Abstract: A polarized light modulation device and a manufacturing method thereof are provided. Oppositely disposed first and second transparent electrode substrates are provided. Polymerizable monomers and cholesteric liquid crystals are filled between the first and second substrates. Different operating voltages are applied between the first and second substrates by at least two times to change a helical pitch of the cholesteric liquid crystals. Light irradiation passing through the first or second substrate is performed on the polymerizable monomers in one of different domains after each time of applying one of the operating voltages to solidify the changed helical pitch of the cholesteric liquid crystals. Solidified helical pitches of the cholesteric liquid crystals in the different domains are different. A recovery voltage is applied between the first and second substrates to retrieve an optical rotatory property of the cholesteric liquid crystals back to the state of solidifying.

Abstract: A system for selectively controlling visibility of information in an environment is provided. The system includes one or more polarized emissive screens and polarized non-emissive surfaces located within the work environment. The screens have a first direction of polarization and the surfaces have a direction of polarization substantially aligned with the first direction of polarization. Information displayed on the screens and surfaces are visible to a person inside the work environment. The work environment includes at least one window which permits viewing of the polarized emissive screens and non-emissive surfaces from outside of the work environment. A polarizing filter having a second direction of polarization arranged at an angle to the first direction of polarization is positioned proximate to the window. A person outside the work environment can see inside the environment through the window, but has an altered view of the information on the displays and surfaces.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a polarizing filter and a display device. The polarizing filter comprises a polarization layer and a conductive layer provided on one side of the polarization layer. In the present invention, the conductive layer is provided on the polarization layer, thus, when the electrostatic charge are present on the color film substrate having the polarizing filter, the electrostatic charge may be shielded by the conductive layer, and will not adversely affect the liquid crystal molecule between the color film substrate and a array substrate celled to the color film substrate even if the charge are present on a surface of the color film substrate, such that the display quality of the display panel having the color film substrate and the array substrate is improved.

Abstract: In various embodiments, an illumination apparatus includes an air gap between a sub-assembly and a waveguide attached thereto at a plurality of discrete attachment points, as well as a bare-die light-emitting diode encapsulated by the waveguide.

Abstract: A display device includes a light source, a mirror reflection guide member, a diffusion reflection member, and a display panel. The light source extends in a first direction and is configured to emit light. The mirror reflection guide member is configured to: support the light source, and guide at least some of the light to a second direction substantially perpendicular to the first direction. The mirror reflection guide member includes a plurality of guide patterns extending in the second direction and arranged in the first direction. The diffusion reflection member is configured to guide at least some of the light to a third direction substantially perpendicular to the first and second directions. The display panel is disposed on the mirror reflection guide member and the diffusion reflection member and is configured to display an image using the light guided by the diffusion reflection member.

Abstract: A light guide plate includes a light incident surface, a side surface opposite to the light incident surface, and a light emitting surface connecting to the light incident surface and the side surface. The light emitting surface has a first portion adjacent to the light incident surface and a second portion adjacent to the side surface. The first portion defines a number of first micro recesses. The second portion defines a number of second micro recesses. In a plane perpendicular to the light emitting surface and the side surface, a cross section of each second micro recess is a portion of an ellipse. A major axis of the ellipse is inclined towards the light incident surface. A maximum depth of each second micro recess is greater than a maximum depth of each first micro recess.

Abstract: A light guide plate includes a light entry surface with first elongated elements, and a light exit surface with second elongated elements. Each of the first and second elongated elements serves to guide light, and has a cross-section in a shape of a circular segment.

Abstract: A light guide panel includes a panel body having incident edges extending around the periphery thereof and a strong light region defined in a front surface thereof, and a light guide structure including a plurality of transversely extended first light-guiding grooves located in the front surface of the panel body and longitudinally spaced from one another at a predetermined interval, each first light-guiding groove having a first peak value area facing toward said strong light region and two first valley value areas located at two opposite ends of the first peak value area, each first peak value area curved in direction from the incident edges of the panel body toward the strong light region, the gap between the first peak value areas of each two adjacent first light-guiding grooves being gradually reduced in direction from the incident edges toward the strong light region.

Abstract: The invention relates to a color temperature variable light emitter and a method, adapted for generating color temperature variable light.

