Abstract: A liquid crystal display is provided. The display includes: gate lines applied with a gate signal; data lines applied with a data signal; reference voltage lines respectively applied with first and second reference voltage having different polarities; first, second, and third subpixel electrodes included in one pixel area; a first switching element connected to the first gate line, the first data line, and the first subpixel electrode; a second switching element connected to the first gate line, the first data line, and the second subpixel electrode; a third switching element connected to the first or second gate line, the first or second data line, and the third subpixel electrode; a fourth switching element connected to the first gate line, the first reference voltage line, and the first subpixel electrode; and a fifth switching element connected to the first gate line, the second reference voltage line, and the second subpixel electrode.

Abstract: An electrochromic device including an electrochromic stack and a support, the electrochromic stack successively including: a first current collector; a first electrochromic electrode; an electrolyte; a second electrochromic electrode; a second current collector. The support and the electrochromic stack are separated by a dielectric layer and a heating system in contact with the support. Further, the heating system is sized to modify at least one of the optical characteristics of the electrochromic device.

Abstract: A display device including a first substrate, a second substrate, a display element layer, a non-transparent structure, an optical guiding structure and a reflective layer is disclosed. The second substrate is disposed opposite to the first substrate adjacent to a display surface of the display device. The display element layer is disposed between the first and the second substrates. The non-transparent structure, located between the optical guiding structure and the display element layer, defines at least one opening of the display device. The optical guiding structure corresponds to the one opening. The optical guiding structure includes a plurality of insulating structures each having a first surface adjacent to the non-transparent structure and side surfaces connected to the first surface. The reflective layer is disposed on the side surfaces. The ambient light entering via the second substrate is reflected by the reflective layer and exists via the opening.

Abstract: A device for transmitting and/or modulating in-phase and quadrature optical signals generated by an optical source. This device includes modulators each arranged for modulating intensity of optical signals depending on commands, and at least three main multi-mode interferometers set in series and arranged for transforming in combination a received optical signal with an initial phase state into a final optical signal with a final phase state differing from this initial phase state by an accumulated phase shift chosen from a group including 0, ?/2, ? and 3?/2 and depending from the intensity modulations carried out by the modulators.

Abstract: There is provided a device for performing an optical function, the device comprising one or more reflectionless potential wells in an array of waveguides; and one or more control solitons injected into the one or more reflectionless potential wells; wherein the one or more potential wells have potential well design parameters comprising a potential well number, and wherein the one or more control solitons have control soliton design parameters comprising a control soliton number and power; and wherein the optical function of the device is set by the potential well design parameters and the control soliton design parameters. There is also provided a method of manufacturing the device.

Abstract: One embodiment of a lens moving unit includes a bobbin mounted with at least one sheet of lens and arranged at a periphery with a coil unit, a cover member mounted with a magnet at a position corresponding to that of the coil unit, upper and bottom elastic members respectively coupled at one distal end to upper and bottom surfaces of the bobbin to support movement of the bobbin to an optical axis direction, and a detection unit to detect a movement parallel to an optical axis of the bobbin, wherein the detection unit includes a sensing magnet mounted at a periphery of the bobbin, and a position detection sensor arranged at a lateral wall of the cover member and formed at an inner lateral surface opposite to the sensing magnet, wherein the bobbin includes a correction magnet mounted at a side opposite to that of the sensing magnet.

Abstract: An imaging device, includes: an imaging element including imaging pixels and phase difference detecting pixels, a calculating unit which calculates numerical information corresponding to a defocus amount using an image signal obtained by imaging by the phase difference detecting pixels whenever the imaging is performed by the imaging element, a difference calculating unit calculating with respect to at least three times of imaging which is continuously performed, a difference between the numerical information obtained by arbitrary imaging and the numerical information obtained by the imaging which is continuously performed after the arbitrary imaging, and a control unit which moves a focus lens to a focus position using the obtained numerical information when a variance of the obtained differences is smaller than a threshold value and controls a position of the focus lens not to be changed when the variance is equal to or larger than the threshold value.

