Abstract: An electromagnetic sensing apparatus for measuring the position of a touch object by electromagnetic induction and a method for controlling the same are provided. The apparatus includes a loop unit including first and second sub-loop units for alternately receiving current and sensing an electromagnetic change; and a controller for controlling the first sub-loop unit to alternate between receiving the current and sensing the electromagnetic change in every one of a predetermined time period and controlling the second sub-loop unit to alternate between receiving the current and sensing the electromagnetic change in every predetermined time period, alternately with the first sub-loop unit.

Abstract: A sensor array for the detection of movement gestures on a motor vehicle includes two elongated sensor electrode arrays offset from each other on the motor vehicle. At least one control and evaluation device is coupled to the arrays and detects a change in their capacitance. A longer array is deformed in the direction of a shorter array where the longer array protrudes over the shorter array. The control and evaluation device is designed to detect a time sequence of capacitance values for each of the arrays. The times when each array responds and stops responding are recorded, as is the time difference between the times when the arrays respond (response time difference), and the time difference between the times when the arrays stop responding (drop-out time difference). These are compared when assessing whether an actuation event has been recorded by the control and evaluation device.

Abstract: A capacitive sensor for detecting relative movement of adjacent bodies includes a first electrode on a first electrode supporting body, and a second electrode opposite the first electrode on a second electrode supporting body. The second electrode supporting body is a resilient film element supported on the first electrode supporting body by spaced-apart support sections. A pressure body includes two pressure projections that rest, in the region between the support sections, against the side of the second electrode supporting body facing away from the second electrode and that press against the second electrode supporting body while bending it when there is a relative movement between the first electrode supporting body and the second pressure body. The second electrode is secured to the second electrode supporting body only in a securing section substantially in the center between pressure regions at which the pressure projections rest against the second electrode supporting body.

Abstract: In order to make it possible to be readily attachable and detachable with respect to a motor and capable of realizing a lead-free encoder sensor mounting body, an encoder sensor is detachably or fixedly attached on a base, the base being pressedly in contact with an electrode terminal of the motor and including a pressing contact part that is electrically connected to a power line, and thus the base is detachably fixed to an end surface of the motor by a pressing force of the pressing contact part.

Abstract: A scale is used in a displacement detection apparatus (100) which detects a position of an object, the scale includes a pattern periodically formed in a measurement direction (an X direction), and the pattern is configured so as to change a physical property in a direction (a Y direction) perpendicular to the measurement direction without changing phase information in the measurement direction when a detector reading the pattern moves relative to the pattern in the direction perpendicular to the measurement direction.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for determining a flow rate indicator relating to the output flow rate of one or more activated pumps of a pumping station. The pumping station includes a well configured to receive or supply fluid flow. The method includes the step of determining, using a computational device, an operating condition relating to the activated pumps. The activated pumps are temporarily deactivated and a well flow rate relating to the fluid flow is determined, responsive to the determination of the operating condition. The method further includes the step of determining the pump output flow rate indicator using the determined well flow rate. The step of temporarily deactivating the activated pumps involves deactivating the activated pumps for a predetermined period of time and determining the well flow rate over that period of time.

Abstract: A magnetic flowmeter flowtube assembly includes a conduit with a first end and a second end. A first neck flange is coupled to the first end of the conduit and has an inside diameter with a first notch extending radially outwardly therefrom. A second neck flange is coupled to the second end and has an inside diameter with a second notch extending radially outwardly therefrom. A fluoropolymer liner is disposed within and extends through the first neck flange, the conduit and the second neck flange. A pair of electrodes is mounted relative to the liner to measure a voltage induced within a process fluid flowing through the liner. A first spring-energized seal ring is disposed in the first notch and a second spring-energized seal ring disposed in the second notch. A method of sealing a magnetic flowmeter having a fluoropolymer liner is also provided.

Abstract: A magnetic flowmeter flowtube assembly includes a conduit having an inside diameter, a fluoropolymer liner disposed within and extending through the conduit, and a pair of electrodes mounted relative to the liner to measure a voltage induced within a process fluid flowing through the liner. A venting assembly provides a process fluid vent path from the inside diameter of the conduit to an exterior of the flowtube assembly.