Abstract: A curved backlight assembly includes a light source, a curved light guide plate (LGP), a heat-dissipating plate, a supporting plate and a connecting member. The light source is abutted with the curved LGP. The heat-dissipating plate and supporting plate are connected by the connecting member to thereby form a curved backplane. The curved LGP is arranged on the curved backplane. Connected ends of the heat-dissipating plate and supporting plate are formed with elongated slots. The connecting member penetrates through elongated slots to connect the heat-dissipating plate and the supporting plate. A dimension of the curved backplane is increased or decreased with a relative displacement between the heat-dissipating plate and supporting plate to match with expansion or contraction of the curved LGP. The present invention has a simple structure. An optical coupling distance between the light source and curved LGP is shortened and the light incidence efficiency is improved.

Abstract: A cladding stripper includes a plurality of transversal notches or grooves in the outer surface of an exposed inner cladding of a double clad optical fiber. Position and orientation of the notches can be selected to even out cladding light release along the cladding light stripper, enabling more even temperature distributions due to released cladding light. The notches on the optical fiber can be made with a laser ablation system.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a multi-core optical fiber that can realize suppression of crosstalk on an easy and inexpensive basis. The multi-core optical fiber is provided with a plurality of core portions extending along a central axis of the fiber, a common cladding portion integrally holding the core portions inside, a coating layer surrounding the common cladding portion, and a bend applying portion. The bend applying portion, as an example, is provided on a partial region of an outer periphery of the coating layer and applies bending stress to a glass region.

Abstract: An apparatus for treating a hollow anatomical structure can include a light delivery device. The light delivery device comprises an optical fiber that is located in a lumen of a shaft suitable for insertion into the hollow anatomical structure and has a fiber tip located proximal of a distal end of the shaft during treatment of the hollow anatomical structure. The apparatus can further include a liquid source for providing a liquid flow over the optical fiber at a predetermined liquid flow rate.

Abstract: Concatenated distributed feedback lasers having novel waveguides are disclosed. The waveguides allow for coupling of the laser beam between active and passive waveguide structures and improved device design and output efficiency. Methods of making along with methods of using such devices are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of forming an integrated photonic semiconductor structure having a photodetector and a CMOS device may include forming the CMOS device on a first silicon-on-insulator region, forming a silicon optical waveguide on a second silicon-on-insulator region, and forming a shallow trench isolation (STI) region surrounding the silicon optical waveguide such that the shallow trench isolation electrically isolating the first and second silicon-on-insulator region. Within a first region of the STI region, a first germanium material is deposited adjacent a first side wall of the semiconductor optical waveguide. Within a second region of the STI region, a second germanium material is deposited adjacent a second side wall of the semiconductor optical waveguide, whereby the second side wall opposes the first side wall. The first and second germanium material form an active region that evanescently receives propagating optical signals from the first and second side wall of the semiconductor optical waveguide.

Abstract: An optical waveguide sheet, includes: an optical path; and a clad member that covers the optical path, wherein the clad member has a portion formed by removing a part of the clad member which is on a first surface of an optical waveguide sheet on which the optical component is to be mounted and is provided within an area which is unused for propagation of light input to and output from the optical component.

Abstract: A compact polarization beam splitter is formed by cascading two stages of directional couplers each containing two waveguides laid in parallel with a coupling gap. Each waveguide is made by silicon nitride material having a minimum length configured to be comparable with a coupling length for a TE polarization mode being set as twice of a coupling length for a TM polarization mode. A first-stage direction coupler is optimized by making the coupling gap smaller/greater than a nominal value to maximize TE/TM extinction ratio at least for a shorter/longer wavelength window of a designated wavelength band and each of two second-stage directional couplers is optimized by making the coupling gap greater/smaller than the nominal value to maximize TE/TM extinction ratio at least for a complementary longer/shorter wavelength window of the same designated wavelength band.

Abstract: An optical waveguide directional coupler includes a base having a planar member and a ridge member and an optical waveguide in the base. The ridge member extends from the planar member and has an upper surface where the optical waveguide exposed. The optical waveguide includes a first flat side surface, a second flat side surface parallel to the first flat side surface, a third flat side surface, a fourth flat side surface parallel to the third flat side surface, and a first flat connection side surface. An included angle ?1 between the first and third flat side surfaces is an obtuse angle, an included acute angle ?1 is formed between the first flat connection side surface and the second flat side surface, and ?1 and ?1 satisfy ?1<(180°??1).