Abstract: Provided is portable photography device capable of appropriately control an on/off state of a light source during photography, and reliably carrying out photography by a camera of a portable terminal when the light source is on. The portable photography device includes a smartphone with a camera, and a lens module including LEDs, having different wavelengths, a conversion lens, and light source control unit. The smartphone includes light on/off detection unit that detects the on/off state of each of the LEDs, photography control unit that controls photography by the camera, and display control unit that associates a photographed image taken by the camera with the LEDs, for display on the screen of the smartphone. As a result, it is possible to appropriately control the on/off state of the LEDs, during carrying out photography and reliably photographing skin with the camera of the smartphone.

Abstract: Provided is a photographing apparatus. The photographing apparatus includes: a main body having an image pickup device disposed therein; a middle cover disposed in a back side of the main body and includes a first opening disposed to correspond to a position of the image pickup device; a first connector formed on the middle cover and around the first opening, where the first connector is configured to couple to an external optical component and is disposed so that the an optical axis of the image pickup device coincides with an optical axis of the external optical component, when the external optical component is coupled to the first connector; and a rear cover disposed on the middle cover and includes a second opening disposed to correspond to the position of the image pickup device.

Abstract: A camera system includes a wireless indicator that emits light to provide signals to a user. This wireless indicator is attached to a lens casing that covers the front face of the camera to protect components of the camera such as the lens. A wireless signal interface on the front face of the camera is configured to emit ultraviolet light in response to control circuitry within the camera. The ultraviolet light is transmitted through the lens casing to an excitable element. The excitable element produces visible light in response to the ultraviolet light. Any re-emitted visible light that travels back towards the camera lens and image sensor is reflected by a reflective layer, which is configured to transmit ultraviolet light while reflecting visible light. Therefore, the wireless indicator does not cause light artifacts or image flaws to appear in images captured by the image sensor.

Abstract: A video projection device includes an optical engine which projects video light, an aspherical mirror which reflects the video light projected by the optical engine with a reflective surface formed in a rotationally symmetrical shape centering on an optical axis, a reflective screen on which the video light reflected by the aspherical mirror is projected, a shielding housing which houses the optical engine, the aspherical mirror, and an electric circuit portion which electrically drives the optical engine, and a strut member which connects a rear surface portion of the shielding housing, and a rear surface portion of the reflective screen in a state where the rear surface portion of the shielding housing and the rear surface portion of the reflective screen are positioned.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for improving the calibration of multiple projector systems in Spatial Augmented Reality systems where multiple projectors are used to project images directly onto objects of interest. The methods and system described herein improve the calibration of multiple projector systems in order to improve the alignment and clarity of projected images by reducing ghosting that can occur with poorly aligned projectors. The system uses a planar photodiode and the projector is used to project a plurality of projection regions, such as scan lines, across the planar photodetector and calculating the position based on weighting measurements by the measured light intensity and projected images in SAR.

Abstract: An air filter includes a filter body configured to trap dust contained in air passing therethrough and a holding frame configured to surround an end edge of the filter body, and the holding frame is formed of a resilient material. The holding frame includes a first surface on a proximal end side in a direction of travel of air passing through the filter body, and a second surface on a distal end side in the direction of travel, and one of the first surface and the second surface is provided with a projecting portion.

Abstract: A projector includes an apparatus casing, a light source module, a flow generating device, a sensing module, and a power module. The light source module is disposed inside the apparatus casing and includes a light-emitting part and a lampshade surrounding the light-emitting part. The flow generating device can generate an air flow for dissipating heat by the light source module. The sensing module is disposed in the apparatus casing and includes a thermo-sensitive component disposed near the lampshade and located in a flowing path of the air flow. The power module is disposed in the apparatus casing and electrically connected to the light source module and the sensing module. The power module selectively stops powering the light source module according to an electric parameter of the thermo-sensitive component. Thereby, the invention protects the projector from being overheated by use of the thermo-sensitivity of the thermo-sensitive component.

Abstract: An image display device which reduces speckles in an image display device using a laser source includes: a laser source which emits excitation light; a collecting lens which collects the excitation light; a deflecting element which scans the excitation light collected by the collecting lens; and a light conversion panel which converts a wavelength of the excitation light scanned by the deflecting element and emits fluorescence, wherein the light conversion panel includes a plurality of phosphor layers which are planarly disposed, absorb the excitation light, and emit the fluorescence.

