Abstract: Respective sector radars generate first and second transmission signals by multiplying any one Spano code sequence and any one orthogonal code sequence, selected among 2(N+1) first and second Spano code sequences which are different from each other and 2(N+1) first and second orthogonal code sequences which are different from each other, in a predetermined order in each transmission period, where N is an integer of 1 or greater. Respective sector radars convert the first and second transmission signals into first and second high frequency signals, and transmit the first and second high frequency signals through first and second transmission antennas. The 2(N+1) first orthogonal code sequences and the 2(N+1) second orthogonal code sequences used in the respective sector radars are orthogonal over transmission periods of M multiples of 2(N+1), where M is an integer of 2 or greater.

Abstract: A method for detecting targets using a mobile radar having a rotary antenna, notably small targets buried in radar clutter, without increasing the number of false detections, includes determining pre-detections during N antenna revolutions, including determining pre-detections revolution by revolution, each pre-detection being stored in a grid of cells centered on the position that the radar occupied at the start of the current revolution, each grid cell corresponding to an azimuth range and a distance range. This step also includes, at the end of each revolution, a step of shifting all the pre-detections stored in the grid during the previous revolutions by the movement undergone by the radar during the last revolution. The method also includes determining detections, a target being detected from the moment that a set of pre-detections stored in the grid has its distances to the radar which constitute a linear progression during the N antenna revolutions.

Abstract: System for detecting objects protruding from the surface of a body of water in a marine environment under low illumination conditions, the system comprising a gated light source, generating light pulses toward the body of water illuminating substantially an entire field of view, a gated camera, sensitive at least to wavelengths of the light generated by the gated light source, the gated camera receiving light reflected from at least one object, within the field of view, protruding from the surface of the body of water and acquiring a gated image of the reflected light, and a processor coupled with the gated light source and with the gated camera, the processor gating the gated camera to be set ‘OFF’ for at least the duration of time it takes the gated light source to produce a light pulse in its substantial entirety in addition to the time it takes the end of the light pulse to complete traversing a determined distance from the system and back to the gated camera, the processor further setting, for each pulse

Abstract: Methods and systems for ultrasound data processing are provided. One method includes acquiring channel ultrasound data from a plurality of channel connected to a plurality of elements of an ultrasound probe and storing the channel ultrasound data from the plurality of channels. The method further includes generating ultrasound images based on processing of the acquired channel ultrasound data and displaying the ultrasound images. The method also includes performing additional processing on the stored channel ultrasound data while the ultrasound images are displayed and displaying updated ultrasound images generated by the additional processing.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a radar device and a velocity calculation method with which velocity can be calculated more accurately. A radar device 1 comprises a transmitter 23, a first velocity calculator 31a, a second velocity calculator 31b, a first velocity corrector 33a, and a second velocity corrector 33b. The transmitter 23 transmits pulse signals at two or more different pulse repetition frequencies. The first velocity calculator 31a calculates a first Doppler velocity based on a first received signal. The second velocity calculator 31b calculates a second Doppler velocity based on a second received signal. The first velocity corrector 33a calculates a first corrected Doppler velocity by folding correction of the first Doppler velocity. The second velocity corrector 33b calculates a second corrected Doppler velocity by folding correction of the second Doppler velocity.

Abstract: A networked radio frequency identification system includes a plurality of radio frequency identification (RFID) tag readers, a computer in signal communication with the RFID tag readers over a network, and a software module for storage on and operable by the computer that localizes RFID tags based on information received from the RFID tag readers using a network model having endpoints and oriented links. In an additional example, at least one of the RFID tag readers includes an adjustable configuration setting selected from RF signal strength, antenna gain, antenna polarization, and antenna orientation. In a further aspect, the system localizes RFID tags based on hierarchical threshold limit calculations. In an additional aspect, the system controls a locking device associated with an access point based on localization of an authorized RFID tag at the access point and reception of additional authorizing information from an input device.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a ground survey and obstacle detection system using one or multiple detection devices, such as aerial detection devices. Aerial detection devices are sent ahead of the primary vehicle to survey a territory and map out any obstacles. The aerial detection device is equipped with sensors to scan the ground below it and detect obstacles. The aerial detection device is not affected by or prone to triggering dangerous obstacles. The aerial detection device flies above the ground and may be configured to send a signal back alerting the primary vehicle to the existence of obstacles.