Abstract: An apparatus for converting fiber mode to waveguide mode. The apparatus includes a silicon substrate member and a dielectric member having an elongated body. Part of the elongated body from a back end overlies the silicon substrate member and remaining part of the elongated body up to a front end is separated from the silicon substrate member by a second dielectric material at an under region. The apparatus also includes a waveguide including a segment from the back end to a tail end formed on the dielectric member at least partially overlying the remaining part of the elongated body. The segment is buried in a cladding overlying entirely the dielectric member. The cladding has a refractive index that is less than the waveguide but includes an index-graded section with decreasing index that is formed at least over the segment from the tail end toward the back end.

Abstract: An attenuator device includes a housing that forms a channel configured to receive an optical fiber. The optical fiber includes a first fused fiber tap for a first signal direction and a second fused fiber tap for a second signal direction. The attenuator device also includes (a) a first bend control region, in series with the channel and aligned with the first fused fiber tap; (b) a first bend-inducing object that moves to selectively contact the first fused fiber tap in the first bend control region to alter a bend radius at the first fused fiber tap; (c) a second bend control region, in series with the channel and aligned with the second fused fiber tap; and (d) a second bend-inducing object that moves to selectively contact the second fused fiber tap in the second bend control region to alter a bend radius at the second fused fiber tap.

Abstract: A compact polarization beam splitter is formed by cascading two stages of three restricted MMIs. Each MIMI is configured to set ultra compact width and length for a rectangular waveguide body to limit no more than 4 modes therein working as a polarization beam splitter in a 50 nm wavelength window around 1300 nm. Each MMI is further configured to couple an input at a first end and a TE bar output and a TM cross output at a second end of the rectangular waveguide body. The locations of the input/output waveguide ports are designated to be a distance of ? of the width away from a middle line from the first end to the second end. Two second-stage MMIs have their inputs coupled to the TE bar output and the TM cross output of the first-stage MMI and provide a second-stage TE bar output and a second-stage TM cross output, respectively.

Abstract: An optical element includes: a first delayed interferometer; and a second delayed interferometer and a third delayed interferometer cascaded to the first delayed interferometer. The first delayed interferometer includes: a first optical coupler and a second optical coupler; a first waveguide between the first optical coupler and the second optical coupler; a second waveguide between the first optical coupler and the second optical coupler, the second waveguide being longer than the first waveguide; and a ring waveguide that is coupled to the first waveguide. A difference between a length of the first waveguide and a length of the second waveguide differs from a difference in lengths corresponding to a channel spacing by a length corresponding to a phase displacement caused by loading of the ring waveguide.

Abstract: An optical device comprising a sealed waterproof housing comprising at least one LED disposed within the housing; a transparent window to allow light from the LED to be emitted from the housing; a non-imaging light element for coupling light from the LED into a plurality of side emitting optical fibers connected to the housing; and a fixing portion for securing the plurality of side-emitting optical fibers into a coupling position adjacent to the window to allow light to pass between the housing and the plurality of optical fibers, via the transparent window. The fixing portion is adapted to allow connection and/or disconnection of the plurality of optical fibers without opening or breaking a seal of the sealed waterproof housing.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a tightly mountable optical fiber adapter which has a plurality of mating parts formed at front and rear sides of a base of a shell member thereof, and the base is combined with a base plate and two opposite side panels, each side panel is extended to form a first elastic part, and ends of second elastic parts are respectively outwardly bent and extended to form stop parts whose inner sides are bent towards the first elastic part and extended to form third elastic parts. While shell member is transversely mounted into an installing hole, first elastic parts are abutted and deformed to cross installing hole to clasp back side, second elastic parts are located in installing hole, so that shell member cooperating with mounting spring clip can be tightly fastened in installing hole, whereby the entire structure can be more securer.

Abstract: A transmission connector includes a transmission optical module having a signal electrode inputting/outputting an electric signal and a transmission receptacle having a contact to be electrically connected to the signal electrode when fitted to the transmission optical module. The transmission modules includes a second cutout for preventing erroneous fitting to a reception receptacle. The transmission receptacle includes a first projection for preventing erroneous fitting to a reception optical module.