Abstract: To provide a light source device and a projection-type image display device which can improve light emitting efficiency and service life of a fluorescent material. The light source device includes: an excitation light source for emitting excitation light; a fluorescent material for emitting fluorescent light when excited by the excitation light; and an optical member for directing the excitation light to the fluorescent material. The optical member has a curvature that is set such that a light-condensing position of the excitation light is positioned on a light-emitting side of the excitation light relative to the fluorescent material. An optical fiber is disposed between the excitation light source and the light source, so that the excitation light from the excitation light source may be made incident on the optical fiber.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes multiple display modules. Each of the display modules includes a display surface, a projecting device, and first, second, and third reflectors. The display surface has long and short edges perpendicular to each other. The projecting device projects a first image having a first optical axis parallel to the short edge. The first reflector reflects the first image to form a first reflected image having a first reflection optical axis perpendicular to the short edge. The second reflector reflects the first reflected image to form a second reflected image having a second reflection optical axis perpendicular to the short edge. The third reflector is parallel to the second reflector and reflects the second reflected image to form a third reflected image having a third reflection optical axis perpendicular to the long and short edges. The third reflected image is projected on the display surface.

Abstract: An image correction method is disclosed. The method includes at least: identifying an overlapped area in an image projected by a plurality of projectors; determining a difference of at least any one of brightness and color of the overlapped area and a non-overlapped area of the image; and adjusting a factor among the brightness and the color in which the difference is generated.

Abstract: The disclosed embodiments provide systems and methods for mitigating lensing and scattering as an optical fiber is being inscribed with a grating. The disclosed systems and methods mitigate the lensing phenomenon by surrounding an optical fiber with an index-matching material that is held in a vessel with a sealed phase mask. The sealed phase mask allows it to be in contact with a liquid index-matching material without having the liquid index-matching material seep into the grooves of the sealed phase mask. Thus, for some embodiments, the sealed phase mask may be immersed in a liquid index-matching material without adversely affecting the function of the phase mask.

Abstract: A method being performed by a processor includes, acquiring data of patterns of a plurality of cells that include an identified pattern for which an evaluation value of an optical image falls outside a first allowable range among patterns in which each a pattern being single cell alone, creating the pattern of a mask by arranging the patterns of the plurality of cells that include the identified pattern, and evaluating an optical image of the identified pattern in the created pattern of the mask.

Abstract: An optical mask can be made by providing a transparent mask substrate; depositing a first layer of opaque material, forming an aperture in the first layer; depositing a second layer of transparent material, depositing a third layer of transparent material; patterning the third layer to produce a disc-shaped region, heating the third layer until the disc-shaped region reflows into a lens-shaped region and cross-links, depositing a fourth layer, patterning the fourth layer to produce a cavity extending to the surface of the lens-shaped region, and dry etching the end of the cavity until the second layer develops a shape corresponding to the lens-shaped region.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are various pellicles for use during extreme ultraviolet (EUV) photolithography processes. An EUV radiation device disclosed herein includes a reticle, a substrate support stage, a pellicle positioned between the reticle and the substrate support stage, wherein the pellicle includes an aerogel grid and a membrane formed on the aerogel grid, and a radiation source that is adapted to generate radiation at a wavelength of about 20 nm or less that is to be directed through the pellicle toward the reticle.

Abstract: A technique for determining a set of surface profiles in a multilayer stack during a fabrication process may be determined using a model of this fabrication process, a geometry of the multilayer stack (such as a pre-defined geometry of the multilayer stack) and a surface profile in the multilayer stack (such as a measured surface profile of the top surface or a bottom surface of the multilayer stack). For example, the model of the fabrication process may be based on a generalized Eikonal equation. In conjunction with deposition rates and/or physical properties of the layers in the multilayer stack, deposition or growth of the multilayer stack may be simulated. Based on the determined set of surface profiles, an acceptance condition of the multilayer stack (such as a multilayer stack in a photo-mask for use in extreme ultra-violet photolithography) may be determined and/or a remedial action may be recommended.

Abstract: An imprint lithography apparatus is disclosed. The apparatus includes an imprint template arrangement for use in imprinting a pattern into a substrate provided with an amount of imprintable medium, a substrate holder configured to hold the substrate, and a chamber having an inlet to allow gas to flow into the chamber and an outlet to allow gas to flow out of the chamber, wherein the imprint template arrangement and the substrate holder are located within the chamber, the chamber, in use, being arranged to contain a gaseous atmosphere. The chamber may be part of a gas circulation system, the inlet and outlet of the chamber being connected to further components of the gas circulation system, the further components of the gas circulation system including: a gas circulation driver configured to drive gas around the gas circulation system; and/or a gas purification unit configured to purify the gas as it circulates around the gas circulation system.