Abstract: An example method for automatically characterizing an echo contained in an ultrasonic signal generated with an ultrasonic transducer can include receiving data corresponding to the ultrasonic signal, calculating an energy ratio of the ultrasonic signal and localizing the echo using the energy ratio. The method can include windowing a portion of the ultrasonic signal around the localized echo and calculating a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and a Hilbert envelop of the windowed portion. The method can include estimating M echo parameters from the FFT and the Hilbert envelope of the windowed portion, where each of the M parameter vectors includes a plurality of echo parameters, calculating M parametric echo models based on each of the M echo parameter vectors and iteratively minimizing a difference between the windowed portion of the ultrasonic signal and a sum of the M parametric echo models.

Abstract: Embodiments relate to a speed sensor and a speed sensing method for measuring relative speeds of receivers with respect to particles in a fluid by detecting individual particles. A receiver generates a plurality of signals related to reflections from particles in a region being monitored. A sampling circuit samples the signals, and a processing device processes the signals according to a particle detection scheme to determine speed. Concomitant use of the same receivers allows depth measurement.

Abstract: A Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver determines a measurement error covariance from a reference position and a set of measured pseudoranges from a set of GNSS satellites. The position and velocity solution is determined from the measurement error covariance and the set of measured pseudoranges. The measurement error covariance is determined as function of the difference between a reference pseudorange and measured pseudorange. The reference pseudorange is computed from the reference position to a satellite. The measurement error covariance is determined as function of the difference only if the measured pseudorange is greater than the reference pseudorange. The GNSS receiver also determines measurement error covariance as function of one or more of correlation peak shape, difference, the correlation peak shape, a received signal to noise ratio and a tracking loop error.

Abstract: Embodiments of an improved assisted global positioning system (GPS) method and system are described. Wireless access points send assistance data to GPS receivers that are integrated into cellular chipsets and other chipsets. The access points may also act as fixed location references for differential GPS (DGPS) mobile stations. Errors caused by multipath travel of the GPS signals are reduced by using fixed location reference receivers.

Abstract: The disclosed invention embodies a system and method for multi-sensor, multi-frequency, multi-constellation data integration providing integrated onboard positioning of a vehicle. Multiple correlators perform autonomous signal quality monitoring to avoid the need for external augmentation systems. The integrated method and system typically includes multi-constellation, multi-channel GNSS and may consider positioning information from one or more other positioning resources including onboard, airborne, and ground-based signals. The positioning information from these functions are used in combination to exclude an erroneous signal from consideration while providing an integrated, blended precision positioning solution with improved size, weight, power and cost characteristics.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for operating an electronic terminal (1.1-1.4) comprising an integrated image sensor (2.1-2.4) that has a large number of pixels, in particular for a mobile telephone. According to the invention, a dosage value of ionizing radiation striking the image sensor is determined by means of the image sensor (2.1-2.4). The invention further relates to a terminal that operates accordingly (e.g. a smart phone having a corresponding application program).

Abstract: Disclosed herein too is an apparatus for measuring radiation, comprising an array of photodetectors for receiving the radiation; for each photodetector of the array of photodetectors, an anode buffer for generating an electronic signal indicative of receiving the radiation at the photodetector; and a mini-block corresponding to the photodetector array, the mini-block including a summation circuit for calculating an energy of the received radiation from the electronic signals corresponding to each photodetector of the array of photodetectors, and a position circuit for calculating a coordinate of the energy received at the array of photodetectors.

