Abstract: Systems and methods for combined controlling chlorinators and pumps for pools and spas are provided. Exemplary embodiments can include a pump operable to circulate a fluid for a specified time period according to a pump operation time setting and a chlorinator operatively coupled to the pump. The chlorinator can be configured to generate chlorine based on a chlorine output setting, a chlorine generation capacity of the chlorinator, and the pump operation time. A controller can be operatively coupled to the chlorinator and the pump and can be programmed to control the chlorinator and the pump based on a relationship between the chlorine output setting, a chlorine generation capacity of the chlorinator, and the pump operation time.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems and methods for reliably predicting water quality by characterizing the first water source with a first quality metric to provide a first measurement, treating the first water source with a first water treatment system to provide a first treated water supply, characterizing the first treated water supply with the first quality metric to provide a second measurement, determining differences, according to the first quality metric, between the first measurement and the second measurement, and determining an operating metric for the water treatment system based on the said differences.

Abstract: Various examples are provided for smart water filter systems. In one example, a smart water filter system includes a solenoid valve (or other electrically operated valve) in a water supply line of a faucet, and a filter bank coupled to the water supply line. Activation of the valve can stop the flow of unfiltered water through the faucet while allowing the flow of filtered water through the faucet. In another example, a smart water filter system includes a three-port solenoid (or electrically operated) valve coupled to a faucet, and a filter bank coupled to the water supply line and to a second inlet port of the three-port solenoid valve. Activation of the three-port valve can stop the flow of unfiltered water through the faucet while allowing the flow of filtered water through the faucet.

Abstract: Systems and methods related to desalination systems are described herein. According to some embodiments, the desalination systems are transiently operated and/or configured to facilitate transient operation. In some embodiments, a liquid stream comprising water and at least one dissolved salt is circulated through a fluidic circuit comprising a desalination system. In some embodiments, a portion of the desalination system (e.g., a humidifier) is configured to remove at least a portion of the water from the liquid stream to produce a concentrated brine stream enriched in the dissolved salt. In certain cases, the concentrated brine stream is recirculated through the fluidic circuit until the concentrated brine stream reaches a relatively high density (e.g., at least about 10 pounds per gallon) and/or a relatively high salinity (e.g., a total dissolved salt concentration of at least about 25 wt %).

Abstract: An object is to provide a water treatment apparatus having a simple structure for cleaning treatment layers and having a low production cost, and a water treatment method using the water treatment apparatus. The water treatment apparatus of the present invention includes a tubular main body disposed in a lateral direction, in which an untreated liquid is supplied from one end side of the main body in an axial direction, and a treated liquid is discharged from another end side thereof. The water treatment apparatus includes a cleaning fluid supply unit that is connected to a lower circumferential surface of the main body and that supplies a cleaning fluid to an inside of the main body, and a cleaning fluid collecting unit that is connected to an upper circumferential surface of the main body and that collects the cleaning fluid from the inside of the main body.

Abstract: A method for treating ballast water to achieve IMO standards for ballast water includes a reactor fabricated of copper nickel for receiving and discharging ballast water, a UV source for irradiating the water in the presence of copper nickel thereby to generate free radicals for biocidal and bactericidal effects on organisms and microbes entering the reactor with ballast water.

Abstract: A method for treating effluent provides the effluent as an input to an apparatus having a vortex diode with aeration. The apparatus induces a cavitation assisted with aeration for the high rates of ammoniacal nitrogen in an orifice and the vortex diode with or without inserts/stabilizers to generate radicals, which reduce ammoniacal nitrogen of wastewater effectively during effluent treatments.

Abstract: Separation processes using forward osmosis are disclosed generally involving the extraction of a solvent from a first solution to concentrate a solute therein by using a second concentrated solution to draw the solvent from the first solution across a semi-permeable membrane. One or both of the solute and solvent may be a desired product. By manipulating the equilibrium of the soluble and insoluble species of solute within the second solution, a saturated second solution can be used to generate osmotic pressure on the first solution. The various species of solute within the second solution can be recovered and recycled through the process to affect the changes in equilibrium and eliminate waste products. Enhanced efficiency may result from using low grade waste heat from industrial or commercial sources.