Abstract: An imprint lithography method is disclosed for forming a patterned layer from an imprintable liquid medium on a substrate by means of an imprint template having a patterned surface. The method involves contacting the patterned surface and imprintable liquid medium together for a filling period. Light emergent (e.g., scattered or reflected) from an interface between the medium and the patterned surface is collected and measured during the filling period to obtain data concerning one or more voids at the interface, and an estimated end time for the filling period is derived from a relationship between the data and time. The method may allow subsequent process steps to be undertaken more rapidly, with reduced risk of defects arising from remnants of unfilled voids. An imprint lithography apparatus and component for putting the method into effect are also disclosed.

Abstract: A patterning apparatus is provided. The patterning apparatus includes a plurality of liquid jet units arranged in one or more groups and configured to jet an anti-etching liquid onto a surface of a substrate. The patterning apparatus also includes a plurality of exposure units configured to expose light on the anti-etching liquid jetted on the surface of the substrate to heat and cure the jetted anti-etching liquid to form anti-etching patterns on the surface of the substrate. Further, the patterning apparatus includes a control unit configured to control motion status and jetting status of the plurality of liquid jet units and motion status and exposure status of the plurality of exposure units, so as to form the anti-etching patterns at a predetermined line width and thickness.

Abstract: Provided is a colored photo-sensitive composition having a high sensitivity and a good developablity, even if the ratio of content of a pigment, relative to the total solids of the colored photo-sensitive composition, is 20% by mass or more. The colored photo-sensitive composition includes (A) a resin which is increased, by action of an acid, in solubility into an alkali developing solution; (B) a pigment; (C) a compound which produces an acid upon irradiated by active light or radial ray; and (D) a solvent, wherein the ratio of content of the (B) pigment, relative to the total solids of the colored photo-sensitive composition, is 20% by mass or more.

Abstract: A method of making a photoresist with rare-earth sensitizers is provided. The rare-earth sensitizer could be a salt or a rare-earth complex. According to the invention, photoresist composition is useful to pattern circuits by visible light.

Abstract: A positive photosensitive resin composition containing a polyimide resin that allows patterns to be satisfactorily formed by photolithography, and provides patterns with excellent heat resistance, and a method for forming polyimide resin patterns using the positive photosensitive resin composition. A patterned polyimide resin film formed by the method for forming polyimide resin patterns. To the photosensitive resin composition are added a polyimide resin, and a compound in which an imidazole compound having a specific structure is generated by the action of light.

Abstract: A resin comprising: a structural unit which has, at a side chain, a carbonyl group and a thiolactone ring-containing amino group where the thiolactone ring may have a substituent, and a structural unit having an acid-labile group.

Abstract: An alignment sensor including an illumination source, such as a white light source, having an illumination grating operable to diffract higher order radiation at an angle dependent on wavelength; and illumination optics to deliver the diffracted radiation onto an alignment grating from at least two opposite directions. For every component wavelength incident on the alignment grating, and for each direction, the zeroth diffraction order of radiation incident from one of the two opposite directions overlaps a higher diffraction order of radiation incident from the other direction. This optically amplifies the higher diffraction orders with the overlapping zeroth orders.

Abstract: The present invention provides a lithography apparatus which forms a pattern on a substrate, the apparatus including an optical unit including a plurality of optical systems each of which irradiates the substrate with a beam for forming the pattern and which are arranged in at least one of a first direction and a second direction orthogonal to an optical axis thereof, and a pair of interferometers configured to measure a rotation angle of the optical unit around an axis parallel to the optical axis, wherein a distance between measurement axes of the pair of interferometers is not small than longer one of a distance between optical axes of two optical systems, of the plurality of optical systems, farthest away from each other in the first direction and a distance between optical axes of two optical systems, of the plurality of optical systems, farthest away from each other in the second direction.