Abstract: A radiographic image capture device includes a radiation detector, an application section and a controller. The radiation detector includes plural detection pixels that detect a radiation application state and plural imaging pixels that capture a radiographic image. The application section applies a bias voltage to each of the plural detection pixels and to each of the plural imaging pixels. The controller effects control such that, if the radiation application amount detected by the detection pixels is equal to or greater than a first threshold value during a first state in which the bias voltage is applied to the plural detection pixels, the application section is caused to transition to a second state in which the bias voltage applied to the detection pixels is reduced.

Abstract: An X-ray detector assembly includes a polymeric substrate having a lower surface and an upper surface, and an X-ray detector disposed on the upper surface of the substrate. The X-ray detector includes a thin-film-transistor array disposed on the substrate, an organic photodiode disposed on the thin-film-transistor array, and a scintillator disposed on the organic photodiode. A metal barrier extends substantially over an upper surface of the scintillator, substantially over peripherally-extending edges of the scintillator, the organic photodiode, and the thin-film-transistor array, and substantially over the lower surface of the substrate.

Abstract: In a scintillator panel, a glass substrate with the thickness of not more than 150 ?m serves as a support body, thereby achieving excellent radiotransparency and flexibility and also relieving a problem of thermal expansion coefficient. Furthermore, in this scintillator panel, an organic resin layer is formed so as to cover a one face side and a side face side of the glass substrate. This reinforces the glass substrate, whereby the edge part thereof can be prevented from chipping or cracking. Furthermore, stray light can be prevented from entering the side face of the glass substrate, while transparency is ensured for light incident to the other face side of the glass substrate because the organic resin layer is not formed on the other face side of the glass substrate.

Abstract: To improve a temporal resolution. An image-capturing device includes a pixel array unit and a control unit. The pixel array unit includes a plurality of pixels classified into two or more groups, wherein pixels which belong to a same group are driven at a same timing. The control unit controls driving of the pixel array unit so that a number of groups in a period of time of read-out of electrical charge is a same number in any given timing in image-capturing operation, and that a number of groups in a period of time of exposure and accumulation of electrical charge is a same number in any given timing in the image-capturing operation.

Abstract: A scintillator device includes a scintillator layer on a substrate and a foil layer that covers the scintillator layer. The foil layer overlaps an outer edge of the scintillator layer and is adhered to a portion of the substrate surrounding the scintillator layer to form at least part of a first moisture barrier between the scintillator layer and the surrounding environment. A sealant overlaps an outer edge of the foil layer onto a portion of the substrate surrounding the foil layer to form at least part of a second moisture barrier between the scintillator layer and the surrounding environment.

Abstract: A detector tile and a detector panel arrangement for providing a seamless detector surface with a continuous pixel array and with a reduced gap appearance includes a detector tile having a flat primary substrate and a surface layer with a circuitry arrangement. The surface layer is arranged on a front side of the primary substrate covering the primary substrate. The circuitry arrangement includes detector pixels providing a pixel array, where a connection opening is provided in the surface layer and the flat primary substrate at least at one edge of the detector tile. The connection opening is leading from the surface layer to the rear of the substrate for guiding electrical connection elements between the front side and a rear of the detector tiles. The connection openings on opposing edges of the detector tile alternate, and the connection openings on adjacent edges of detector tiles alternate.

Abstract: An x-ray scanner includes an x-ray source producing a fan beam of x-rays, an x-ray detector array, a collimator, a second motor moving TDI detector arrays, and an x-ray processing unit. The detector array has the TDI arrays and detects x-rays from the source. The collimator disposed between the source and detector array defines slits to collimate the fan beam of x-rays into lateral beams with a height dimension the same as a height dimension of the TDI detector arrays. Either the collimator is fixed to the x-ray source or moves thereto. A first motor moves the collimator or the collimator and source together. The processing unit controls the motors, processes detection of the x-rays, and forms an image of an entity between the collimator and the detector array to have an intensity and contrast of the scanned image be maximized while an exposure dose for the entity is minimized.

