Abstract: The invention relates to the area of mineral processing, and more particularly to separation of crushed mined material containing minerals, which are luminescent under the action of exciting radiation, into products to be concentrated and tailing products. The invention can be implemented both in X-ray-luminescent sorters at all beneficiation stages and in product inspection devices, like diamondiferous raw materials testing.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to the cleaning of oilfield tools made of metal, particularly to the method of reclamation oilfield tools, already used in the mechanical deep-pumping extraction of oil, as well as to the product made with the help of the mentioned method. The method of remanufacturing of standard length rods includes cleaning the rod with at least one cryogen to eliminate environmental contamination and to assist in workplace safety.

Abstract: A method of in situ remediation of an organic contaminant through the formation of a subsurface treatment zone defined by a injection biochar slurry that concentrates the organic contaminate and catalyzes the formation of free radical of an oxidizing agent. An in situ organic contaminant remediation composition including biochar particles and a persulfate oxidizing agent is also provided.

Abstract: The present invention is directed toward a bioremediation product, its method of manufacture and method of use. A blend of microorganisms, cleansers and surfactants is disclosed which is non-toxic and solvent free, and which has the ability to accelerate the breaking down process of oils, materials such as benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTEX); petroleum hydrocarbon fractions F1-F4 (as defined by CCME2000), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), paraffin waxes, volatile organics, molds, and the like; while simultaneously providing a biological component which is effective to reduce the total petroleum hydrocarbon levels to zero at an accelerated rate. The product is useful for bioremediation and as an oil dispersant composition useful in treating oil spills, and for cleanup of the shoreline, animals, plants, and equipment.

Abstract: A first roll (20) and a second roll (40) of a roll forming device are provided with a plurality of stacked cutting blades (22, 122) and retainers (21, 121). The retainers (21, 121) pass through the stacked cutting blades (22, 122) and receive a first rotating shaft (16) and a second rotating shaft (18). Projections (21a, 121a) are formed on end portions of the retainers (21, 121). When the cutting blades (22, 122) are stacked, the projections (21a, 121a) control positioning operation of the cutting blades (22, 122). With this constitution, when the cutting blades (22, 122) are joined in a stacked state to the retainers (21, 121), the cutting blades (22, 122) in the stacking direction is controlled with the retainers (21, 121).

Abstract: A machine tool for processing workpieces comprises a stroke drive device with a pressing tool, with a motorized drive including two motorized drive units which are controlled independently and wedge gear elements between the motorized drive and the pressing tool. The wedge gear elements comprise two drive-side wedge gear elements, each one being associated with a motorized drive unit, and two output-side wedge gear elements attached to the pressing tool, with each output-side wedge gear element opposite to an associated respective drive-side wedge gear element and forming a gear element pair. The wedge gear elements of each gear element pair are opposite each other inclined at a wedge angle with respect to a positioning axis and inclined in opposing directions with respect to the positioning axis. The motorized drive is configured to move the pressing tool along a stroke axis and position the stroke drive device along the positioning axis.

Abstract: A die press assembly for producing punched parts from a travelling web of material, the die press comprising: a lower die shoe securing a compound punch holder plate thereon, the compound punch holder biasedly gripping a compound punch tool therein, the lower die shoe also supporting a reciprocably movable stripper holder plate, wherein the compound punch extends slideably through a biasedly gripped stripper holder tool in the stripper holder plate; an upper punch holder movable with respect to the lower die shoe, the upper punch holder having a center punch holder plate which biasedly grips a center punch tool therewithin; and a die holder plate fixedly attached to the center punch holder plate with a biasedly gripped die tool slideably enclosing the center punch, wherein each of the biasedly gripped tools are in co-axial alignment in distortable bores in their respective plates.

Abstract: A method for milling a cutout using a milling cutter in a workpiece is provided. A longitudinal axis of the milling cutter is positioned in a first orientation relative to the workpiece to contact a first side of the workpiece. An enveloping cylindrical surface of the milling cutter is then used to cut a cutout which has a plurality of peripheral edges and rounded corners. The milling cutter is then placed in a second orientation which is angled relative to the first orientation. Thereafter, the enveloping cylindrical surface and an enveloping axial surface of the milling cutter are used to further cut the rounded corners of the cutout to form sharp corners.