Abstract: An optical fiber holding device for holding optical fibers includes an assembling member and a base. The assembling member includes a top surface, a bottom surface opposite to the top surface, a front surface, and a rear surface opposite to the front surface. The front surface and the rear surface are interconnected between the top surface and the bottom surface. The front surface defines a number of receiving holes for receiving front portions of the optical fibers. The base includes an assembly portion and a support portion connecting the assembly portion. The assembly member is detachably mounted on the assembly portion. The support portion supports main portions of the optical fibers.

Abstract: An optical coupler integrated on a substrate, that will optically couple a laser and a waveguide and including an external element, including two arms separated by a notch, this notch being delimited laterally by two first walls at a spacing that reduces towards the bottom of the notch; a central element, located in the notch delimited laterally by two second walls and with a first region in which the two second walls are in direct contact with two first walls as far as the bottom of the notch; and an intermediate element, extending between the external element and the central element. The optical index of the central element is greater than the optical index of the intermediate element, itself greater than the optical index of the arms of the external element. Such an optical coupler provides efficient coupling between a laser emitting in the mid-infrared and a waveguide integrated on a substrate.

Abstract: A light receiving module having a built-in wavelength-tunable wavelength-selective filter that can selectively receive light with a specific wavelength from laser light with various wavelengths emitted from an optical fiber and tune the specific wavelength. In the light receiving module including a light receiving element having a built-in wavelength-tunable wavelength-selective filter that receives laser light from an optical fiber according to the present invention, a flat plate-shaped window (240) transmitting laser light from an optical fiber (600) is formed in the light receiving element (22), a wavelength-tunable wavelength-selective filter for separating wavelengths of laser light traveling as parallel light is disposed in the light receiving element (22), and a lens (400) converting laser light from the optical fiber (600) into parallel light is disposed between the optical fiber (600) and the light receiving element (22).

Abstract: Optical couplings for optically coupling one or more devices are disclosed. According to one embodiment, an optical coupling includes an optical coupling body, an optical interface, and a coded magnetic array located at the optical coupling body. The coded magnetic array has a plurality of magnetic regions configured for mating the optical interface. The optical coupling further includes a reflective surface within the optical coupling body and positioned along an optical path of the optical coupling body. The reflective surface is operable to redirect an optical signal propagating within the optical coupling body such that it propagates through the optical interface. The optical coupling may be configured as a plug, such as a plug of a connector assembly, or as a receptacle, such as a receptacle on an electronic device. Connector assemblies of optical cables, optical coupling receptacles, and translating shutter assemblies are also disclosed.

Abstract: A connector for receiving a plurality of plugs is provided. The connector includes a cage, a plurality of partition plates, a plurality of partition sections, and a heat conduction apparatus. The cage includes a plurality of plug receiving passageways arranged along two rows stacked on top of each other. Each of the plurality of partition plates is positioned between two laterally adjacent plug receiving passageways of the plurality of plug receiving passageways, while each of the plurality of partition sections is positioned between two adjacent plug receiving passageways of the plurality of plug receiving passageways. The heat conduction apparatus penetrates through the plurality of partition sections along a width thereof.

Abstract: A connector is provided and includes a cage, a plurality of partition devices, and a heat dissipation device. The cage includes a plurality of plug receiving units that are arranged in at least a two columns by two rows arrangement. The plurality of partition devices include an upper partition plate and a lower partition plate and is positioned between two adjacent plug receiving units of the plurality of plug receiving units. The heat dissipation device includes a heat conduction block positioned between the upper partition plate and the lower partition plate, and a heat conduction pipe that contacts the heat conduction block and extends beyond a rear wall of the cage.

Abstract: An optical transmitter module includes a coupling optical element configured to couple a first optical signal from a transmitting optoelectronic component to a first light guiding structure. An optical power monitor system is connected with the first light guiding structure and is provided with a beam splitter for splitting the first optical signal into a transmitted optical signal and a reflected optical signal to be directed to a receiving optoelectronic component for measuring power of the reflected optical signal.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for aligning the coupling an optical laser fiber using an alignment structure. The disclosed alignment structure accepts an optical fiber having a beam and a detection apparatus. According to one aspect of the teachings, the detection apparatus has a tapered form having a circular cross section at one end to match the laser aperture, and a circular cross section at the other end to match the fiber core.