Abstract: An immersion lithography system and method exposes a substrate through a liquid. The substrate is exposed through the liquid, which is provided between a final optical element of a projection lens and the substrate. The liquid is recovered from an upper surface of the substrate via a recovery opening of an immersion apparatus under which the substrate is positioned, the immersion apparatus being disposed around the final optical element of the projection lens. The a pressure for recovering the liquid from the upper surface of the substrate via the recovery opening is controlled by a pressure control system, the pressure control system having a first tank connected to the recovery opening via a recovery flow line and a vacuum regulator to control a pressure in the first tank.

Abstract: A plurality of overlay errors in a structure is determined using a target that includes a plurality of diffraction based overlay pads. Each diffraction based overlay pad has the same number of periodic patterns as the structure under test. Additionally, each diffraction based overlay pad includes a programmed shift between each pair of periodic patterns. The pads are illuminated and the resulting light is detected and used to simultaneously determine the plurality of overlay errors in the structure based on the programmed shifts. The overlay errors may be determined using a subset of elements of the Mueller matrix or by using the resulting spectra from the pads.

Abstract: Disclosed is a dual wafer stage switching system for a lithography machine. The system comprises a base stage (30), a wafer stage (16.1) running at a pre-processing workstation, and a wafer stage (16.2) running at an exposure workstation. A rotating motor (41) is mounted under the base stage (30) for rotating the two wafer stages after the wafer stages have completed pre-processing and exposure operations in order to complete position switch of the wafer stages, wherein the base stage (30) is kept stationary during the switch. The present invention avoids rotation of a large inertia base stage and has low requirement for motor power, while eliminating a guide rail docking device and an auxiliary device and greatly simplifying system configuration. The system is easy and convenient to operate and easy to control.

Abstract: A compound that includes an aqueous dispersion, wherein the dispersion includes a thermoplastic resin and at least one stabilizing agent, and at least one selected from the group consisting of a colorant and a magnetic pigment, wherein the dispersion has an average volume diameter particle size from about 0.05 to about 10 microns is described.

Abstract: A toner includes a plurality of toner particles that each include a core and a shell layer disposed over a surface of the core. The shell layer contains a unit derived from a thermoplastic resin and a unit derived from a monomer or prepolymer of a thermosetting resin. A surface of each of the toner particles has a Young's modulus that changes by a proportion of no greater than 20% from 30° C. to 50° C., and changes by a proportion from 50° C. to 70° C. that when divided by the proportion of change from 30° C. to 50° C., yields a value of at least 3.0 and no greater than 10.0. The Young's modulus is measured in a state in which an external additive is not adhered to the toner particle using a scanning probe microscope while raising a cantilever temperature thereof.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a liquid electrophotographic ink includes: mixing a pigment with a resin powder; and microfluidizing the mixture together with a carrier fluid in a microfluidizer in a number of passes to form a concentrated ink containing composite particles.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image forming station, an intermediate transfer body, a transfer device, a transfer pressure applicator, and a controller. The image forming station forms a toner image. The toner image formed by the image forming station is transferred onto the intermediate transfer body. The transfer device transfers the toner image from the intermediate transfer body onto a recording medium. The transfer pressure applicator applies a secondary transfer pressure to the recording medium upon transfer of the toner image and to apply a lower secondary transfer pressure upon transfer of a toner image including a special color toner than that upon transfer of a toner image without the special color toner. The controller is operatively connected to the transfer pressure applicator to control the transfer pressure applicator.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electroconductive member including an electroconductive support layer and a surface layer formed on a circumference thereof and having a network structure containing fibers, in which an arithmetic mean value dU10 of top 10% fiber diameters is 0.2 ?m or more and 15.0 ?m or less, rigid structural body having a height of 1.0×10?2 to 1.0×101 times as large as a thickness of the surface layer are present on the outer circumferential portion of the electroconductive support layer, and the surface layer satisfies specific conditions.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus is disclosed. The image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member, a developing device, a gap retaining member and a control unit. The control unit decreases a potential difference according to an increase in the drive amounts of the image bearing member and the developer bearing member. The decrease is based on a difference according to an increase in at least one of the drive amounts of the image bearing member and the developer bearing member. The control unit is also configured to determine whether to execute a mode based on information about at least one of the driving amounts of the image bearing member and the developer bearing member from when the developing device is initially installed or the developing device is replaced.

