Abstract: Provided are devices and methods for effecting processing of samples, including essentially isothermal amplification of nucleic acids, at multiple reaction locations in a single device. In some embodiments, the disclosed devices and methods provide for effecting parallel sample processing in several hundred locations on a single device.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods for the quantification of an unknown bioagent in a sample by amplification of nucleic acid of the bioagent, and concurrent amplification of a known quantity of a calibration polynucleotide from which are obtained a bioagent identifying amplicon and a calibration amplicon. Upon molecular mass analysis, mass and abundance data are obtained. The identity of the bioagent is then determined from the molecular mass of the bioagent identifying amplicon and the quantity of the identified bioagent in the sample is determined from the abundance data of the bioagent identifying amplicon and the abundance data of the calibration amplicon.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to the amplification of target nucleic acid sequences for various sequencing and/or identification techniques. The use of these primers, as described herein, allows for the reduction in the amplification of nonspecific hybridization events (such as primer dimerization) while allowing for the amplification of the target nucleic acid sequences.

Abstract: Methods, Compositions, and Systems are provided for nucleic acid sequencing where the sequential incorporation of nucleotides uses two distinct chemical steps. A plurality of nucleotide analogs, each having a labeled leaving group at its 3? hydroxyl can be sequentially added to a growing strand in the presence of a selective cleaving activity that cleaves the 3? hydroxyl leaving group preferentially after it has been incorporated. The selective cleaving agent can comprise an exonuclease activity, and the exonuclease activity can be a polymerase-associated exonuclease activity. Nucleotide analogs having labels on both a cleavable polyphosphate portion and on a 3? hydroxyl leaving group can provide signals characteristic of nucleotide analog incorporation. Systems having illumination optics, collection optics, and substrates observe signals from the labels as they are being incorporated into a growing nucleic acid strand, allowing for the sequencing of template nucleic acids.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of sequencing a single polynucleotide in which the nucleotide base and/or probe which is incorporated during sequencing is labelled with a bead which is detected to identity the base and/or probe which has bound to the single polynucleotide. Particularly, the detection of the bead may be carried out using an apparatus comprising a surface provided with a means for detecting a bead e.g. with one or more light sensitive elements.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a method for determination or evaluation of an extract from inflamed tissues inoculated with vaccinia virus where the enhancement of activation of neurotrophic factor such as BDNF in cultured cells or the enhancement of activation of proteins participating therein is used as an indicator. The present invention relates to a novel method for determination or evaluation of an extract from inflamed tissues inoculated with vaccinia virus and relates to a method for determination or evaluation of the extract where the enhancement of production of neurotrophic factor such as BDNF in cultured cells or the enhancement of activation of various proteins in intracellular signaling pathway participating in production of BDNF, etc. is used as an indicator.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of enriching fetal nuclei from a sample. Enriched fetal nuclei can be used in a variety of procedures including, detection of a trait of interest such as a disease trait, or a genetic predisposition thereto, gender typing and parentage testing.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods of identifying compounds that selectively induce an oxidative stress response in a biological sample. The present invention further provides methods of treating a subject having a disease associated with oxidative stress using compounds that selectively induce an oxidative stress response in the subject. The invention further provides methods of selectively inducing an oxidative stress response in a cell.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for identifying whether a subject is more or less likely to be responsive to VEGF-based therapy, comprising screening a nucleic acid sample obtained from the subject to provide output information which identifies the presence or absence of an allelic variant, wherein the presence or absence of an allelic variant indicates whether the subject is more or less likely to be responsive to VEGF-based therapy.

Abstract: The disclosure includes the identification and use of gene expression profiles, or patterns, with clinical relevance to cancer. In particular, the disclosure includes the identities of genes that are expressed in correlation with tumor grade. The levels of gene expression are disclosed as a molecular index for determining tumor grade in a patient and predicting clinical outcome, and so prognosis, for the patient. The molecular grading of cancer may optionally be used in combination with a second molecular index for diagnosing cancer and its prognosis. The disclosure further includes methods for predicting cancer recurrence, and/or predicting occurrence of metastatic cancer. For diagnosis or prognosis, the disclosure further includes methods for determining or selecting the treatment of cancer based upon the likelihood of life expectancy, cancer recurrence, and/or cancer metastasis.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods for miRNA profiling for the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of melanoma and differentiation of melanoma from nevi.