Abstract: An apparatus for forming and sealing an adjustable duct member for use in an air handling system. At least one work station accommodates a tapered work piece. A repositionable die is positioned relative to the work piece, and a cutting and forming assembly cooperates with the repositionable die to cut the work piece and form a coupling bead to reconnect the members together. A sealing assembly cooperates with the first repositioning die to seal the coupling bead in the first and second members. The work station includes an insertion channel having predetermined dimensions to accommodate at least a portion of the work piece. A clamping assembly is associated with the insertion channel to securely hold the tapered work piece at the predetermined position during the cutting and forming and sealing operations.

Abstract: Shown is a method for manufacturing horizontal directional drilling pipe having internally and externally upset pipe ends. The forging is done by heating the green tube ends and applying pressure using a closed die hydraulic forging press to form the upsets. One end of a steel tube is worked by upsetting and pressing to form an external upset portion having an outer taper being shaped by upset forging. That portion is then pressed by an internal upset die so as to displace the outer taper to an internal upset portion having an inner taper. Internal upset forging is then carried out by an internal upset die to produce the finished part. The process allows the manufacturer to produce a thicker upset horizontal directional drilling pipe, where the ratio of the outside diameter to the inside diameter of the upset can be on the order of 3.5, or even greater.

Abstract: A method for production of a metallic material from a semifinished metallic billet, the semifinished metallic billet including a nanocrystalline microstructure and/or an ultrafine-grained microstructure, the method including the steps of (1) subjecting the semifinished metallic billet to a rotary incremental forming process to form an intermediate wrought metallic billet, and (2) subjecting the intermediate wrought metallic billet to a high rate forming process to form a metallic product.

Abstract: A gas pressure controlled casting mold is disclosed having a hot-top introducing a molten metal of aluminum or aluminum alloy, and a mold body which passes the molten metal of aluminum or aluminum alloy introduced from the hot-top through a molten metal passage portion for cooling and solidification and semi-continuously or continuously casting a billet of aluminum or aluminum alloy. A wall surface of the molten metal passage portion of the mold body is provided with a plurality of lubricating oil blow-out holes for blowing out a lubricating oil. A lubricating oil supply passage is communicatively connected to each lubricating oil blow-out hole and is independently formed at least in a range of a heat affected portion in the mold body. This allows the mold body to be reliably cooled regardless of the difference in the temperature and casting speed conditions and thus can achieve favorable continuous casting.

Abstract: Die cast nozzle for use in a die casting hot chamber system for molten metal with at least melting channel (4) in a channel carrier (3) that can be connected to a melt distributor (21), wherein the melting channel (4) passes over into a heating zone (6) and a nozzle tip (8), to which a sprue area (10) is attached, in which a plug of solidified melting can be formed that interrupts the melting flow, wherein the heating zone (6) comprises a heating cartridge (2) and/or a heatable nozzle shaft (33?) and/or the nozzle tip (8) is comprised as heatable nozzle tip (8?) and comprises at least one heating cartridge (2), the heatable nozzle shaft (33), or the heatable nozzle tip (8?) as heating element with electric heating, which comprises high power density in at least one section and low thermal inertia, comprised in a way that a temperature change gradient of 20 to 250 K/s, preferably 150 K/s, can be achieved on the surface of the heating element.

Abstract: A curvilinear metal transfer device with support and compression assemblies that help maintain a constant force on the transfer device's metal outer casing and refractory as the outer casing and refractory expand and contract due to temperature fluctuations. In one embodiment, the support assemblies are configured to apply force to the refractory to keep the refractory in tension with the outer casing to suspend the refractory relative the outer casing. Also disclosed are clamp plates that help hold the refractory in place, and nested lids that cover the curvilinear metal transfer device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for removing moisture from powder to be used in an additive manufacturing process for forming a three-dimensional article through successive fusion of parts of at least one layer of a powder bed provided on a work table, which parts corresponds to successive cross sections of the three-dimensional article, characterized in that said method comprising the steps of: providing at least a first powder tank and at least at least a second powder tank, providing a predetermined amount of powder on a movable table inside said first powder tank, heating the top surface of the powder in said first powder tank to a predetermined temperature interval for removing moisture from said powder, raising said movable table a predetermined distance, moving a predetermined thickness of the powder material from said first powder tank to said second powder tank.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing metal powder includes: melting at least a portion of a metal starting material in a reaction vessel by utilizing plasma so as to form molten metal; evaporating the molten metal so as to produce a metal vapor; and transferring the metal vapor from the reaction vessel to a cooling tube together with a carrier gas supplied into the reaction vessel so as to cool the metal vapor, and condensing the metal vapor in the cooling tube, thereby producing metal powder. The method further includes supplying an oxygen gas into the reaction vessel.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a bi-stable coupling for controlling the depth of a tool insertion, such as drilling, and similar processes. The bi-stable coupling can be used to penetrate (e.g., drill or push) through a material layer of unknown thickness without plunging the tool into the adjacent layer. In accordance with the invention, in a first state, force is applied to the tool to initiate penetration and a reactive force maintains the device in the first state during penetration and when tool penetrates the material, the reactive force is diminished enabling the device to transition to a second state in which the tool becomes retracted. In medical applications, the invention allows for drilling through bone of unknown thickness without plunging into the adjacent soft tissue.