Abstract: Disclosed is a holder for holding a liquid, which includes a supply chamber with a bottom surface, a peripheral wall standing from the peripheral edge of the bottom surface and a closing upper surface, wherein a passage opening is arranged close to or in the upper surface; a dosing chamber arranged on the passage opening of the supply chamber, wherein the dosing chamber further comprises a pouring opening for pouring the liquid out of the dosing chamber; and a closure for closing either the pouring opening or the passage opening as desired. At least a part of the dosing chamber extends below the level of the passage opening.

Abstract: A liquid level transducer includes a mounting head for connection to the wall of a tank and a housing extending into the tank from the mounting head. A float rod is pivotally connected to the housing and a float is connected to the float rod for pivotal movement upon a change of liquid level in the tank. A proximal end of the float rod is connected to an actuator portion and constrained for pivotal movement about two parallel axes so that the actuator portion moves in a linear direction with respect to the housing. The interior of the housing includes a sensor assembly responsive to the linear movement of the actuator portion to thereby determine the level of liquid within the tank.

Abstract: A forklift scale to measure a load carried by a pair of forks of a forklift that includes a fork carriage to movably position the forks is provided along with a method to measure the load. The forklift scale may include a base coupleable to a fork carriage, a fork support system to receive the pair of forks, and a plurality of load cells configured to deform elastically in response to a load carried by the forks. The method to measure the load carried by the forks may include obtaining signals from the load cells and processing the signals to obtain a load value indicative of a load shared by the pair of forks. Other related forklift scales, load cells therefor and methods of measuring a forklift load are also provided.

Abstract: A combination weigher comprises hoppers divided into a first group and a second group; an inner funnel which collects objects discharged inward from the hoppers and discharges the objects through an opening; a first outer funnel which is placed along a first side of the inner funnel, and collects objects discharged outward from the hoppers in the first group; a second outer funnel which is placed along a second side of the inner funnel, and collects objects discharged outward from the hoppers in the second group; and a partition plate which separates an inner region of the inner funnel into a first region corresponding to the hoppers in the first group and a second region corresponding to the hoppers in the second group, and separates the opening into a discharge outlet corresponding to the first side and a discharge outlet corresponding to the second side.

Abstract: A draft shield (1) for a balance has a rear wall (2), a front wall (11), two side walls (9, 10), a top cover 8, and rail members (3, 4) which extend from the upper corners of the rear wall (2) to the upper corners of the front wall (11) and carry guide tracks (5, 6, 7) in which the top cover (8) and the side walls (9, 10) are slidably seated. According to the invention, each rail member (3, 4) includes at its front end a spring element and a holder element which are integrally connected to the rail members (3, 4) and are made of one piece with the latter. The spring elements and the holder elements are arranged on the rail members (3, 4) in such a way that the front wall (11) can be inserted between the spring elements (16) and the holder elements (17), and as a result of said insertion the front wall (11) will be secured to the rail members (3, 4).

Abstract: The present disclosure concerns a high frequency imager including a pixel matrix, each pixel including a high frequency oscillator, a transmission line positioned at a distance from an active surface of the imager smaller than the operating wavelength of the oscillator, a first end of the line being coupled to the oscillator, and a read circuit coupled to a second end of the line.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides for a correction filter that may be configured to comprise a predetermined arrangement of thin film layers. This arrangement of thin film layers may be such that it effectively enables a correction filter to generate a predetermined spectral response, wherein said predetermined spectral response is substantially the same as a determined instrument response correction associated with an instrument. The invention of the present disclosure therefore provides for effectively compensating for transmission inefficiencies associated with an instrument without the need for separate reference measurements to determine and correct for instrument response.

Abstract: A spectrometer comprises a plurality of isolated optical channels comprising a plurality of isolated optical paths. The isolated optical paths decrease cross-talk among the optical paths and allow the spectrometer to have a decreased length with increased resolution. In many embodiments, the isolated optical paths comprise isolated parallel optical paths that allow the length of the device to be decreased substantially. In many embodiments, each isolated optical path extends from a filter of a filter array, through a lens of a lens array, through a channel of a support array, to a region of a sensor array. Each region of the sensor array comprises a plurality of sensor elements in which a location of the sensor element corresponds to the wavelength of light received based on an angle of light received at the location, the focal length of the lens and the central wavelength of the filter.