Abstract: This invention is about a readout apparatus and method for time-of-flight and energy measurements with silicon photomultipliers (SIPM) coupled to a scintillator. The timing measurement can be as accurate as 50 ps or below, after calibration. The energy is measured using a time-over-threshold technique, and the energy resolution is only constrained by the scintillation statistics. In order to achieve low power of 10 mW per channel, a low impedance input amplifier and analog time-to-digital converters (TDCs) based on time interpolation are used. The readout circuit can be triggered by a single photoelectron (p.e.) with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) above 20 dB. The said readout circuit operates with SiPMs of different gain, polarity and matrix size. The preferred embodiment of the readout apparatus is a multi-channel application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) with 64 channels.

Abstract: A system and method is provided for determining depth of interaction (DOI) information. The system and method includes a detector configured to generate DOI information as a result of radiation emitted from a radiation source. The system and method further includes a plurality of scintillator pixels forming a block, wherein the plurality of scintillator pixels have a first portion and a second portion. A first medium distributed in an alternating pattern of coupling and separation between each of the scintillator pixels in a first portion or second portion of the block is also provided. A plurality of sensors for detecting scintillation events across the plurality of scintillators based on the alternating pattern of coupling and separation between each of the scintillator pixels, wherein DOI information is provided by a position profile of the block, and an image processor for generating a 3 dimensional image from the DOI information are also included.

Abstract: It is proposed a method for providing synchronization in a data acquisition system including a plurality of acquisition units. A given acquisition unit of the plurality carries out the following steps: receiving a packet from another device of the data acquisition system; extracting a synchronization accuracy information and a reference clock information from the received packet; obtaining a first reference clock as a function of the extracted reference clock information; if the extracted synchronization accuracy information indicates a better synchronization accuracy than a current synchronization accuracy information associated to the given acquisition unit: taking the obtained first reference clock as a selected reference clock and updating the current synchronization accuracy information to indicate a lower synchronization accuracy than the extracted synchronization accuracy information.

Abstract: Acquisition of data by managing crosstalk interference with sector designs and unique sweeps is conducted and the resultant data are processed in 3D common receiver domain to attenuate crosstalk noise while preserving the signals for high source and receiver density acquisition designs. High-amplitude spectral amplitudes are attenuated and inter-ensemble statics or structural time delays are applied to achieve optimum filter performance. If the spectral amplitudes have been attenuated to a level consistent with non-simultaneous acquisition, conventional surface consistent processing can be performed to correct for statics and amplitude variations. A 3-point filter in different frequency bands may then be applied to remove any remaining residual crosstalk noise.

Abstract: Systems and methods for compensating for spatial and slowness or angle blurring of plane-wave reflection coefficients in imaging. A wave field may be determined at a reference depth proximate to a reflector for a shot record. A receiver-side blurring function may be determined at the reference depth. An aggregate blurring function may be constructed based at least partially on the source wave field and the receiver-side blurring function. A plane-wave reflection coefficients may be determined based at least partially on the aggregate blurring function.

Abstract: To acquire near-zero offset survey data, a survey source and a first streamer attached to the survey source are provided, where the first streamer has at least one survey receiver. A second streamer separate from the survey source and the first streamer includes survey receivers. Near-zero offset data is measured using the at least one survey receiver of the first streamer.

Abstract: Estimation of direct arrival signals based on predicted direct arrival signals and measurements can include obtaining notional source signatures for notional sources that correspond to source elements in a seismic source. A first predicted direct arrival signal at a first location and a second predicted direct arrival signal at a second location can be determined. The first location corresponds to a seismic receiver and the second location does not correspond to a seismic receiver. A transfer function can be determined based on the first predicted direct arrival signal at the first location and the second predicted direct arrival signal at the second location. An estimated direct arrival signal at the second location can be determined based on the transfer function and a measurement by the seismic receiver corresponding to the first location. The estimated direct arrival signal represents what a measured direct arrival signal would be at the second location.