Abstract: A clamping device for machine tools with a power-operated chuck, the clamping jaws of which are actuatable by the clamping device via a movement converter and draw rod. A drive motor is provided with a switching element which is adjustable by axial control in a middle and two limit positions, wherein the switching element is connectable to the clamping device in one limit position and, in the other limit position, to an adjustment element connectable to an auxiliary device. The switching element is lockable in the limit positions with a machine spindle. The clamping device is thereby provided with an increased range of applications, without functions being impaired, with little structural complexity, because the switching element makes possible a clamping element integrated in the power operated chuck to be operated using the drive motor, such that further procedures can be undertaken without changing the clamping device.

Abstract: A drill assembly attachment having a handle, a drill mount, and a throttle. The throttle may have a first portion and a second portion rotationally engaged with the first portion such that the second portion is rotationally actuated in response to linear actuation of the first portion of the throttle. The throttle is positioned with respect to the drill mount and the handle such that the first portion may be linearly actuated by a user with a hand grasping the handle. The drill assembly attachment receives a drill assembly such that the throttle adjustably engages a trigger of the drill assembly. The drill assembly attachment or the drill assembly receives an auger or other tool and the drill assembly attachment with the drill assembly and auger or other tool is used in a method of rotating the auger or other tool.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a technical field of deep hole machining, particularly to a deep hole machining on-line deviating correction device based on laser detection, which solves the prior art problem of difficulty in the real-time, on-line detection and deviating correction in the process of deep hole machining. The device comprises a deep hole cutter and a cutter bar, and arranged on the cutter bar are a laser orientating block, a pyramid prism seat, the deep hole cutter and a metallic block with a heating device arranged therein. A beam emitted by a laser transmitter is orientated by the laser orientating block so as to be incident in parallel with the axis of the cutter bar, and then through a pyramid prism to form a return beam which reaches the photosensitive sensor.

Abstract: An electric tool including: a motor; a housing including, a motor housing accommodating the motor, and a handle housing having one end connected to the motor housing and another other end configured to be provided with a detachable battery pack; an output part partially accommodated in the motor housing and configured to be driven by the motor; and a control board accommodated in the motor housing and configured to control the motor.

Abstract: A drilling tool for machining structural components made of a titanium alloy includes: a support, which extends along an axis of rotation in the axial direction, the support having an end face with a receptacle disposed centrally therein; a plurality of cutting inserts inserted at the end face in a manner that forms a flat drill, each cutting insert having an active insert cutting edge extending transversely to the axial direction; and a drilling tip disposed in the receptacle and having at least two tip cutting edges, the tip cutting edges extending outward from the axis of rotation and being adjoined in each case by at least one active insert cutting edge.

Abstract: A drilling head for a tubular shank having an inside diameter and threads may comprise an axial body comprising a duct exiting through a first end; threads adjacent the first end corresponding to the threads on the shank and aligning the duct with the shank inside diameter; a bore from an outer surface of the body to the duct; and two axially extending approximately parallel and offset surfaces adjacent a second end; and an insert affixed between the offset surfaces, the insert comprising: a first face at least partially contacting one offset surface and a second face at least partially contacting the other offset surface; one or more cutting edges adjacent the first face, the second face, or both; and a cutting lip adjacent one or more cutting edges.

Abstract: A tool, a toolholder and a tool-toolholder unit obtained by coupling tool and toolholder is adapted to be fixed to a rotor of a shredder. The tool and the toolholder have a coupling mechanism that permit a quick and easy assembly or disassembly of the two elements and ensure, at the same time, a stable and safe fixing during use of the tool.