Abstract: An etching apparatus calculates an emission intensity in the vicinity of each of a plurality of wavelengths, at which a specified element should emit light, from information indicating light emission measured by an optical emission spectroscope during etching processing and, if it is determined that the calculated emission intensity information and emission intensity information stored in a storage unit are similar, extracts a wavelength, corresponding to the calculated emission intensity, with the wavelength associated with the element.

Abstract: A transmitting apparatus in a quantum key distribution system, includes: an optical interferometer to receive a single-photon pulse inputted from a light source and to provide two optical paths with a predetermined path difference, the two optical paths used for the single-photon pulse to pass through the optical interferometer; and an optical phase modulator to perform a temporal differential phase modulation of the single-photon pulse which has passed through the optical interferometer, wherein the single-photon pulse, after passing through the optical interferometer, has a probability distribution divided into two separate regions in time domain.

Abstract: Systems capable of acquiring polarimetry data using a single camera with or without a polarizing filter. When a polarizing filter is used, the data acquisition method comprises: (1) maneuvering the aircraft (or other vehicle) to orient the polarizing filter (and camera) in various directions when images are captured, (2) registering the various images to each other, and (3) computing polarimetry values (such as the Stokes parameters) for points of interest in the images. When a polarizing filter is not used, the data acquisition method comprises maneuvering the aircraft (or other vehicle) to orient the camera in various directions when images are captured and then performing the same operations (2) and (3). These methods measure the amount of polarization in a given scene by taking multiple camera images at different angles.

Abstract: The detection device comprises a cold finger which performs the thermal connection between a detector and a cooling system. The cold finger comprises at least one side wall at least partially formed by an area made from the amorphous metal alloy. Advantageously, the whole of the cold finger is made from the amorphous metal alloy.

Abstract: A body temperature measuring device includes a main body, a probe, and a control mechanism. The main body includes a holding part, and an abutting surface arranged at a side of the holding part. The probe is affixed to the main body in a movable manner The probe includes a probe main body, and a fixing structure arranged on the probe main body for fixing a probe cover. The probe cover has a bottom edge. The control mechanism is coupled to the probe for controlling the probe moving between a first position and a second position. Wherein when the probe is at the first position, the probe cover is able to be fixed on the probe; and when the probe moves away from the first position, the abutting surface presses the bottom edge of the probe cover for detaching the probe cover from the probe.

Abstract: A high-temperature sensor comprising a sensor element and a device for holding and positioning the sensor element in a point of use, especially for automotive uses, has a holding part with a pouch molded into it in which the sensor element is received such as to be flush with the surface. In this way, the sensor element is reliably held in a high-temperature sensor and its safe operation is guaranteed also when the sensor is subject to vibrations.

Abstract: A temperature sensor circuit is disclosed. In one embodiment, the temperature sensor comprises an input circuit with a current mirror for forcing a current down a reference stage and an output stage. The reference stage and the output stage include P-N junctions (e.g., using bipolar transistors) with differing junction potentials. By tailoring the resistances in the reference and output stages, the input circuit produces two output voltages, one of which varies predictably with temperature, and one which is stable with temperature. The input circuit is preferably used in conjunction with an amplifier stage which preferably receives both the temperature-sensitive and non-temperature sensitive outputs. Through various resistor configurations in the amplifier stage, the output of the temperature sensor can be made to vary at a higher sensitivity than produced by the temperature-sensitive output of the input circuit.

Abstract: A temperature sensor includes a resonator; a first oscillation circuit to oscillate the resonator in a first oscillation mode; a second oscillation circuit to oscillate the resonator in a second oscillation mode different from the first oscillation mode; a switching circuit to connect the resonator to the first oscillation circuit or the second oscillation circuit; a control circuit to control the switching circuit so that the first oscillation circuit and the second oscillation circuit are alternately connected to the resonator; and a temperature information output circuit to generate information representing a frequency difference between a signal output from the first oscillation circuit kept in a status of being connected to the resonator and a signal output from the second oscillation circuit kept in the status of being connected to the resonator on the basis of these signals and to output the frequency difference information as temperature information on the resonator.

Abstract: An indicator or display that may be in the form of a label that can instantaneously provide confirmation that a product is in a good preservation state by making a simple visual check, and particularly to detect if the product temporarily went outside a determined temperature range and to memorize this event. Strict monitoring of a temperature range is essential to be able to guarantee quality of many products. The indicator or display may be applicable to any product or device for which the temperature has to be monitored between two thresholds.