Abstract: To provide a voltage-type device for killing microorganisms in which a microorganism killing effect is high and scale is less likely to clog up through holes in electrodes. The device for killing microorganisms includes: a main body which a liquid to be treated flows in at one end and flows out at the other end; opposed electrodes that are arranged in the main body in parallel with a flow of the liquid to be treated and have mutually-opposed through holes; and a voltage source of which an anode is connected to one of the opposed electrodes and a cathode is connected to the other of them. When a straightened liquid to be treated is passed through the device for killing microorganisms, a stirring action is produced between the opposed electrodes, whereby hypochlorous acid can be diffused throughout the entire device and a high killing effect can be obtained.

Abstract: A fluid purification system has cells whose purifying capability can be regenerated. Some of the cells are arranged in series to reach a high level of purification. An automatic valve network is controlled to cycle the cells in a way that levels the loads on each, thereby maximizing the service interval for replacing expired cells, enabling all of the cells to be replaced at the same time after having each contributing approximately equally to the purification load, and operated such that at any one time, at least one cell is regenerated so as to enable continuous up-time.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for processing sulphate-containing water. The method contains stages in which sulphate-containing water is directed to an anaerobic bioreactor, and an anaerobic bacterial strain that converts sulphate to hydrogen sulphide converts the sulphate contained in the water to hydrogen sulphide gas. The resulting hydrogen sulphide gas is directed for incineration in a hydrogen sulphide incineration unit, which produces combustion gases containing sulphur dioxide. Energy released at various stages in the process is recovered and reused in the same process. The residual water is removed from the bioreactor.

Abstract: A method for removing boron from boron-containing waste water includes performing oxidation/coagulation treatment on the boron-containing waste water in the presence of an oxidant (such as hydrogen peroxide) and a coagulant (such as barium hydroxide) to greatly reduce the boron content of the boron-containing waste water and then removing residual boron therefrom by an ion-exchange resin or reverse osmosis, such that the waste water thus treated meets effluent standards.

Abstract: A portable water treatment system selectively configurable between a portable configuration and a water treatment system configuration. The portable water treatment system includes multiple nest and stack containers. A flocculation container includes a manual valve component that interacts with a filter support to form a valve that controls flow of water. The filter system may include one or more rotatable biofoam filters, each with a restriction orifice to control flow rate and allow a biological community to colonize and develop on or in the filters. The filters can be rotated between a filter operating position and a filter maintenance position. The water treatment system may include a chlorination system that can handle a chlorine tablet that does not contain a stabilizer. The water treatment system may include a storage container with a carbon filter that removes chlorine from the water before being dispensed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the removal of both suspended and dissolved contaminants in a fluid stream, including but not limited to heavy metals, organics, inorganics, hydrocarbons and others. The method combines passing an aqueous fluid stream through an electromagnetic field, an ozone/oxygen venturi injector for oxidation and through a horizontal flow and vertical fall within a horizontal plate maze unit of alternately electrically charged plates. The plates are charged alternately to be cathodes and anodes, respectively. A framework to mount and support membranes, dividers or separators, as may be required to enhance special treatment of the fluid stream, is optionally provided.

Abstract: The invention includes systems and methods for melting materials to make glass and other materials subject to electric melting that improve the capacity of the melters and/or the melt quality and/or the melting costs and/or the life of tank melters. These systems and methods use one or more of boosting with one or more streams of super hot melt coming from one or more boosting melters, cooling one or more components of one or more of the melters normally cooled using water with a high temperature cooling fluid or fluid suspension and protecting the normally high wear areas of refractory linings by covering those high wear areas with one or more strips of a corrosion and oxidation resistant metal or alloy useful above 2400 degrees F.

Abstract: An unshaped product including a particulate mixture containing: a coarse fraction, representing >50%<91% of particulate mixture, in mass percentage, and containing particles size ?50 ?m, “coarse particles”, and matrix fraction, forming remainder up to 100% of particulate mixture, and containing particles sizes <50 ?m, product having chemical analysis, in mass percentage based on oxides of product, such: ?45%<Al2O3, ?7.5%<SiO2<35%, ?0%?ZrO2<33%, providing 10%<SiO2+ZrO2<54%, ?0.15%<B2O3<8%, other oxides: <6%, Al2O3 forming remainder up to 100%, coarse fraction including more than 15% coarse particles having size >1 mm, in mass percentage based on particulate mixture, matrix fraction having a chemical analysis, in mass percentage based on oxides of matrix fraction, such: Al2O3+SiO2+ZrO2>86%, providing 35%<Al2O3.