Abstract: A tool machine includes an output spindle that moves back and forth and includes a drive motor. The spindle and the motor are coupled to each other via a transmission system. A longitudinal face of the output spindle and a longitudinal face of the drive motor run adjacent to each other such that the drive motor lies next to the output spindle. A very compact configuration is thereby produced.

Abstract: A bandsaw assembly for cutting large diameter workpieces such as turbine rotors, heat exchangers or shafts at a plant or factory and a method of using the same is disclosed. The assembly includes a frame; ground-engaging wheels or a track provided on the frame; a plurality of spaced apart towers extending vertically upwardly from the frame; a rotatable drive wheel mounted on each tower, said drive wheel being horizontally oriented and presenting a vertically oriented circumferential surface; a motor operatively engaged with one or more of the drive wheels; and a bandsaw blade passing around the wheels and being in contact with the circumferential surfaces thereof; said blade being selectively driven by the drive wheels. The towers are variable in length to raise or lower the blade. The assembly is reduced in width for transportation or storage and increased in width for operation.

Abstract: In order to improve a saw device with a feed axis for a workpiece to be sawed, with a first saw unit to saw the workpiece in a first sawing plane extending transversely to the feed axis and with a second saw unit to saw the workpiece in a second sawing plane extending transversely to the feed axis, with a central device region arranged between the sawing planes, with a front device region arranged in front of the first sawing plane, viewed in a feed direction, and with a rear device region arranged behind the second sawing plane, viewed in the feed direction, in such a way that as high a cutting efficiency as possible can be achieved, it is proposed that the saw device comprises at least two transport mechanisms arranged in different device regions to transport different workpiece portions along the feed axis.

Abstract: A method of machining cooling holes in a component includes the steps of inserting an electro discharge machining guide that houses an electrode into an internal cavity of a component, and machining a cooling hole into a wall of the component with the electrode. A gas turbine engine component includes first and second spaced apart walls providing an internal cavity. The first wall has outer and inner surfaces. The inner surface faces the internal cavity. A cooling hole extends through the first wall from the inner surface to the outer surface. The cooling hole includes entry and exit openings respectively provided in the inner and outer surfaces. The exit opening includes a cross-sectional area that is smaller than a cross-sectional area of the entry opening.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for producing a wear-resistant layer, in particular on components of gas turbines or aero engines. The process comprises providing a component with a titanium material on at least part of a surface on which the wear-resistant layer is to be produced, applying a solder formed from a cobalt base material to the titanium material, soldering the solder to the titanium material by applying heat and producing at least one diffusion zone between solder and titanium material which comprises intermetallic phases.

Abstract: Systems and methods for producing dowel baskets from dowel side frames and transverse dowel rods. The dowel side frames are introduced at a top location of the production system, where there is initially introduced a first dowel rod and subsequently, with successive stepwise advancements, the remaining dowel rods are introduced. The dowel side frames with the dowel rods advance on guides that may rotate the dowel side frames relative to the axes of the longitudinal wires so as to impart a desired inclination angle ? relative to the rods. In following, with continuous stepwise advancements, the dowel rods are alternately welded, each to one of the opposed dowel side frames. Transverse wires are welded on the longitudinal wires to impart rigidity to the dowel basket. Subsequently, mass-produced dowel baskets may be stacked in groups.

Abstract: An example diffusion bonding machine includes a support structure configured to receive first and second die sets. A heat transfer device is arranged near the support structure and is configured to transfer heat relative to the die sets. A mechanism is configured to separate the die sets from one another during heat transfer. In one example method of diffusion bonding, heat is transferred relative to a space between die sets. The die sets are supported on the support structure, and a load is applied to the die sets to diffusion bond a component within each of the die sets.

Abstract: A method of forge welding includes placing at least two components for welding together, adjacent each other and with an exothermic flux mixture placed between the components. The exothermic flux mixture is heated to initiate an exothermic reaction and the faying surfaces of the two components are pressed together. The components being welded may be tubular, in particular pipes. Apparatus for the method of forge welding and exothermic flux mixtures for the method of forge welding are also provided.

Abstract: In accordance with one aspect of the disclosure, a drill and detection system is disclosed. The system may include a drill and a thermal detector spaced apart from the drill. The drill may be directed in a first direction and the thermal detector may be directed in a second direction opposite the first direction.