Abstract: A probe sensor has a probe structure having a probe body inserted into an experiment subject, a block body disposed on the probe body to transmit or reflect an incident light, and a light irradiation body for inputting a first incident light to the block body; a first light source for generating the first incident light and transmitting to the light irradiation body; and a light analyzer for analyzing a first reflection light which is a reflection light of the first incident light reflected by the block body, wherein the length of the block body changes according to a temperature change, and wherein the light analyzer measures a temperature change of the experiment subject by detecting a wavelength change of the first reflection light according to the length change of the block body.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and system for protection from fires and electrical shock of components used in construction of electrical conduits is disclosed using non-electrical means to disrupt flow of electricity before an arc fault, with the purpose to disrupt flow of current before risk of arcing. The purpose of this invention is to remove the hazard before an electrical arc occurs.

Abstract: Provided is a cryogenic temperature measuring resistor element including a metallic temperature measuring resistor wire, an electric insulator made of a polycrystalline ceramic material, and a filler filled between the electric insulator and the temperature measuring resistor wire. The filler includes polycrystalline inorganic electric insulating powder, particles of the insulating powder being connected by glass. The glass has a lower softening point than respective melting points of the inorganic electric insulating powder, the temperature measuring resistor wire, and the electric insulator.

Abstract: In one aspect, wireless strain gauges are described herein. In some embodiments, a wireless strain gauge comprises a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag and a nano-composite backplane coupled to the RFID tag, wherein the resonant frequency of the RFID tag antenna demonstrates an exponential dependence or substantially exponential dependence on the strain sensed by the strain gauge.

Abstract: A “semi-automated” device, method and/or system for the determination of line sag in a tensioned (e.g., power) line is described. A prescribed number of waves based on the waves required by a given sag-tension chart is input. After the device is directly or indirectly attached onto the line, the user then induces a wave on the line either by pulling/striking the tensioned line. The device automatically measures the acceleration/inflection of the passing waves and the time of arrival of waves, as well as ambient temperature, and signaling the user upon completion of the measurement. These recorded values can be used to determine the actual sag of the tensioned line, thus avoiding the current error-prone approach of using a manual stopwatch and visual deflection of the waves.

Abstract: A capacitive pressure sensor includes a substrate wafer and a diaphragm wafer. The substrate wafer defines a substrate recess with a first recess. The diaphragm wafer defines a diaphragm recess with a second recess. The diaphragm wafer is bonded to the substrate wafer such that the substrate and diaphragm recesses form a height differentiated pressure chamber.

Abstract: A method for electrically setting a gap for a piezoelectric pressure sensor. The method includes positioning a piezoelectric flex element on a tray; attaching a voltage source to the piezoelectric flex element of a piezoelectric pressure sensor; applying a voltage from the voltage source to the piezoelectric flex element; curing an adhesive between the piezoelectric flex element and the tray while the piezoelectric flex element is deflected by the voltage; and stopping the voltage from the voltage source to the piezoelectric flex element when the adhesive has been cured.

Abstract: The integrated electronic device is for detecting a local parameter related to a force observed in a given direction, within a solid structure. The device includes at least one sensor configured to detect the above-mentioned local parameter at least in the given direction through piezo-resistive effect. At least one damping element, integrated in the device, is arranged within a frame-shaped region that is disposed around the at least one sensor and belongs to a substantially planar region comprising a plane passing through the sensor and perpendicular to the given direction. Such at least one damping element is configured to damp forces acting in the planar region and substantially perpendicular to the given direction.

Abstract: A system for determining the tongue weight of a towed vehicle and other parameters includes a drawbar transducer in one embodiment and a receiver hitch transducer in another embodiment. Strain gauges are strategically located on the transducer and information regarding the towed vehicle are sent to a display. In one embodiment, a portable display unit has a radio frequency transceiver for receiving transmitted data from the transducer reflective of the towed vehicle tongue weight so that a user can view the tongue weight in practically real time. In this manner, the user can adjust the contents of the towed vehicle to achieve proper tongue weight without the necessity of going back and forth between the trailer and the transducer. A method is also disclosed for determining a safe towing condition based on the trailer tongue weight, trailer pulling force, acceleration during towing, and calculated trailer weight.