Abstract: The present invention aims at providing a method for assessing risk of hepatocellular carcinoma with high sensitivity and specificity. Extracted were 30 regions containing 45 CpG sites which have DNA methylation levels significantly different between in normal liver tissue samples and in noncancerous liver tissue samples from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. It was found that the noncancerous liver tissue samples from patients with HCC were able to be assessed for risk of hepatocellular carcinoma by setting cutoff values for distinguishing between the normal liver tissue samples and the noncancerous liver tissue samples from patients with HCC for the extracted 30 regions.

Abstract: Provided is a method for determining the presence or absence of an individual's DNA in a sample containing DNA from two or more contributors. A panel of a plurality of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is used. For each SNP in the panel, it is determined whether the minor allele of the SNP is present in the sample, and whether the minor allele is present in the individual's DNA. If the number of minor alleles that are present in the individual's DNA that are also present in the DNA sample is above a predetermined threshold, the individual's DNA is concluded to be present in the sample. Also provided is an array of DNA molecules for use in the method, as well as a method for estimating the number of individuals contributing to a DNA containing sample.

Abstract: Provided is a method of detecting or quantifying a wheat species-specific DNA in a test sample by polymerase chain reaction. The method comprises a step of amplifying a nucleic acid molecule having at partial sequence of a nucleotide sequence identified as SEQ ID NO: 1 using a nucleic acid molecule in the test sample or a nucleic acid molecule extracted from the test sample as the template and using a primer pair capable of amplifying the partial sequence and a step of detecting or quantifying the amplified nucleic acid molecule.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to improved methods for amplifying and detecting a nucleic acid target that may be present in a biological sample comprising a primer pair for generating an amplicon, wherein at least one primer is modified at the 5? terminus with a polyN sequence being non-complementary to the target sequence, and a detectable probe specific for said amplicon or a DNA binding dye. The formation of high molecular weight products during amplification is prevented or partly or completely suppressed. The invention further provides reaction mixtures and kits comprising said primers for preventing or suppressing the formation of high molecular weight products during amplification and detection of the nucleic acid target.

Abstract: A process for the production of fat-liquored, tanned leather or pelt is provided. The process comprises the steps of fat-liquoring and tanning, wherein an animal hide, skin or pelt is fat-liquored with a substituted acylaminopolyorganosiloxane (A) in the presence of a surfactant or surfactant mixture (B), which is an anionic or nonionic surfactant or mixture of anionic or/and non-ionic surfactants, before, during or/and after tanning, wherein the substituted acylaminopolyorganosiloxane (A) is a polyorganosiloxane containing substituted acylamino groups linked to silicon atoms of the polysiloxane skeleton via alkylene bridges or mono- or oligo-[alkylene-amino or alkylene-(substituted acyl)amino]-alkylene bridges. Also provided are tanned pelt or leather, certain substituted acylaminopolyorganosiloxanes (A?) and related processes and compositions.

Abstract: [Object] To efficiently recover tungsten from an object containing tungsten by a simple treatment process using a microorganism with reduced environmental load. [Solution] A method for recovering a tungsten compound is provided which includes the step of preparing a tungsten compound solution in which tungsten-containing polyatomic ions are dissolved, by eluting the metal component of an object containing tungsten into an alkaline solution; the adsorption step of adsorbing the tungsten-containing polyatomic ions to a microorganism by introducing the microorganism to the tungsten compound solution and adjusting the tungsten compound solution to an acidic level; and the collecting and washing step of collecting the microorganism to which the tungsten-containing polyatomic ions are adsorbed and washing the microorganism.

Abstract: A method of treating recyclable raw materials containing valuable metals is provided, the method including the steps of feeding recyclable raw materials (W) containing valuable metals into a rotary kiln furnace (2) in which a refractory product having an Al2O3—Cr2O3 content of 70% or greater is used for an inner wall; feeding an additive (A) containing SiO2 as a major component into the rotary kiln furnace (2) so as to increase a viscosity of a slag (S) flowing along the inner wall, thereby the recyclable raw materials (W) are attached on the slag (S) having a high viscosity such that at least part of the recyclable raw materials (W) is exposed to the inside of the rotary kiln furnace; and burning/melting the recyclable raw materials (W) attached on the slag (S) in the rotary kiln furnace (2).

