrared light, adapted to be absorbed selectively by the biological structure to be investigated, and light with band in the visible field, b) means for splitting the light at the inlet to the cameras, into a light beam with light with spectral band relating to the infrared field and light beam with spectral band in the visible c) acquisition means of two images, one relating to the information content of the split light beam relating to the infrared field, and one relating to the information contribution of the light beam in the visible field, d) means for superimposing the two images to produce a single image that shows the area to be investigated as in the visible with superimposed the shape of the hidden structure to be investigated, e) a viewer for viewing said single image.

Abstract: The invention relates to a pressure measuring device (1) for measuring pressure in a biological system, comprising a flexibly or resiliently designed measuring cell holder (3), wherein, in the measuring cell holder (3), there are at least two FBG sensors (4) which are arranged at a distance from one another. The measuring cell holder (3) can comprise a plurality of layers (5, 6) into which the FBG sensors (4) can be integrated.

Abstract: Systems and methods for improving limited-view photoacoustic tomography using an acoustic reflector are described. In particular, an acoustic reflector and ultrasonic transducer array are integrated to provide a virtual array that enhances the field of view of the ultrasonic transducer array, thereby improving the quality of photoacoustic tomography images obtained using the systems and methods described herein.

Abstract: Apparatuses, systems, devices, mechanisms, and methods are used to locate an ABTT terminus and then to measure the temperature of the ABTT terminus.

Abstract: A method of determining a temperature of a patient includes determining that a temperature measurement device is located within at least one of a distance range and an alignment range of a portion of a measurement site of the patient, providing an indication to a user of the device that the device is located within the at least one of the distance range and the alignment range, and determining, with the device, a first temperature of a first location on the portion of the measurement site without contacting the patient with the device. Such a method also includes determining, with the device, a second temperature of a second location on the portion of the measurement site without contacting the patient with the device, wherein the second location is different from the first location. Such a method further includes determining a third temperature of the patient based on the first and second temperatures.

Abstract: A handset mobile communication device for measuring body temperature and body temperature measuring method thereof is provided. The aforementioned handset communication device acquired an optical image and thermal image form an external target, then compared and correlated the two images and provided temperature information of selected portion of the target. Therefore, the aforementioned handset device may provide user to acquire temperature information of selected portion of target by contactless means. With respect to the previous contacting measurement, the device and method thereof of present application can provide more secure temperature measuring solution to health care professionals.

Abstract: An external defibrillator system is provided. The system includes: a graphical display; one or more sensors for obtaining data regarding chest compressions performed on a patient; and a controller configured to display on the graphical display numeric values for depth and/or rate of the chest compressions based upon the data from the one or more sensors. A method for using an external defibrillator including the steps of: obtaining data regarding chest compressions performed on a patient; and displaying on a graphical display screen of the defibrillator numeric values for depth and/or rate of the chest compressions based upon the data is also provided.

Abstract: Described are congenital heart disease monitors. The monitors can include one or more processing units configured to receive multiple signals, wherein the multiple signals can include a first signal from a pulse oximetry sensor; and at least one additional signal from a sensor at another body region for screening for congenital heart disease. In embodiments, the first signal and the at least one additional signal can be used to detect a presence of congenital heart disease.

Abstract: An examination device for a heart. An afterload device connected to the aorta provides a counterpressure by an annular space delimited between a rigid cylinder and an elastic tube inserted in the rigid cylinder. The annular space comprises a compressible medium, such as air, nitrogen gas or carbon dioxide and is connected to a reservoir providing a predetermined pressure corresponding to a diastolic pressure. The reservoir is connected to the annular space via a restriction and a back-flow valve. During diastole, the annular space is inflated by the reservoir and provides a diastolic counter pressure for providing coronary flow. During systole, the ejected fluid from the heart ventricle displaces the medium inside the annular space through the restriction to the reservoir, thereby removing energy from the fluid. The compressible medium forms a compliance.

Abstract: in alternative embodiments, provided are compositions, medical devices or products of manufacture, systems, diagnostic tools, and methods, including computer implemented methods, for predicting the response of patients with dyssynchronous heart 10 failure (DHF) to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), comprising: measuring or determining the fraction of the LV/septum performing negative work (MNW); and measuring or determining the coefficient of variation of external work density (COVW), wherein the MNW fraction performing negative work and coefficient of variation COVW (sd/mean) correlated strongly with observed reduction in end-systolic volume after CRT.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a health-abnormal condition alarm system using a multi bio-signal comprising: a wearable device which is configured to be worn on a user's body and senses the multi bio-signal; and a mobile communication terminal receiving a brainwave signal, a heartbeat signal, and a body temperature signal transmitted from the wearable device through a first communications network. The wearable device comprises a headset body, a plurality of electrodes, a brainwave detection unit, a heartbeat detection module, a body temperature detection unit, a headset wireless communication unit, and a headset controller.