Abstract: A portable boring machine includes: a transmission unit comprising a first electric motor having an axis of rotation (B) and a distribution block of the motion imparted by said electric motor to a tools shaft supporting means for boring and welding and having an axis of rotation (C); a centralized unit comprising a supporting shaft for advancement of said tools shaft formed by a hollow cylindrical tube internally comprising an externally threaded screw tube, and a second centralized electric motor adapted to manage said advancement; means for coupling and decoupling said transmission unit from said centralized unit. The portable boring machine further comprises an advancement system of said screw tube configured for converting the rotary motion imparted by said electric motor in straight linear motion of said screw tube along said axis (C).

Abstract: An article, such as a hardfaced wearpart, includes a substrate, a sheet metal shell connected to the substrate to define a cavity between the surface of the substrate and the shell, and a composite material filling the cavity and forming a coating on at least a portion of the surface of the substrate, the composite material including a hard particulate material infiltrated with a metallic brazing material. The shell may be connected to the substrate by welding or brazing to the substrate, and may wear away during use. The shell and the substrate may be used as part of an assembly for producing the article, where the shell is used as a mold for forming the composite material by filling the shell with the hard particulate material and subsequently infiltrating with the brazing material.

Abstract: A method for producing a heat exchanger for a motor vehicle, wherein the heat exchanger has reservoirs and a bundle of flow-through fluid conduits for guiding the flow between the reservoirs. The conduits are produced together as a bundle. A heat exchanger for a motor vehicle, especially a micro-channel cooler, can be produced by this method.

Abstract: An HVAC burner box includes a burner bank, a manifold and an air director located within an enclosure. The burner bank is oriented such that an outlet end of the burner bank is directed toward a first end of the enclosure. The manifold is located within the enclosure and adjacent an inlet end of the burner bank. The air director has a diffuser that is coupled to a side of the enclosure. The diffuser includes a plurality of openings located therethrough. The diffuser is configured to direct a first portion of a received airstream through the opening and toward the burner bank. The diffuser is further configured to send a second portion of the received airstream toward the manifold.

Abstract: An apparatus for automatic placement of gaskets on a housing includes a base, the second feeding mechanism, a first detecting member, a bearing mechanism, an assembly mechanism, and a controller. The first detecting member can detect the position of the gaskets relative to the preset position. The detected results are transmitted to the controller by the first detecting member. The controller controls the second feeding mechanism to accurately adjust the position of the gaskets to preset position. Therefore, a projection of the gasket is accurately engaged in a mounting hole of the housing by the assembly mechanism.

Abstract: An XY translation stage includes a primary drive mechanism and a stage drive assembly. The primary drive mechanism rotates the stage drive assembly about an axis of rotation. The XY translation stage also includes an object stage that orbits freely in a defined plane without rotation of the object stage out of that defined plane. A stage pin associates the stage drive assembly with the object stage such that rotational movement of the stage drive assembly yields orbital movement of the object stage within the defined plane. The positioning of the stage pin relative to the axis of rotation is adjustable such that the diameter of the orbital movement of the object stage is adjustable.

Abstract: A workpiece holding device includes a main body having a groove and a bearing plate configured to receive a workpiece; an elastic member mounted in the groove at an angle relative to the bearing plate, and having an engaging portion protruding beyond the groove; and a resisting member having an inclined surface received in the groove. The inclined surface can abut the elastic member. When the resisting member rises it forces the engaging portion of the elastic member to move toward the bearing plate, thus securing the workpiece when present. When the resisting member lowers the elasticity of the engaging portion causes it to move away from the bearing plate, thus releasing the workpiece when present.

Abstract: A magnetic drill is provided with an alternate power source. The drill is comprises of: an electric motor for driving a tool; a controller configured to receive an AC input signal and operable to control a drive signal to the electric motor; an electromagnet arranged in a base of the drill housing and operable, in response to a DC voltage, to magnetically couple the base to a surface proximate to the base; an AC/DC converter configured to receive the AC input signal and operates, independent from the controller and in the presence of the AC input signal, to output a DC voltage to the electromagnet; and an alternate power source circuit that monitors the DC voltage output by the converter and, in the absence thereof, provides an alternate DC voltage to the electromagnet.

Abstract: An oscillating drive for a power tool includes a wobble shaft located on a drive shaft of a motor for a power tool, and a wobble member rotatably supported on the wobble shaft. The wobble member includes a wobble drive structure that defines a drive axis. A tool driver includes a tool drive structure at one end that is coupled to the wobble drive structure and a tool holder configured to releasably retain an accessory tool. Rotation of the drive shaft causes the wobble shaft to wobble about an axis of the drive shaft. The tool driver holds the wobble member against the rotation of the wobble shaft such that the wobble member wobbles without rotating which results in an oscillating motion of the drive axis of the wobble member in a plane that is parallel to the axis of the drive shaft. The oscillating motion of the drive axis causes the tool driver to oscillate.