Abstract: Transparent glass sheets having increased mechanical strength include an inner layer surrounded by surface compressive layers wherein the difference of the coefficient of thermal expansion of the inner layer and the surface compressive layer is greater than 50×107° C.?1 and wherein the surface compressive layer has a compressive stress of at least about 300 MPa.

Abstract: A method of making a glass sheet includes exposing a refractory block material comprising at least one multivalent component to a reducing atmosphere for a time and at a temperature sufficient to substantially reduce the at least one multivalent component of the refractory block material. The method also includes flowing molten glass over the refractory block material that has been exposed to the reducing atmosphere while preventing substantial re-oxidation of the at least one multivalent component.

Abstract: A method of making a glass sheet includes treating a refractory block material comprising at least one multivalent component with a vehicle comprising at least one redox altering component or precursor. The method also includes flowing molten glass over the refractory block material, wherein the treatment of the refractory block material with the vehicle comprising at least one redox altering component or precursor reduces the amount of oxygen production resulting from interaction between the at least one multivalent component and the molten glass.

Abstract: There is provided a fiber including a cladding material that is disposed along a longitudinal-axis fiber length. A plurality of spherical particles are provided, separated from one another and disposed in a longitudinal line parallel to the longitudinal fiber axis. The particles are in a sequence with controlled periodic spacing between particles along at least a portion of the fiber length. Each spherical particle has a spherical particle material that is embedded within and elementally different than the fiber cladding material.

Abstract: A method for producing a dental prosthesis based on lithium silicate glass or lithium silicate glass-ceramic, including the steps of: melting a powder mixture containing at least SiO2, Li2O, Al2O3; producing spherical, lens-shaped or rod-shaped glass particles solidified from the melt; portioning the glass particles and filling them into a crucible; melting the glass particles in the crucible and setting a viscosity v, wherein 4 dPa·s?v?80 dPa·s; casting the thus produced melt into a negative mold which is enclosed by an embedding compound and corresponds to the dental prosthesis and; solidifying the melt in the negative mold, and crystallizing lithium metasilicate and/or lithium disilicate from the solidified melt.

Abstract: Embodiments of a glass substrate including an alkali-containing bulk and an alkali-depleted surface layer, including a substantially homogenous composition are disclosed. In some embodiments, the alkali-depleted surface layer includes about 0.5 atomic % alkali or less. The alkali-depleted surface layer may be substantially free of hydrogen and/or crystallites. Methods for forming a glass substrate with a modified surface layer are also provided.

Abstract: A method for production of a photo-structurable glass element is provided. The method includes the steps of: fixing a blank of photo-structurable glass at a first end; heating of a deformation zone of the blank; and drawing the blank. The glass includes Si4+, a crystal-agonist, a crystal-antagonist, and a pair of nucleating agents. The crystal-agonist is selected from the group consisting of Na+, K+, Li+, and any combinations thereof. The crystal-antagonist is selected from the group consisting of Al3+, B3+, Zn2+, Sr2+, Sb3+, and any combinations thereof. The pair of nucleating agents include cerium and an agent selected from the group consisting of silver, gold, copper, and any combinations thereof. The crystal-agonist has a molar proportion cat.-% in relation to a molar proportion of Si4+ that is at least 0.3 and at most 0.85.

Abstract: A sensitized, photo-structurable glasses and methods for producing are provided. The glasses includes Si4+, one or more crystal-agonist, one or more crystal-antagonist, and one or more pair of nucleating agents. The glasses are sensitized in that the glass reacts more sensitive to irradiation with UV-light and can be crystallized easier and with higher aspect ratios than a non-sensitized glass with equal composition. Furthermore, the sensitized glasses of this invention have smaller crystal sizes after irradiation and tempering than a non-sensitized glass with equal composition. The invention also relates to a structured glass product. Such product can be obtained by submitting the crystallized glass product to a subsequent etching step. The structured product can be used in components or as component for the application fields micro-technology, micro-reaction-technology, electronic packaging, micro-fluidics, FED spacer, bio-technology, interposer, and/or three-dimensional structured antennae.