Abstract: A technique includes distributing particle motion sensors along the length of a seismic streamer. Each particle motion sensor is eccentrically disposed at an associated angle about an axis of the seismic streamer with respect to a reference line that is common to the associated angles. The sensors are mounted to suppress torque noise in measurements that are acquired by the particle motion sensors. This mounting includes substantially varying the associated angles.

Abstract: A buoy for recording seismic signals while underwater. The buoy includes a body; a buoyancy system configured to control a buoyancy of the body to descend to a predetermined depth (H1); a propulsion system configured to actively adjust a position of the body at a given position (X, Y); a seismic sensor located on the body and configured to record the seismic signals; and a control device configured to control the buoyancy system to maintain the body substantially at the predetermined depth (H1) and to control the propulsion system to maintain the body substantially at the given position (X, Y) while the buoy records seismic data, and also to instruct the seismic sensor when to record seismic signals.

Abstract: A method for determining positions and origin times of seismic events occurring in the Earth's subsurface includes accepting as input to the method signals recorded from a plurality of seismic sensors deployed above a subsurface volume of interest. The recorded signals are a representation of seismic amplitude with respect to time. Origin time and location of each of a plurality of subsurface seismic events are determined from the recorded signals. The origin times and locations of each event are inverted to obtain Thomsen's parameters in formations in the volume of interest. Depths of each of the events are determined by individually searching the depth of each event, the inversion with each incorporated new depth including updating the Thomsen parameters and setting as a limit a minimum value of RMS error.

Abstract: In some embodiments, apparatus and systems, as well as methods, may operate to record a plurality of acoustic waveforms comprising cross-dipole waveforms and corresponding to acoustic waves received 5 at azimuthally orthogonal dipole receiver arrays surrounded by a geological formation, the waves being generated by azimuthally orthogonal dipole transmitter arrays. Further activity may include defining an objective function dependent on the cross-dipole waveforms, eigenvalues, an azimuth angle corresponding to an 10 orientation of the transmitter and receiver arrays; minimizing the objective function with respect to said angle and the set of auxiliary parameters; and determining at least one property of the geological formation based on the global minimum. Additional apparatus, systems, and methods are disclosed.

Abstract: A tone detection arrangement and method decodes an incoming data stream that is received in sequential bit times and which contains at least one tone that is selectively present for the duration each bit time. Each one of a plurality of digital filters is tuned for detecting the tone over a filter interval. The filters are operable in timed relation to one another.

Abstract: Illustrative permanent electromagnetic (EM) monitoring systems and methods have a casing string positioned inside a borehole and equipped with one or more EM transducer modules having a layer of soft magnetic material that substantially encircles the casing string to amplify a signal response of a magnetic field transmitting and/or sensing element. The layer preferably has an axial dimension at least twice an axial dimension of the magnetic field sensing element, with a relative permeability at least twice that of the casing material. The magnetic field transmitting element can be a coil. The magnetic field sensing element can be a coil or a piezoelectric or magnetostrictive element that applies stress to an optical fiber. A well interface system communicates with the one or more EM transducer modules to transmit and/or collect EM signals over time. Additional casing strings may be provided in other nearby boreholes to enable tomographic mapping and monitoring of fluid interfaces in the reservoir.