Abstract: A machine tool includes a spindle device; a shutter which is disposed between a tool magazine disposed over a machining chamber and the machining chamber, and is capable of opening and closing; a tool exchange device; and a tool breakage detecting device to detect whether a tool indexed to a tool detecting position of the tool magazine has breakage or not, and performs a return step of returning a first tool to the tool magazine with use of the tool exchange device; an attachment step of attaching a second tool to the spindle device; and a breakage detecting step of rotatively moving the first tool returned to the tool magazine to the tool detecting position and detecting breakage of the first tool with use of the tool breakage detecting device, after the shutter is closed. This constitution can prevent erroneous detection and improve the operational efficiency of the machine tool.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for aiding in manual handling of a work piece during machining, which method comprises the steps of: reading a predetermined work plan, comprising a required orientation of the work piece for each machining step of the work plan; detecting the orientation of the work piece; comparing the detected orientation of the work piece with the required orientation; and projecting an indication on the work piece for aiding to manually orient the work piece to the required orientation for the machining step to be performed. Al disclosed is a device for performing the method.

Abstract: An eyeglass lens processing apparatus configured to form, on a peripheral edge of a lens, a bevel or a groove for fitting the lens to a frame of an eyeglass, includes: a data calculating unit for calculating data of the bevel or the groove to be formed on the peripheral edge of the lens based on frame shape data of the frame or demonstration lens shape data which is shape data of a demonstration lens having the bevel or the groove fitted to the shape of the frame; and a correction unit for approximating a front-side foot width, which is a width between a position of the bevel or the groove to be formed on the lens and a position of a front edge of the lens, to a target value by correcting the data of the bevel or the groove calculated by the data calculating unit.

Abstract: A polishing apparatus is used for polishing a substrate such as a semiconductor wafer. The polishing apparatus includes a substrate holder to hold a substrate and to rotate the substrate, a pressing member configured to press a polishing tool against the substrate and to polish the substrate, a pressing force control mechanism configured to control a pressing force of the pressing member, and a polishing position limiting mechanism configured to limit a polishing position of the pressing member. A polishing tape or a fixed abrasive is used as the polishing tool.

Abstract: A wheeled mount for handheld tools with a frame having an upper and lower region, a pair of handles attached to and projecting away from the upper frame region, an 5 axle attached to the lower frame region, a pair of wheels in contact with a generally horizontal surface and further fixed to the axle and a handheld tool positioned on or within and secured to the lower frame to position the attachment of the handheld tool in contact with the generally horizontal surface thereby creating a stable three point contact for the wheeled mount for handheld tools. An operator can safely operate and move the wheeled 10 mount for handheld tools in a manner similar to using a hand dolly.

Abstract: A polishing apparatus polishes a substrate by moving the substrate and a polishing pad relative to each other. The apparatus includes: an elastic modulus measuring device configured to measure an elastic modulus of the polishing pad, and a polishing condition adjustor configured to adjust polishing conditions of the substrate based on a measured value of the elastic modulus. The polishing conditions include pressure of a retaining ring, arranged around the substrate, exerted on the polishing pad and a temperature of the polishing pad.

Abstract: The described embodiments relate generally to lapping operations and related systems and apparatuses. Various embodiments of lapping tables are described for applying a lapping operation to a non-planar surface of a workpiece. For example, methods and apparatus are described which allow a lapping operation to be applied to a curved outer surface portion of a cylindrical workpiece. Lapping of non-planar outer surfaces of workpieces is conducted by rotating the workpieces during the lapping operations.

Abstract: A polishing method capable of obtaining an accurate thickness of a silicon layer during polishing of a substrate and determining an accurate polishing end point of the substrate based on the thickness of the silicon layer obtained. The method includes: calculating relative reflectance by dividing the measured intensity of the infrared ray by predetermined reference intensity; producing spectral waveform representing relationship between the relative reflectance and wavelength of the infrared ray; performing a Fourier transform process on the spectral waveform to determine a thickness of the silicon layer and a corresponding strength of frequency component; and determining a polishing end point of the substrate based on a point of time when the determined thickness of the silicon layer has reached a predetermined target value.