Abstract: A method of selectively leaching a metal such as nickel from an ore or ore processing intermediate comprising the metal and cobalt. The ore or ore processing intermediate is contacted with an acidic leach solution comprising an amount of an oxidising agent sufficient to oxidise a major portion of the cobalt to thereby cause it to be stabilised in the solid phase while a major portion of the metal is dissolved for subsequent recovery.

Abstract: The present invention shows polythiol compositions containing dipentene dimercaptans and intermolecular sulfide compounds, as well as mining chemical collector compositions containing such polythiol compositions. Flotation processes for recovering metals, such as copper and molybdenum, from ores using the mining chemical collector compositions also are shown.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a magnesium-based alloy, and to a method for producing same. The method comprises the steps of: melting a magnesium alloy into a liquid state; adding a silicon compound to said molten magnesium alloy; exhausting the silicon compound through a full reaction between said molten magnesium alloy and said added silicon compound such that the silicon compound does not substantially remain in the magnesium alloy; and exhausting the silicon produced as a result of said exhaustion in the precious step such that the silicon may not substantially remain in said magnesium alloy.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a process and system for recovery of one or more metal values using solution extraction techniques and to a system for metal value recovery. In an exemplary embodiment, the solution extraction system comprises a first solution extraction circuit and a second solution extraction circuit. A first metal-bearing solution is provided to the first and second circuit, and a second metal-bearing solution is provided to the first circuit. The first circuit produces a first rich electrolyte solution, which can be forwarded to primary metal value recovery, and a low-grade raffinate, which is forwarded to secondary metal value recovery. The second circuit produces a second rich electrolyte solution, which is also forwarded to primary metal value recovery. The first and second solution extraction circuits have independent organic phases and each circuit can operate independently of the other circuit.

Abstract: In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, a method of forming a oxide dispersion-strengthened alloy metal includes the steps of providing, in a powdered form, an oxide dispersion-strengthened alloy composition that is capable of achieving a dispersion-strengthened microstructure, directing a low energy density energy beam at a portion of the alloy composition, withdrawing the energy beam from the portion of the powdered alloy composition, and cooling the portion of the powdered alloy composition at a rate greater than or equal to about 106° F. per second, thereby forming the oxide dispersion-strengthened alloy metal.

Abstract: The present invention provides a structural material having excellent hardness (strength) characteristics. The present invention provides an Ni3(Si, Ti)-based intermetallic compound characterized by containing from 25 to 500 ppm by weight of B with respect to a weight of an intermetallic compound having a composition of 100% by atom in total consisting of from 10.0 to 12.0% by atom of Si, 1.5% by atom or more but less than 7.5% by atom of Ti, more than 2.0% by atom but 8.0% by atom or less of Ta and a balance made up of Ni excepting impurities, and by having a microstructure composed of an L12 phase or a microstructure composed of an L12 phase and a second phase dispersion containing Ni and Ta.

Abstract: An Ni-based alloy for casting used for a steam turbine of an embodiment contains in percent (%) by mass C (carbon): 0.01 to 0.1, Cr (chromium): 15 to 25, Co (cobalt): 10 to 15, Mo (molybdenum): 5 to 12, Al (aluminum): 0.5 to 2, Ti (titanium): 0.3 to 2, B (boron): 0.001 to 0.006, Ta (tantalum): 0.05 to 1, Si (silicon): 0.1 to 0.5, Mn (manganese): 0.1 to 0.5, and the balance of Ni (nickel) and unavoidable impurities.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a torsional extreme-plastic processing method. In other words, a processing method in which severe plastic deformation based on torsion and compressive force is applied to a material by using a mold to produce miniaturize and nano-size crystal particles in a conic pipe. According to the severe plastic deformation method of the present invention, a punch that matches an inner shape of the conic metal pipe is mounted inside the conic metal pipe, and then a mold that matches an outer shape of the conic metal pipe is mounted outside the conic metal pipe. Thus, microstructures of the conic metal pipe may be ultra-finely crystallized or nano-crystallized through shearing by applying compression and torsion to the conic metal pipe.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an (AI,Ti)N coating exhibiting at least two different coating portions, A and B, having grain size in nanometer magnitude order characterized in that the coating portion A exhibit larger grain size and higher elastic modulus than the coating portion B. The present invention relates as well to a method for coating a substrate with a coating as described above whereby at least the coating portion A and/or the coating portion B of the (AI,Ti)N coating are/is deposited by means of PVD techniques.