Abstract: Provided is an organic light emitting device, including: a lower electrode; an upper electrode and a substrate having an electrode pad portion, in which when an angle formed by a slant in section of a film end in a region between the lower electrode and the electrode pad portion and a surface of the substrate is given as ?1, Formula (1) and Formula (2) are satisfied; and when an angle formed by a slant in section of a film end in at least a part of other regions than the region between the lower electrode and the electrode pad portion and the surface of the substrate is given as ?3, Formula (3) and Formula (4) are satisfied. tan(?1)=d1/d2??(1) tan(?1)<0.2??(2) tan(?3)=d3/d4??(3) tan(?3)?0.

Abstract: A developing cartridge includes a casing, a developer-carrying member, a supply member, a developing electrode, a supply electrode, and an insulating member. The casing is configured to accommodate therein developer. The developer-carrying member is configured to rotate about a rotational axis and carry the developer thereon. The supply member is configured to supply the developer to the developer-carrying member. The developing electrode is configured to be electrically connected to the developer-carrying member. The supply electrode is configured to be electrically connected to the supply member. The insulating member insulates the developing electrode and the supply electrode with each other. The developing electrode, the insulating member, and the supply electrode are overlapped in this order in an axial direction of the rotational axis.

Abstract: A semiconductive roller (1) is provided, which is formed from a rubber composition containing a rubber component including: (1) an epichlorohydrin rubber; (2) at least one solid rubber selected from the group consisting of a solid BR and a solid SBR; and (3) at least one liquid rubber selected from the group consisting of a liquid BR and a liquid SBR.

Abstract: There is provided a developing unit capable of suppressing a memory to leave on a developing roller even when held under high-temperature and high-humidity conditions for a long period of time before the start of use. The developing unit has a developing roller and a toner regulating member in contact with each other with resin particles therebetween. The resin particles have a toluene absorbency of 20 g or more and 50 g or less per 40 g of the resin particles and a Martens hardness of 1.0 N/mm2 or more and 50.0 N/mm2 or less.

Abstract: A developing device includes a storing unit that stores an electrostatic charge image developing toner, and a developer holding member that is provided to have a gap with an image holding member and holds the toner on a surface, wherein the developing device develops an electrostatic charge image formed on a surface of the image holding member by the toner on the developer holding member through a non-contact development to form a toner image, and wherein the toner has a sea and island structure of a sea portion containing a binder resin and an island portion containing a release agent, a maximum frequent value in distribution of the eccentricity B of the island portion is from 0.75 to 0.95, and a skewness in the distribution of the eccentricity B is from ?1.10 to ?0.50, and the eccentricity B is defined in the specification.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a developer conveyance device to transport developer, using a positive-displacement pump to alternately generate positive pressure and negative pressure by changing a volume of an internal space thereof, a destination developer container to which the developer conveyance device transports developer, a sensor provided to the destination developer container, to detect developer in the destination developer container, and a controller to control the positive-displacement pump according to a detection result generated by the sensor. The controller disabled detection of developer by the sensor in a non-detection period that starts from a stop of the positive-displacement pump.

Abstract: Provided is a powder container having a new structure capable of stable discharge and transport of a powder contained in a container by enabling the powder to be reliably discharged to the outside of the package while preventing the powder from spilling and flying out of the container.

Abstract: A development device used for an image forming apparatus includes a frame member, a developer bearing member configured to develop a latent image formed on an image bearing member using developer, and an edge portion sealing member provided between an edge portion in a rotational axis direction of the developer bearing member and the frame member to prevent the developer from leaking to an outside of the development device from between the edge portion and the frame member, and including, in a state of being compressed between the edge portion and the frame member, a layer that includes an aggregate of a plurality of foam cells in which a foam cell communicating with an adjacent cell via a communication hole and a foam cell not communicating with an adjacent cell are mixed in a direction from an inside of the development device to the outside thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for electrostatic printing, wherein the method comprises (a) providing an ink composition comprising particles comprising a resin, wherein the ink composition contains less than 0.3 mg of charge director per g of solids in the ink composition; (b) passing the ink composition between a first electrode and a developer roller, wherein sufficient potential is applied between the developer roller and the electrode such that the resin particles are charged and adhere to the developer roller; (c) transferring at least some of the particles from the developer roller to a photoimaging plate to form an image on the photoimaging plate; and (d) transferring the image from the photoimaging plate to a print medium. Also disclosed here is an apparatus for carrying out the method, and a print medium printed using the method.