Abstract: Methods and systems for obtaining an electrical impedivity and/or resistivity image of a subterranean formation are provided. The electrical impedivity and/or resistivity image can be obtained by determining first formation impedivity data and second formation impedivity data. The first formation impedivity data can be based on a component of the measured impedance data orthogonal a downhole fluid impedance. The second formation impedivity data can be based on an amplitude of the measured impedance data. A combined formation impedivity data can be obtained by combining a portion of the first formation impedivity data based on a first formation impedivity determination process with a portion of the second formation impedivity data based on a second formation impedivity determination process. The electrical impedivity and/or resistivity image of the subterranean formation can then be obtained by using the combined formation impedivity data.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a radiation source to output radiation after power is supplied. The apparatus also includes a power source to supply power. The apparatus includes an ambient-activated switch electrically coupled between the radiation source and the power source. The ambient-activated switch is to switch to an open position while a value for an ambient characteristic for the ambient-activated switch is at an ambient level for a surface of the Earth. The ambient-activated switch is to switch to a closed position while the value for the ambient characteristic for the ambient-activated switch is at a downhole ambient level, wherein the ambient-activated switch is to electrically couple the power source to the radiation source while in the closed position.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and transmitter assemblies for exploring geophysical formations at great depths. In order to explore the formation, transmitter assemblies with a size less than 500 nanometers are inserted into the formation. The transmitter assemblies include sensors and propel through the formation, analyzing fluids and conditions as each moves through the formation. The transmitter assemblies can communicate with a machine on the surface via a series of receivers and transmitters located in the wellbore. The machine on the surface is able to combine and analyze the data from the nanorobots to create a three dimensional map of the formation. The map shows the locations of pathways through the formation, pockets of hydrocarbons within the formation, and the boundaries of the formation.

Abstract: Method for imaging of a hydraulic fracture generated by fluid injection. Microseismic data of the hydraulic fracture treatment is collected and analyzed for the location and magnitude of microseismic events. The seismic energy or moment of the micro seismic events is calculated (11) and plotted with the size of events scaled by their energy or moment (12). The cumulative seismic energy or moment is calculated as a function of distance from the perforation point (13). The fracture dimensions are determined by applying cut-offs, based on selected criteria, to the cumulative energy or moment estimates (14).

Abstract: A method (and system for practicing the method) for processing and reporting a characteristic of a resource for a domain (e.g., weather forecast for a flight route). A request is sent to a server for customized data for the resource, preferably containing at least a unique application identifier. Customized data is received from the server, wherein said data contain a plurality of customized conditional result values of characteristics of the resource at a multiplicity of domain values, generated using values of the characteristics of the resource at various domain values and conditionals specific to the application identifier.

Abstract: An apparatus for meteorological observation is provided. The apparatus includes: a body part; a coupling part which moves along a first and a second guiding routes alternatively by a motor; a sensor part which rotates according to a movement of the coupling part; and a shoot controlling part for measuring data of the upper atmosphere when the coupling part is placed on the top guiding member while moving along the first guiding route, (ii) measuring data of front lower atmosphere when the coupling part is placed on the first branch while moving along the first guiding route, (iii) measuring data of the upper atmosphere when the coupling part is placed on the top guiding member while moving along the second guiding route, and (iv) measuring data of rear lower atmosphere when the coupling part is placed on the second branch while moving along the second guiding route.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a biopolymer photonic crystal includes providing a biopolymer, processing the biopolymer to yield a biopolymer matrix solution, providing a substrate, casting the matrix solution on the substrate, and drying the biopolymer matrix solution to form a solidified biopolymer film. A surface of the film is formed with a nanopattern, or a nanopattern is machined on a surface of the film. In another embodiment, a plurality of biopolymer films is stacked together. A photonic crystal is also provided that is made of a biopolymer and has a nanopatterned surface. In another embodiment, the photonic crystal includes a plurality of nanopatterned films that are stacked together.

Abstract: Disclosed embodiments concern a soluble functionalized nanoparticle suitable for use with polymerizable components, such as monomers (or polymers thereof), used to make gradient optical polymer nanocomposites. In particular disclosed embodiments, the nanoparticle is functionalized with one or more surface ligands that promote the solubility and dispersion of the nanoparticle in the disclosed monomer. Also disclosed herein are embodiments of a method for making the functionalized nanoparticle as well as embodiments of a composition comprising the functionalized nanoparticles.

Abstract: To provide a photochromic composition which functions as an adhesive layer for bonding two optical sheets that are formed of a polycarbonate resin or the like, so that a laminate that is obtained by bonding two optical sheets with the composition being sandwiched therebetween has excellent adhesion, heat resistance and photochromic properties. In particular, to provide a photochromic composition which is capable of forming an adhesive layer that is not decreased in the adhesion between the optical sheets even in cases where the adhesive layer is in contact with hot water. Provided is a photochromic composition which contains a urethane polymer having a polymerizable group (component A) and a photochromic compound (component B).