Abstract: A method for continuous production of photo-sensitive glass bodies, glass bodies, and structured glass articles are provided. The glass bodies include a glass having Si4+, at least one crystal-agonist, at least one crystal-antagonist, and at least one pair of nucleating agents. The glass may be used in a method for structuring of glass. The glass bodies may be structured and/or unstructured and used in different applications such as in components or as components in micro-technology, in micro-reaction-technology, in electronic packaging, for micro-fluidic components, in or as FED spacer, for bio-technology (for example titer plates), as interposer, and in or as three-dimensional structurable antennae.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are glasses that are capable of forming nepheline crystal phases when exposed to light, photoformable glass-ceramics comprising at least one nepheline crystal phase, products containing such glasses and glass ceramics, and methods for making the same.

Abstract: The glass sheet production method of the present invention is a method for producing a surface-modified glass sheet, including a gas contact step of bringing hydrogen fluoride (HF) gas, hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas, and water vapor into contact with at least one principal surface of a glass sheet. A gas containing the hydrogen fluoride (HF) gas is used in the gas contact step, and in the gas containing the hydrogen fluoride (HF) gas, a volume ratio of the water vapor to the hydrogen fluoride (HF) gas (volume of water vapor/volume of HF gas) is 8 or more.

Abstract: A glass flux material for applying an opaque coating is provided. The glass flux material includes at least one pigment and a glass component with the following composition: SiO2 55-70 mol %, Al2O3 2.5-8 mol %, Bi2O3 0.5-<4 mol %, B2O3 14-27 mol %, with at least 2.5 mol % of at least one oxide of the group Li2O, Na2O, and K2O, wherein the ratio of alkali oxides to aluminum oxide ?R2O/Al2O3 is less than 6.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a method for making a metal nanowire film. The method includes applying a metal layer on a substrate; placing a carbon nanotube composite structure on the metal layer, wherein the carbon nanotube composite structure defines a number of openings and parts of the metal layer are exposed by the number of openings; dry etching the metal layer using the carbon nanotube composite structure as a mask; and removing the carbon nanotube composite structure. The carbon nanotube composite structure includes a carbon nanotube structure and a protective layer coated on the carbon nanotube structure. The carbon nanotube structure includes a number of carbon nanotubes arranged substantially along the same direction.

Abstract: Certain example embodiments relate to methods of making anti-corrosion anti-reflection (ACAR) films, and/or associated coated articles. The methods may involve forming the reaction product of a hydrolysis and/or a condensation reaction of at least one hybrid alkoxide selected from the group consisting of Si(OR)4—Al(s-OBu)3, Si(OR)4—B(OBu)3 and Si(OR)4 and Zr(OBu)4, where R is a CH2CH3 group, s-OBu is sec-butoxide and OBu is n-butoxide. The solution optionally may be blended and/or mixed with silicon nanoparticles and/or siloxanes. A Tqe % gain of about 3.2% and/or refractive index of 1.5 or less is/are possible in certain example embodiments.

Abstract: This invention relates to a coated article including a low-emissivity (low-E) coating. In certain example embodiments, the low-E coating is provided on a substrate (e.g., glass substrate) and includes at least first and second infrared (IR) reflecting layers (e.g., silver based layers) that are spaced apart by contact layers (e.g., NiCr based layers) and a dielectric layer of or including a material such as silicon nitride. In certain example embodiments, the coated article has a low visible transmission (e.g., no greater than 50%, more preferably no greater than about 40%, and most preferably no greater than about 39%).