Abstract: One aspect of the present invention includes method of making a photovoltaic device. The method includes disposing an absorber layer on a window layer, wherein the absorber layer includes a first region and a second region. The method includes disposing the first region adjacent to the window layer in a first environment including oxygen at a first partial pressure; and disposing the second region on the first region in a second environment including oxygen at a second partial pressure, wherein the first partial pressure is greater than the second partial pressure. One aspect of the present invention includes a photovoltaic device.

Abstract: In order to avoid burn traces on piston rings, it is proposed to provide the piston ring with a wear-protection coating which consists of a material with a thermal conductivity of at least 180 W/(m·K). At least 5% vol. of the wear-protection coating consists of aluminum nitride.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a coated cutting tool with a coating comprising a multilayer structure consisting of alternating layers A and B forming the sequence A/B/A/B/A . . . or alternating layers A and B and an intermediate layer C between the alternating layers A and B forming the sequence A/C/B/C/A/C/B . . . . Layer A consists of ZrAlN and layer B consists of TiN. Layer C comprises one or more metal elements from each of layers A and B and is of different composition and structure than layers A and B. A method for forming the coated cutting tool is also provided. The method comprises heat treatment of the coated cutting tool prior to use.

Abstract: A method of applying a transparent conductive film to a polymeric substrate having a desired textured therein is provided. The method includes the steps of providing a polymeric material having a texture disposed therein and conformally applying a transparent conductive material to the molded polymeric material to produce a conformal transparent conductive film thereon. The conformal transparent conductive film has a texture corresponding to the texture of the polymeric material and has a period that is not larger than the wavelength of visible light, whereby the conformal transparent conductive film is antireflective.

Abstract: A high production rate plasma sputtering process for producing particles having a size of 10 ?m or less is disclosed. The process causes ionization of at least a part of the sputtered target atoms and is performed at such parameters that the pick-up probability of ionized sputtered target atoms on the surface of grains is high.

Abstract: A physical vapor deposition apparatus and a physical vapor deposition method for forming a film of a substance which is hard to be made fine particles even when it is heated by plasma, arc discharge, or the like are provided. It has an evaporation chamber 10 provided inside it with an evaporation source material 15 and a heating part 16 for heating the evaporation source material 15, a powder supply source 20 provided inside it with a powder, and a film forming chamber 30, wherein the evaporation source material 15 is heated by the heating part 16 to produce fine particles (nanoparticles), the fine particles and powder are sprayed out of a supersonic nozzle 35, are placed on a supersonic gas stream, and are deposited on a substrate for film formation 33 by physical vapor deposition.

Abstract: The present invention provides a chemical vapor deposition raw material, which has a low melting point, has heat stability such that no thermal decomposition occurs during vaporization, readily decomposes at low temperature during film-formation, and can stably form a nickel thin-film having fewer impurities. The present invention relates to a chemical vapor deposition raw material containing an organic nickel compound, in which a cyclopentadienyl group or a derivative thereof is coordinated to nickel, and a cycloalkenyl group having one allyl group or a derivative thereof is coordinated to the carbon skeleton of cycloalkyl. This raw material has a low melting point, proper heat stability and film-formation ability at low temperature. Further, due to a high vapor pressure, the raw material is suitable for a three-dimensional electrode material having a three-dimensional structure.

Abstract: A hybrid deposition process of CVD and ALD, called NanoLayer Deposition (NLD) is provided. The NLD process is a cyclic sequential deposition process, including introducing a first plurality of precursors to deposit a thin film and introducing a second plurality of precursors to modify the deposited thin film. The deposition using the first set of precursors is not self limiting and is a function of substrate temperature and process time. The second set of precursors modifies the already deposited film characteristics. The second set of precursors can treat the deposited film, including treatments such as modification of film composition and doping or removal of impurities from the deposited film. The second set of precursors can also deposit another layer on the deposited film. The additional layer can react with the existing layer to form a compound layer, or can have minimum reaction to form a nanolaminate film.