Abstract: A fiber optic network for a multiple dwelling unit (MDU) is disclosed. The fiber optic network comprises a riser cable preconnectorized with a first riser optical connector. The riser cable is optically connected to a feeder cable providing optical communication service to the MDU. The riser cable has one or more preset mid-span access points along the length of the riser cable. One or more optical fibers of the riser cable extend from the riser cable at the one or more preset mid-span access points and are preconnectorized with a second riser optical connector. A payout reel is adapted to pay out the riser cable such that the riser cable extends between the lower level and at least one of the one or more distribution levels. The payout reel is adapted to store a length of the riser.

Abstract: A local convergence point for a fiber optic network is disclosed. The local convergence panel has an enclosure with an interior. An adapter panel separates the interior into a first section and a second section. An interior panel removably mounts in the interior in at least one of the first section and the second section. At least one optical component removably mounts to the interior panel. The optical component may be a splitter module, a splice holder, a routing guide, furcation devices, a ribbon fan-out body, a wave division multiplexer and/or a coarse wave division multiplexer.

Abstract: A fiber optic cable including an inner guard layer surrounding a core containing at least one optical fiber; and an outer guard layer surrounding the inner guard layer; wherein the inner guard layer includes at least one metal tube with at least one optical fiber inside the tube; and wherein the outer guard layer includes at least one metal tube with at least one optical fiber inside the tube.

Abstract: A fiber optic cable includes a tape comprising a substrate of an extrudable thermoplastic, core items of the fiber optic cable, and a jacket around the tape and core items. The tape includes water-swellable material integrated therewith and the core items include one or more optical fibers. The tape is incorporated with core items such that the water-swellable material of the tape is configured to limit water from flowing lengthwise along the cable through gaps among the core item.

Abstract: The present invention provides a lens driving device which can limit rotations caused by torque generated when a lens is inserted or disassembled. The state that the lens driving device is damaged can be distinguished, and the finished product rate and reliability of a camera assembly are improved more easily. The lens driving device includes a lens support, a coil disposed on the lens support, a fixing assembly and springs for supporting the lens support to move along the optical axis, and a magnet yoke. Extruding clamping parts closer to the upper side than a mounting surface for the springs to mount are arranged on the lens support, the magnet yoke is provided with bending parts extending from the edge part of the opening part downwardly, and the bending parts of the magnet yoke are located closer to the upper side than the mounting surface.

Abstract: An assembling device for a guide pole of a camera actuator includes: a pedestal, a frame, a plurality of guide pole receiving units and a cover. The pedestal includes a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface, the first surface defines a plurality of first receiving holes, each the first receiving hole arranged with a magnet, the second surface defines a plurality of first bump. The frame locates on the second surface and defines a plurality of through holes. Each guide pole receiving unit defines a second receiving hole configuring for receiving a guide pole, each guide pole receiving unit is received in each through hole and locating on the first bump. The cover locates on the frame and comprises a top surface and a bottom surface, the top surface defines a plurality of dispensing holes, the dispensing hole extends through the cover.

Abstract: An object is to provide a lens device that can share a cable and can prevent the unnecessary exposure of the cable, and an imaging apparatus that includes the lens device. A lens device according to an embodiment of the invention, which is replaceably mounted on an imaging apparatus main body, includes a lens barrel, a control unit that is provided on the lens barrel so as to protrude, a cable of which one end is connected to the control unit and the other end is connected to the imaging apparatus main body, a plurality of length regulating members that are provided in a longitudinal direction of the cable, and a housing portion in which the cable is housed and which is provided with an opening through which the cable is led out.

Abstract: An imaging lens system is provided. The imaging lens system includes a first lens that includes a convex object side surface and has a positive refractive power; a second lens that includes a concave image plane side surface and has a negative refractive power; a third lens that has a positive or negative refractive power; a fourth lens that includes a convex image plane side surface and has a positive or negative refractive power; a fifth lens that includes a convex image plane side surface and has a negative refractive power; and a sixth lens that has a negative refractive power, wherein the first through sixth lenses are arranged in order from an object side to an image plane side.