Abstract: A method is provided for treating the outer surfaces of a plurality of glass bubbles. That method includes loading a plurality of glass bubbles into a processing vessel having a roughened lining and displacing the processing vessel so that the plurality of glass bubbles move against the roughened lining to thereby roughen the outer surfaces. Alternatively, or in addition, the glass bubbles are subjected to air plasma treatment to increase the surface energy of the glass bubbles.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method to derive a medical form body of lithium silicate glass ceramic. To increase its strength it is proposed that in the form body comprising lithium silicate glass or containing lithium silicate glass the lithium ions are replaced by alkali ions of greater diameter to generate a surface compressive stress. To this end the form body is covered with a melt containing an alkali metal for which an aliquoted quantity of salt containing the alkali metal is used.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method to increase the strength of a form body of lithium silicate glass ceramic, which after it has a desired end geometry and after the application of a material which influences its surface to form a coating, is subject to a heat treatment. To create a surface compressive stress through the replacement of lithium ions by alkali ions of greater diameter at least that region not covered by the application layer is covered by a melt or paste consisting of or containing a salt of an alkali metal with ions of greater diameter and the form body is in contact with the melt or paste for a period of time t at a temperature T and the melt or paste is subsequently removed from the form body.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method to produce a medical form body of lithium silicate glass ceramic. To increase its strength it is proposed that a surface compressive stress is created in a form body of lithium silicate glass, or containing lithium silicate glass, through the replacement of lithium ions by alkali metal ions of greater diameter. For this purpose the form body is covered with a paste that contains alkali metal.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method to produce a dental structure with a cavity having a negative form of the structure, which is formed in an investment material, wherein flowable lithium silicate glass ceramic is pressed into the cavity. Thereby a compressive surface stress is created in the ceramic structure through the replacement of lithium ions by alkali ions, in that the model is enriched with alkali compounds and/or the model is covered with a layer of a material containing alkali ions.

Abstract: Devices and methods for optical-fiber processing for connector applications are disclosed, wherein the devices and methods utilize a quantum cascade laser operated under select processing parameters to carry out end face polishing. The method includes supporting the optical fiber in a ferrule so that a bare end section of the fiber protrudes from an end of the ferrule by a protrusion distance. The method then includes irradiating the end face with light from the quantum cascade laser to polish the end face. The quantum cascade laser can also be used to form a bump in a central portion of the end face, wherein the bump facilitates physical contact between respective end faces of connected optical fibers.

Abstract: A method for connecting a first part, composed of a difficult to solder material, with a second part. A wetting of a first surface of the first part, to be connected with the second part, with a first solder, and connecting the first solder with the first surface of the first part, takes place by introducing heat and ultrasound energy. A wetting of a second surface of the second part, to be connected with the first part, with a second solder takes place. Subsequently, machining of the surface of the first solder is carried out for removal of an oxide layer. Then the first and the second solder covered surfaces are brought into contact with one another, to form a unit. This is followed by exposing the unit to a temperature within a predetermined temperature range, which has an upper temperature limit of less than 800° C.

Abstract: A system and method for treating cement kiln dust is provided. The method includes the steps of receiving cement kiln dust (CKD) from a kiln; heating the collected CKD; forming a gas stream of vaporized metal and CKD by sufficient heating to separate at least one heavy metal from the collected CKD stream to create a cleaned CKD stream and a metal stream; providing a water soluble alkaline-earth metal polysulfide; combining the heavy metal stream with the water soluble alkaline-earth metal sulfide to create a combined stream; and removing at least a portion of one heavy metal from the combined stream.

Abstract: A method of conditioning stucco comprises the steps of supplying a quantity of stucco particles to a reaction vessel, the stucco particles comprising calcium sulphate hemihydrate and/or calcium sulphate anhydrite, as well as calcium sulphate dihydrate; and conditioning the stucco particles at a temperature of at least 100° C. and a humidity of at least 70%. During the step of conditioning the stucco particles, the bulk density of the stucco particles within the reaction vessel is at least 1 g/cm3.

Abstract: A method for creating multifunctional cementitious composites that provide load-bearing and self-sensing properties. The method involves dispersing conductive nanomaterials (e.g., multi-walled carbon nanotubes) into a polymer (e.g., latex) material from which a thin film is created and deposited (e.g., sprayed) onto aggregates, which after drying, can be incorporated with cementitious materials and desired liquids and cast, along with sufficient number of electrodes, into a form for curing. After curing, the resultant structure can be electrically tested through the electrodes, for structural characteristics, including determination of damage severity and location using back-calculation utilizing electrical resistance tomography (ERT), or electrical impedance tomography (EIT), to generate a spatial resistivity map (distribution).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of cementing a casing of an oil or gas pipeline to a surrounding well wall, where a hydraulic cement slurry is formed and the slurry is deployed in the annulus between the pipeline casing and the surrounding well wall. The cement slurry is formed by mixing together a hydraulic cement 12 to 24% of silica based on the weight of cement, and water; wherein the silica comprises 1/3 to 2/3 microfine silica and 2/3 to 1/3 silica flour. The invention further relates to a cement slurry for use in the method.