Abstract: Disclosed are apparatus and methods for supplying a constant flow of precursor gas to a processing chamber. The apparatus described, and methods of use, allow a precursor ampoule to be removed from the gas delivery system without interrupting the process.

Abstract: A method for performing uniform processing in multiple reaction chambers includes (a) conducting a cycle constituted by steps in each reaction chamber according to the order of the reaction chambers at which the steps are conducted; and then (b) conducting the steps in each reaction chamber after changing the immediately prior order of the reaction chambers at which the steps are conducted; and then (c) repeating process (b) until a target treatment is complete at the multiple reaction chambers. The target treatment conducted on a substrate in each reaction chamber is the same.

Abstract: A dual-plenum showerhead for semiconductor processing operations is provided. The showerhead may include a faceplate with two sets of gas distribution holes, each set fed by a separate plenum. One set of gas distribution holes may be through-holes in the faceplate of the showerhead and may allow gases trapped between the faceplate and a plasma dome to flow towards a wafer. The other set of gas distribution holes may distribute gas routed through passages or channels in the faceplate towards the wafer. The passages or channels in the faceplate may include radial channels and annular channels and may be fed from an annular gas distribution channel about the periphery of the faceplate.

Abstract: The invention relates to a CVD reactor having a process chamber (23) and a substrate holder support (1) arranged therein, said support comprising at least one bearing surface (4), wherein a plurality of gas inlet lines (7, 8) open out into the bearing surface (4?). The CVD reactor further has a substrate holder (2), the back side thereof facing the bearing surface (4?), wherein the gases fed through the gas inlet lines (7,8) into the space between the bearing surface (4?) and back side form a gas cushion (19) supporting the substrate holder (2). According to the invention, the gas cushion comprises a plurality of zones (A, C) that each can be fed through an associated gas inlet line (7, 8) and that are separated from each other by a means (15) preventing gas exchange between the zones (A, C). At least one inner zone (C) is associated with a gas discharge line (13, 14), via which the gas fed into the inner zone (C) by way of the inlet line (7, 8) can be discharged.

Abstract: A non-aqueous photocurable composition contains dispersed carbon-coated metal particles in an organic diluent in an amount of at least 10 weight %. The dispersed carbon-coated metal particles have a median diameter equal to or less than 0.6 ?m, and are dispersed using a particle dispersing agent that has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of at least 2,000 and up to and including 100,000 and comprises nitrogen-containing units. The median diameter of the dispersed particles is determined using a dynamic light scattering method. Moreover, when the non-aqueous composition contains up to and including 25 weight % of the dispersed carbon-coated metal particles, it exhibits no visual settling when subjected to a settling test of at least 24 hours at 20° C. Such non-aqueous photocurable compositions include photocurable components and are useful to prepare photocurable and photocured electrically-conductive patterns and layers in various articles, including touch screen devices having touch screen displays.

Abstract: Provided is a means for fixing calcium phosphate onto the surface of a metal by a treatment method which uses no acid and produces less residue. A method of producing a calcium phosphate composite in which calcium phosphate is bonded to the surface of a base material, the method including a surface treatment step of bringing the surface of the base material into contact with a surface treating agent, and then into contact with a silane coupling agent, to surface treat the base material; a polymerization step of initiating, after the surface treatment step, polymerization of the silane coupling agent by means of a polymerization initiator; and a bonding step of bonding the silane coupling agent at the surface of the base material after the polymerization step, with calcium phosphate; wherein the base material is a metal, and the surface treating agent is ozone water.

Abstract: A composite article includes a substrate and a thermal barrier secured to the substrate. The thermal barrier includes a plurality of closed pores within a ceramic matrix. For example, the closed pores comprise 20 vol % to 80 vol % of the thermal barrier.

Abstract: A process of patterning a conductive film. The process comprises providing a substrate comprising a conductive film positioned on a surface of the substrate. A hydrophilic primer layer is coated on the conductive film. Droplets of etchant are ejected from an inkjet printer in an imagewise pattern onto the primer layer to pattern the conductive film. The primer layer is removed from the substrate.