Abstract: A plastic optical element for an optical system of an optical scanner includes a plurality of optical effective portions through which a plurality of light beams transmit, respectively, formed on at least one of an incidence surface and an exit surface in a sub scan direction, and an optical ineffective portion formed between neighboring optical effective portions not to allow the light beams to transmit therethrough, and including an area in which a local contraction occurs at a time of resin molding.

Abstract: In a camera module (51), a lid glass (15) protrudes from a sensor cover (14) toward an image pickup lens (1), and a base section (9) includes an overhanging part (9b) overhanging in such a manner as to cover part of the lid glass (15).

Abstract: An optical image capturing system, sequentially including a first lens element, a second lens element, a third lens element and a fourth lens element from an object side to an image side, is provided. The first lens element has positive refractive power. The second through third lens elements have refractive power. The fourth lens element has negative refractive power. At least one of the image side surface and the object side surface of each of the four lens elements are aspheric. The optical lens elements can increase aperture value and improve the imagining quality for use in compact cameras.

Abstract: The invention discloses a seven-piece optical lens for capturing image and a seven-piece optical module for capturing image. In order from an object side to an image side, the optical lens along the optical axis comprises a first lens element; a second lens element; a third lens element; a fourth lens element with positive refractive power; a fifth lens element; a sixth lens element with positive refractive power having a convex image-side; and a seventh lens element with positive refractive power having a convex object-side, and the first lens element, the second lens element, the third lens element, and the fifth lens element have refractive power, and at least one of the image-side surface and object-side surface of the second lens element, the sixth lens element, and the seventh lens element are aspheric.

Abstract: An imaging lens is essentially constituted by five lenses, including: a first lens having a positive refractive power and is of a meniscus shape with a convex surface toward the object side; a second lens of a biconcave shape; a third lens of a biconcave shape; a fourth lens of a meniscus shape with a convex surface toward the image side; and a fifth lens of a biconcave shape having at least one inflection point on the surface thereof toward the image side, provided in this order from the object side. The imaging lens satisfies predetermined conditional formula (2).

Abstract: In an optical imaging lens set a first lens of positive refractive power has an object-side surface with a convex portion around the optical axis and a convex portion around its periphery, an image-side surface with a convex portion around its periphery, a second lens of negative refractive power has an object-side surface with a concave portion around its periphery, a third lens has an image-side surface with a concave portion around its periphery, a fourth lens has an image-side surface with a convex portion around the optical axis, a fifth lens has an object-side surface with a concave portion around its periphery, a sixth lens has an image-side surface with a concave portion around the optical axis and a convex portion around its periphery. The sum of total five air gaps AAG and a second lens thickness T2 satisfy AAG/T2?3.6.

Abstract: An imaging lens consists of five lenses, including: a first lens having a positive refractive power with a convex surface toward the object side, a second lens having a negative refractive power, a third lens having a positive refractive power and a meniscus shape with a convex surface toward the object side, a fourth lens having a negative refractive power and a meniscus shape with a convex surface toward the image side, and a fifth lens having a negative refractive power with a concave surface toward the image side, the image-side surface thereof having at least one inflection point, and the first lens, the second lens, the third lens, the fourth lens, and the fifth lens being disposed in this order from the object side; wherein, the imaging lens satisfies a predetermined conditional formula.

Abstract: An imaging lens which uses a larger number of constituent lenses for higher performance and features a low F-value, low-profile design and a wide field of view. Designed for a solid-state image sensor, the imaging lens includes constituent lenses arranged in order from an object side to an image side: a first positive refractive power lens; a second negative refractive power lens; a third lens; a fourth lens; a fifth lens; a sixth lens having a concave image-side surface near an optical axis; and a seventh negative refractive power lens.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for capturing or generating images using multiple optical chains operating in parallel are described. Pixel values captured by individual optical chains corresponding to the same scene area are combined to provide an image with at least some of the benefits which would have been provided by capturing an image of the scene using a larger lens than that of the individual lenses of the optical chain modules. By using multiple optical chains in parallel at least some benefits normally obtained from using a large lens can be obtained without the need for a large lens. Furthermore in at least some embodiments, a wide dynamic range can be supported through the use of multiple sensors with the overall supported dynamic range being potentially larger than that of the individual sensors. Some lens and/or optical chain configurations are designed for use in small handheld devices, e.g., cell phones.