Abstract: Cementitious compositions and methods for producing the cementitious compositions are described herein. The methods can include mixing a compound of the general formula MaSibXcOd, MaSibXcOd(OH)e, MaSibXc(OH)e, or MaSibXc(OH)e.(H2O)f, wherein M comprises a metal that can react with carbon dioxide in a carbonation reaction to form a carbonate, Si forms an oxide during the carbonation reaction, X is an element other than M or Si, a, b, d, e, and f are greater than zero, and c is zero or greater, with a rapid setting hydraulic cement to produce a cementitious mixture. The methods can further include hydrating the cementitious mixture and carbonating the cementitious mixture. Carbonating the cementitious mixture can occur simultaneously with hydrating the cementitious mixture or subsequent to hydrating the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the non-hydraulic cement can comprise wollastonite. The hydraulic cement can be in an amount of from 5 wt % to 80 wt % of the cementitious composition.

Abstract: The present invention provides a composition and method for controlling air voids in aqueous systems such as paints, coatings, sealants, adhesives, mastics, cements, mortar, masonry, or concrete, which comprises the reaction product of an oxidizing agent and a compound comprising at least one polyalkoxylated polyalkylene polyamine, at least one polyalkyoxylated polyethyleneimine, or a mixture thereof.

Abstract: A method for accelerating the strength of cement involves providing an activated fly ash processed to increase the surface area of the fly ash and reacting the activated fly ash with a polycarboxylate heteropolymer that acts as a catalyst to produce a pozzolanic cementitious material having as much as a 28% increase in strength. In one embodiment, the heteropolymer includes hydrophilic and hydrophobic components that assist in providing an optimal equilibrium for the formation of cementitious structures. The increase in strength permits reducing the amount of Portland Cement mixed with the pozzolanic cementitious material to as little as 30%, thus to achieve a significant cost reduction.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method of producing hydrocarbon products from coal including a pitch material usable as asphalt pitch, comprising depolymerizing coal and digestion of coal in a high temperature depolymerizing medium consisting of a blend of heavy aromatic hydrocarbon oils, heating the coal to a temperature between 350° C. and 450° C. to create digested coal, and concentrating solid mineral matter and insoluble carbon via centrifugation, to obtain a synthetic asphalt pitch incorporating dispersed mineral matter and insoluble carbon as well as liquid hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A cementitious hydrating patch composition is provided with improved strength and abrasion resistance. The patch comprises Portland cement in the amount from 2% to 10%, Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate in the amount from 2% to 30%, Gypsum in the amount from 0% to 15%, Calcium Aluminate Cement in the amount from 15% to 40%, Calcium Carbonate in the amount from 0% to 40%, at least one filler in the amount from 1% to 30%; and at least one binder in the amount from 10% to 40%, wherein all amounts are based on dry weight of the composition. Methods of preparing and using the patch composition are provided as well.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method of preparing a composition of a cold setting geo-polymer based building material. The cold-setting geo-polymer concrete is a green concrete that requires curing at ambient conditions. The method includes mixing one or more aggregates and a plurality of chemical ingredients in a mixing apparatus, and chemically activating an obtained geo-polymer concrete mix by adding an alkaline activator. The one or more aggregates include a plurality of stone chips and a plurality of sand particles. The plurality of chemical ingredients includes a fly ash and a calcium hydroxide solution. The fly ash includes one or more alumino-silicate aggregates. The fly ash, the plurality of sand particles and the calcium hydroxide solution, and the plurality of stone chips are mixed in a first pre-determined ratio. The alkaline activator prevents temperature curing of the cold-setting geo-polymer concrete.

Abstract: The invention provides compositions and methods directed to carbonation of a cement mix during mixing. The carbonation may be controlled by one or more feedback mechanisms to adjust carbon dioxide delivery based on one or more characteristics of the mix or other aspects of the mixing operation.

Abstract: A magnesium oxychloride cement composition can include magnesium oxide, aqueous magnesium chloride, and one or more silicone based additives. The magnesium oxychloride cement composition can exhibit water resistant characteristics. The disclosed magnesium oxychloride cement compositions can be used to form various structures, including countertops, flooring structures, tile structures, panel structures, and other cement and/or concrete structures. The structures can also include a support member and/or a cushioned underlay.