Abstract: Provided is a torque sensor. The torque sensor comprises a rotor section; and a stator section comprising a stator holder, wherein the stator holder comprises a plurality of coupling pieces protruding in an axial direction, and a hog ring coupled to pass through the plurality of coupling pieces, wherein the plurality of coupling pieces have through-holes formed in a circumferential direction and an inner wall of the through-hole is adhered to the hog ring.

Abstract: A structure comprising: a base; a diaphragm; a peripheral wall member of which one end surface is attached to a circumferential edge part of the diaphragm and the other end surface is attached on the top surface of the base to form an internal space together with the base and the diaphragm; a protruding part that protrudes from the top surface of the base; and a communicatively connecting path that extends from a bottom surface side of the base toward the diaphragm, and communicatively connects the internal space and the outside to each other to flow fluid, wherein on an outer lateral surface of the protruding part, an opening is formed in a part intersecting with an inner lateral surface of the communicatively connecting path, and a part of a fore end inner surface of the communicatively connecting path is formed in the protruding part.

Abstract: In a single-cylinder internal combustion engine fitted with a knock sensor, a temperature increase of the knock sensor is suppressed and prevented, and the reliability of the knock sensor is improved. The engine includes a crankcase, a cylinder block connected to the crankcase, a cylinder head connected to the cylinder block, a sensor mounting boss provided on the cylinder block, and a knock sensor mounted to the boss. Fins are provided on the cylinder block and the cylinder head. A heat insulation member is provided between the boss and the knock sensor.

Abstract: Systems and methods for estimating a base load in a combined cycle power plant with a steam turbine clutch are provided. According to one embodiment of the disclosure, a system may include a controller and a processor communicatively coupled to the controller. The processor may be configured to receive operating parameters associated with a combined cycle power plant. The combined cycle power plant may comprise a gas turbine permanently coupled to a generator and a steam turbine selectively coupled to the generator via a clutch. The processor may be further configured to receive an engagement status associated with the clutch and receive first data and second data. Based on the engagement status, the processor may select the first data or the second data and use that to estimate a base load. The base load estimation may be calibrated based on the operating parameters.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for determining center of gravity of a tiltrotor aircraft includes storing a multi-dimensional matrix mapping multiple tiltrotor aircraft parameters to a plurality of three-dimensional (3D) centers of gravity of the tiltrotor aircraft, where each 3D center of gravity includes a respective longitudinal center of gravity, lateral center of gravity, and vertical center of gravity.

Abstract: A leak detecting device for water filled vessel such as a swimming pool. An annular resilient seal having a central opening contacts the surface of the vessel under water and creates a seal between the resilient seal and the vessel. A rigid housing open in its interior is coupled to the resilient seal and has an opening for an inlet to deliver fluid into the interior of the housing, or couple a flow meter thereto to measure the fluid flow, or deliver a dye into the housing and through the central opening of the resilient seal.

Abstract: A liquid submerged portion fuel leakage diagnostic apparatus includes a tank internal pressure detection portion; a liquid level detection portion; a reference-state liquid level extraction portion configured to extract, as a reference-state liquid level, a liquid level detected by the liquid level detection portion, when a tank internal pressure detected by the tank internal pressure detection portion becomes equal to a reference internal pressure; a fuel consumption detection portion configured to detect consumption of fuel in a fuel tank; and a fuel leakage diagnostic portion configured such that if the fuel consumption is not detected by the fuel consumption detection portion during a period between extraction timings at which the reference-state liquid levels are extracted by the reference-state liquid level extraction portion, the fuel leakage diagnostic portion diagnoses presence or absence of fuel leakage from a liquid submerged portion based on comparison of the reference-state liquid levels.

Abstract: An inspection probe includes a vibration transmission portion transmitting an ultrasonic vibration along a longitudinal axis, and a vibration damping portion continuous with a distal direction side of the vibration transmission portion. the vibration damping portion damps the ultrasonic vibration by causing vibration energy of the ultrasonic vibration to be lost and converting the lost vibration energy to heat energy in a state that the vibration damping portion vibrates in a manner to follow the vibration transmission portion. An index section of the inspection probe serves as an index indicating a conversion amount to the heat energy in the vibration damping portion.