Abstract: A wearable, wireless, non-invasive device applicable to the hand or foot, a wireless system, and a method for reducing the risk of different critical situations of hypoxia and/or bradycardia possibly occurring in victims of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), Pierre Robin Sequence patients, preterm babies, and adults, and for the prevention of the sleep apnea, is based on use of a sensor and a computing algorithm sufficient to reduce false alarms and save lives. The device is worn on the hand or foot of a user. Part of the device may be placed on the proximal phalange of a finger or a foot, or even in the palm. The electronics of the device may be placed inside gloves or booties of different sizes to accommodate the hands or feet of different wearers. The device measures blood oxygen saturation and heart rate through a sensor that is preferably a pulse oximeter.

Abstract: [Problem] The present invention provides analysis technology relating to video data of a fluorescent contrast agent shot by a microscope during an operation, and addresses the problem of providing a method and system allowing information such as BV, BF and MTT, and vascular wall thickness, to be estimated by fluorescent contrast agent analysis, by applying perfusion analysis methods, which allow estimation of information such as BV, BF and MTT, to fluorescent contrast agent analysis. [Solution] The method for image processing of intravascular hemodynamics according to the present invention is characterized by shooting video using infrared light, wherein the object of shooting is a portion of a blood vessel injected with a standard amount of a fluorescent contrast agent; performing image analysis of a shape of a chronological change curve of intensity values which are image outputs from the video shooting; and calculating relative data for blood volume and blood flow based on results of the image analysis.

Abstract: A measuring apparatus includes: a blood pressure calculator which is configured to measure first and second blood pressure values of a subject; and a blood pressure estimating section which is configured to estimate a third blood pressure value based on ratio information indicative of relationships of difference levels of blood pressure values, and the first and second blood pressure values.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for storing event markers. The value of a monitored physiological metric may be monitored and compared to a reference value. A patient monitoring system may compute a difference between a monitored metric and a reference value, and compare the difference to a threshold value to determine whether a physiological event has occurred. Based on the determination, a patient monitoring system may store an event marker, trigger a response, update a metric value, or perform any other suitable function.

Abstract: A sensor apparatus for monitoring a vital sign of a subject comprises at least one sensor configured to measure a sensor signal representing a vital sign or being related to a vital sign, an evaluation unit configured to evaluate said sensor signal to determine, based on previously measured sensor signals, changes of the health condition of the subject and/or to identify an unsuccessful measurement or an unreliable sensor signal, and a control unit configured to control said at least one sensor to automatically change the measurement interval based the result of said evaluation.

Abstract: A system for in-vivo monitoring of pressure of a body fluid. The system comprises a delivery component and an elongate sensor delivery member shaped so as to pass through the delivery component when it has been inserted in to a patient. A first pressure sensor is positioned at a distal end of the delivery member.

Abstract: At least one location of interest for perpetuation or persistence of arrhythmia or atrial fibrillation is identified by determining a repeatability of electrogram morphologies from electrical recordings within at least one atrium.

Abstract: An electrode for producing electrical contact with skin is provided. The electrode includes a first electrical connection, a second electrical connection that is electrically insulated from the first electrical connection, and a skin contact. The skin contact has a first contact region that is electrically coupled to the first electrical connection, and a second contact region that is electrically insulated from the first contact region and is electrically coupled to the second electrical connection. The skin contact is configured to produce electrical contact between the skin and the skin contact when the electrode is in a state placed on the skin.

Abstract: An electrocardiogram high pass filter (25) employs a baseline low pass filter (40), a signal delay (44) and a signal extractor (45). In operation, baseline low pass filter (40) includes a finite impulse response filter (41) and an infinite impulse response low pass filter (42) cooperatively low pass filtering a baseline unfiltered electrocardiogram signal (ECGbu) to output a filtered baseline signal (BSEf). Baseline low pass filter (40) further includes a baseline wander estimator (43) dynamically adjusting a corner frequency of baseline low pass filter (40) as a function of an estimation of any baseline wander within the baseline unfiltered electrocardiogram signal (ECGbu).

Abstract: In one embodiment, ECG data collected during the long-term monitoring are compressed through a two-step compression algorithm executed by an electrocardiography monitor. Minimum amplitude signals may become indistinguishable from noise if overly inclusive encoding is employed in which voltage ranges are set too wide. The resulting ECG signal will appear “choppy” and uneven with an abrupt slope. The encoding used in the first stage of compression can be dynamically rescaled on-the-fly when the granularity of the encoding is too coarse. In a further embodiment, offloaded ECG signals are automatically gained as appropriate on a recording-by-recording basis to preserve the amplitude relationship between the signals. Raw decompressed ECG signals are filtered for noise content and any gaps in the signals are bridged. An appropriate signal gain is determined based on a statistical evaluation of peak-to-peak voltage (or other indicator) to land as many ECG waveforms within a desired range of display.

Abstract: Techniques are provided that identify and localize on to reentrant and ectopic patterns of electrical activation in the heart wall. These patterns may correspond to atrial fibrillation, ventricular fibrillation, or other heart arrhythmia conditions. The techniques detect these patterns of electrical activity using a multi-lead an intra-cavitary catheter that, along with a controller, is able to track, over a multi-dimensional cubic space, reentrant activity and identify filaments in the heart cavity. The intra-cavitary catheter includes multiple conducting poles positioned in a configuration relative to each other and functioning as either or both sensing and active poles for measuring electrical pathways in the heart wall and over the multi-dimensional space.