Abstract: Exposed copper regions on a semiconductor substrate can be etched by a wet etching solution comprising (i) one or more complexing agents selected from the group consisting of bidentate, tridentate, and quadridentate complexing agents; and (ii) an oxidizer, at a pH of between about 5 and 12. In many embodiments, the etching is substantially isotropic and occurs without visible formation of insoluble species on the surface of copper. The etching is useful in a number of processes in semiconductor fabrication, including for partial or complete removal of copper overburden, for planarization of copper surfaces, and for forming recesses in copper-filled damascene features. Examples of suitable etching solutions include solutions comprising a diamine (e.g., ethylenediamine) and/or a triamine (e.g., diethylenetriamine) as bidentate and tridentate complexing agents respectively and hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizer.

Abstract: Corrosion of steel in a concrete structure such as a column in sea water occurs primarily above the water line and is inhibited using cathodic protection by attaching to the column an impervious sealed sleeve in which is provided a sacrificial anode in sheet form in contact with a layer of water transport medium so that water from the location of the bottom of the water transport medium within the water is carried into the area of the sacrificial anode to enhance ionic current.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an improved cleaning composition for cleaning metal surfaces such as aluminum and aluminum-containing alloys. The cleaning composition of the present invention comprises water and an ethoxylate of an alcohol having Formula R1—OH wherein R1 is a saturated or unsaturated, straight-chain or branched aliphatic having from 12 to 80 carbon atoms; an inorganic pH adjusting component; and at least one surfactant that is different than the ethoxylate set forth above. The cleaning composition of the present invention also has an average water-break-free percent reduction of less than 50% after 7 days aging of a working composition prepared from the cleaning composition. The present invention also provides a method of cleaning a metal surface with the cleaning composition of the invention.

Abstract: A hydrogen production device of the present invention includes a photoelectric conversion portion having a light-receiving surface and a back surface, a first electrolysis electrode provided on the back surface, and a second electrolysis electrode provided on the back surface. As a result of reception of light by the photoelectric conversion portion, a potential difference is generated between a first area on the back surface and a second area on the back surface, the first area becomes electrically connected to the first electrolysis electrode, and the second area becomes electrically connected to the second electrolysis electrode.

Abstract: A hydrogen producing cell of the present invention is provided with an electrolyte supply hole, an electrolyte discharge hole, a first hydrogen circulation hole and a second hydrogen circulation hole respectively penetrating a housing. In disposing the hydrogen producing cell, the electrolyte supply hole is arranged on a vertically upper side than the electrolyte discharge hole, the first hydrogen circulation hole is arranged on a vertically upper side than the electrolyte supply hole, and the second hydrogen circulation hole is arranged on a vertically upper side than the electrolyte discharge hole. By this configuration, it is possible to considerably reduce the length of a pipe and the number of manifolds concerning the electrolyte and hydrogen, and to link the hydrogen producing cells with one another simply and rationally.

Abstract: Processes for the production of chlorine by multi-stage oxidation, for example, by thermal reaction of hydrogen chloride with oxygen using catalysts or by non-thermal activated reaction of hydrogen chloride with oxygen, in which the gas mixture formed in the reaction, comprising the target products chlorine and water, unreacted hydrogen chloride and oxygen, and possibly other secondary constituents, such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen, (a) is cooled to condense hydrochloric acid as an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride and (b) the aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride formed is separated from the gas mixture, characterised in that (c) the separated aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride is fed at least partially to an electrochemical oxidation in which at least part of the hydrogen chloride is oxidised to chlorine, (d) the chlorine gas occurring in step d) is optionally added to the gas mixture occurring in step c), (e) the residues of water present in the gas mixture from steps c) and e), in particular by

Abstract: The present invention relates to catalysts for the production of CO gas through electrochemical CO2 reduction. In particular, the present invention relates to an electrochemical cell comprising an iron porphyrin as the catalyst for the CO2 reduction into CO, a method of performing electrochemical reduction of CO2 using said electrochemical cell thereby producing CO gas, and a method of performing electrochemical reduction of CO2 using said iron porphyrin catalyst thereby producing CO gas.