Abstract: A method of compensating a Mura defect of a display apparatus, which includes a display area divided into an upper area and a lower area, includes calculating a sharp grayscale correction value of a predetermined sample grayscale displayed on the display apparatus, where the sharp grayscale correction value is configured to compensate a sharp horizontal Mura between the upper and lower areas, displaying a corrected sample grayscale on the display apparatus based on the predetermined sample grayscale and the sharp grayscale correction value, sensing the corrected sample grayscale displayed on each of a plurality of sample areas defined on the display area based on a Mura type, calculating an intensity profile of the sample grayscale and a target intensity profile configured to compensate the intensity profile of the sample grayscale, calculating a grayscale correction value of the sample area using the intensity profile and the target intensity profile.

Abstract: A method for positioning an impact detection device on a fork of a vehicle supporting a wheel of the vehicle, in which the fork has a right-hand rod-shaped member and a left-hand rod-shaped member is described. The impact detection device has at least one first sensor unit associated with the right-hand rod-shaped member and a second sensor unit associated with the left-hand rod-shaped member. The second sensor unit is mounted inverted or rotated by an angle of 180 degrees around a steering axis of the wheel.

Abstract: A lower side coupling of a Hirth coupling is coaxially coupled and fixed to a spindle, an upper side coupling of the Hirth coupling is coaxially coupled and fixed to a lower rim, the upper side coupling of the lower rim is meshed with the lower side coupling of the spindle, and upward separation of the lower rim from the spindle is prevented by chuck mechanisms.

Abstract: A method for creation of a non-destructive inspection (NDI) standard employs a coupon of bonded layers or a composite structure having a predetermined thickness. A predetermined pulse width is defined. The coupon and a laser source are positioned with respect to one another and the laser source is used to create a laser pulse having the predetermined pulse width to create a disbond or delamination in the bond layer at a predetermined location. The coupon may then be used as a standard for calibration of NDI inspection tools by scanning the coupon with the tool to provide an inspection output. The output is then examined to confirm that the disbond or delamination in the coupon is properly identified in the output.

Abstract: The present invention is a device (14) for sampling a solid from a sealed enclosure (12). The device comprises a body (18) carrying a sampling head (16) with a solid collection recess (28), a collected solid transfer recess (28?) and an angular-displacement shutter means (30) for the recesses controlled by the control means (48). The device also comprises means (78, 80) for limiting the angular clearance of the shutter means for no-load displacement (c) of the means.

Abstract: Provided is a microtomic system and process for the preparation of sections for microscope examination. A cutting edge in the system can cut through a sample block and produce a section one end of which remains attached to the cutting edge. A voltage generator can generate a voltage and apply the voltage between the cutting edge and a section receiver such as a semiconductor chip grid. Through electrostatic force caused by the voltage, another end of the section can anchor to the section receiver. The section is then spread on the receiver. The system is automatable, highly efficient, and does not need liquid to float sample sections, and can therefore maintain the integration of the sample sections.

Abstract: A mobile sample collection system including housing enclosing a main influent peristaltic pump operatively connected to a main tubing line; a continuous flow centrifuge (CFC) operatively connected to the main tubing line, the CFC comprising a centrifuge bowl; and an elutriate collection tank receiving elutriate from the CFC. The main influent peristaltic pump is configured to continuously pump fluids from a liquid source through the main tubing line and into the CFC. The fluids, containing suspended solids and dissolved solids, are processed through the CFC so that the suspended solids are retained on the centrifuge bowl and the dissolved solids are pumped out of the CFC through the main tubing line and into the elutriate collection tank for sample collection and analysis. The elutriate collection tank includes a tank liner configured to prevent direct contact of pumped fluids with the tank. Excess fluids are returned to the liquid source.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a monolith for processing fluid samples, and methods of making and using the monolith. The monolith can contain certain monomers or combinations of monomers that can be polymerized to give a polymeric monolith that can efficiently self-wick fluid. The self-wicking polymeric monolith can be used as a convenient tool for point of care on site diagnostics and analytics. The monolith is easily stored and transported, comparatively cost-efficient to make, permits good detection of analyte molecules and is readily functionalizable by impregnation of and/or covalently grafting additional chemical moieties to either the whole monolith or in zones.