Abstract: This antimony-doped tin oxide powder is an antimony-doped tin oxide powder characterized by: (A) including at least three kinds of ions selected from the group consisting of Sn2+, Sn4+, Sb3+ and Sb5+; (B) having a ratio of average Sn ionic radius to average Sb ionic radius of 1:(0.96 to 1.04); and (C) having an Sb content of 5 to 25 moles relative to a total of 100 moles of Sb and Sn, wherein the average Sn ionic radius is the average of ionic radii of Sn2+ and Sn4+, while the average Sb ionic radius is the average of ionic radii of Sb3+ and Sb5+.

Abstract: To provide a fine-structure layered product, and a preparation method of a fine-structure layered product using the fine-structure layered product for enabling a fine concavo-convex structure excellent in environmental resistance, weather resistance and long-term stability to be formed with a large area and high productivity, and provide a manufacturing method of a fine-structure product for enabling a large area to be made with high productivity, a fine-structure layered product of the invention is provided with a substrate, a resin layer that is formed on one main surface of the substrate and that has a fine concavo-convex structure on its surface, and an inorganic layer that is provided on the fine concavo-convex structure of the resin layer and that contains a sol-gel material having a fine concavo-convex structure in a shape associated with the fine concavo-convex structure of the resin layer, where a fluorine element concentration (Es) in a region on the inorganic layer side of the resin layer is higher

Abstract: A CISM includes a lens array in which a plurality of lenses is arranged in a row form so that the optical axes are parallel to one another, and an incident optical image is formed from one end side in the optical axis direction of the lens array, thereby forming an image on the other end side. The CISM includes a light blocking member in which a plurality of through holes that allow light to pass through is provided in a row form in the arrangement direction. In the light blocking member, the inner wall surface of the through holes that intersects the arrangement direction includes reflection surfaces that intersect a sub-scanning direction. The reflection surfaces reflect light incident on the same reflection surface in a direction that intersects the arrangement direction.

Abstract: A double-lens structure and a method for fabricating the same are provided. The double-lens structure includes a first lens structure formed of a color filter layer having a first refractive index and a second lens structure formed of a micro-lens material layer having a second refractive index and disposed on the first lens structure. The first refractive index of the color filter layer is different from the second refractive index of the micro-lens material layer. An incident light enters the second lens structure and then passes through the first lens structure. Further, a method for fabricating the double-lens structure is also provided.

Abstract: Methods and systems for forming a displacement scale comprising TIR prisms on a substrate are described. A system for forming the displacement scale includes one or more rollers having a pattern of total internal reflection (TIR) prism features in negative relief. As the rollers are rotated, the scale is formed on the substrate. The rollers may also include pattern features in negative relief. Rotation of the rollers simultaneously forms the displacement scale and the pattern features on the substrate. The TIR prism features of the displacement scale may be oriented to provide measurement of one or more of lateral displacement, longitudinal displacement and angular displacement.

Abstract: A color filter substrate is provided, comprising: a substrate comprising a plurality of pixel regions arranged in matrix; a color resin layer formed in each of the pixel regions on the substrate; and a transparent pillar formed on the substrate and located in the color resin layer. In addition, a manufacturing method for the color filter substrate is also provided.

Abstract: A method for repairing a display substrate, comprising steps of: forming a black matrix pattern on a substrate, wherein there is a first pattern missing region in the black matrix pattern; forming a color filter layer pattern on the substrate on which the black matrix pattern is formed; removing all patterns from the substrate within the first pattern missing region by laser processing the first pattern missing region of the substrate based on a position of the first pattern missing region; and filling a first repair material into the first pattern missing region of the substrate processed by laser so as to repair the first pattern missing region. The present invention also discloses a display substrate and a display apparatus.