Abstract: A gas barrier multilayer film includes a film substrate, a layer formed on at least one surface of the film substrate and made of an inorganic compound, and a gas barrier layer formed on the layer made of the inorganic compound and formed of a mixture, which contains an acrylic acid polymer made of poly(meth)acrylic acid or a partially neutralized product thereof wherein a degree of neutralization of the poly(meth)acrylic acid with zinc is not larger than about 25 mol %, a sugar or starch, and a hypophosphite wherein the hypophosphite is present at about 1 mass % to about 15 mass % of a total solid content of the mixture.

Abstract: The invention relates to packaging (10) for solid yeast products, such as: a supporting element (12); solid yeast products contained in one or more packages (22), supported by the supporting element (12); and an outer cover (14) retaining all of the solid yeast products contained in the packages (22) on the supporting element (12). According to the invention, all of the packages (22) located between the solid yeast products and the outer cover (14) may have a surface density no greater than 200 g/m2. The invention also relates to a method for packaging solid yeast products and to a method for preserving and using solid yeast products thus packaged.

Abstract: A flexible resealable label to cover a dispensing opening includes a polymeric sheet having flap and base portions. The flap portion has a hinge side and a lifting side. The hinge side is connected to the base portion along a hinge, such that the flap portion can pivot with respect to the base portion about an axis of rotation. In one embodiment, the hinge is defined by a straight line of intermittent cuts, and each cut extends all the way through the sheet thickness, and the line of cuts resides in the hinge axis of rotation. In another embodiment, the flap portion has a hinge side edge defined by a straight line of intermittent cuts. Connecting strips extend from the hinge side edge into the base portion. Each connecting strip terminates at the axis of rotation, and the line of intermittent cuts does not reside in the axis of rotation.

Abstract: A flexible packaging laminate is formed to have a built-in opening and reclose feature by forming the laminate as a two-part structure having an outer structure joined in face-to-face relation with an inner structure. Score lines are formed in both structures to enable an opening to be formed through the laminate by lifting an opening portion (e.g., a flap or the like) of the two structures out of the plane of the laminate. The score line through the outer structure defines a larger opening than the score line through the inner structure, such that a marginal region of the outer structure extends beyond the edge of the opening portion of the inner structure. A pressure-sensitive adhesive is used to re-adhere the marginal region to an underlying surface of the inner structure adjacent the opening through the laminate.

Abstract: An improved container blank of foldable material and resulting structure to hold a fluid filled carton is provided.

Abstract: Apparatus, systems and methods for identifying products are described herein.

Abstract: A redox composition includes a carbohydrate material and a catalytic molar amount of an organic compound positioned in catalytic relationship with the carbohydrate material to catalyze oxidation of the carbohydrate material in an environment in which the carbohydrate material would not otherwise oxidize.

Abstract: An evacuated bottle system including a bottle defining a hollow interior, the bottle having a neck defining an opening that provides fluid communication with the interior; a cap assembly including a funnel having a first portion and a second portion, where the second portion extends radially outward from the first portion to form a floor on an interior thereof and a shoulder on an exterior thereof, the first portion defining a first bore and the second portion defining a second bore fluidly connected to the first bore; a self serum stopper having a self sealing membrane that extends radially outward to overlie at least a portion of the floor of the funnel; and a cap having a cap wall sized to fit over the funnel and a cover portion extending radially inward from the cap wall.

Abstract: An evacuated bottle system including a bottle defining a hollow interior, the bottle having a neck with a rim defining an opening; a cap assembly supported on the bottle, the cap assembly including a funnel having a first portion and a second portion, the first portion being insertable within the interior of the bottle and the second portion engaging a portion of the bottle to support the funnel above the rim, the funnel defining a bore that fluidly communicates with the hollow interior of the bottle; a self-sealing membrane that covers the bore formed by the funnel to selectively seal the hollow interior of the bottle; a cap attachable to the bottle, the cap including a cover portion that extends at least partially over the self-sealing membrane to restrain movement thereof, the cover portion being axially spaced from the self-sealing membrane to define a gap that permits axial movement of the self-sealing membrane to selectively open the bottle to fluid communication outside of the bottle.

Abstract: A container for storing a food product includes a receptacle and a plunger slidably movable along an inner wall of the receptacle. The plunger includes a support surface for the food product and a seal configured to form a seal between the support surface and the inner wall. A rounded lid with an apex is configured to be sealingly coupled to the receptacle. The lid includes a vent located at the apex.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to a dent prevention structure of a food cooking container. More particularly, the present invention relates to a dent prevention structure of a food cooking container, in which the dent prevention structure allows vapor produced from contents in the container to be discharged to the outside of the container through a discharge hole, and allows outside air to be supplied to an inner space part of the container through the discharge hole, thereby preventing the container from being dented inwards. The dent prevention structure being open at an upper part thereof to store food includes: an inner space part; a flange surface; a main sealing protrusion part; an auxiliary sealing protrusion part; a discharge hole; a sharp part; and protrusion guides.

Abstract: An insulating device can include an aperture having a waterproof closure which allows access to the chamber within the insulating device. The closure can help prevent any fluid leakage into and out of the insulating device if the insulating device is overturned or in any configuration other than upright. The closure may also prevent any fluid from permeating into the chamber if the insulating device is exposed to precipitation, other fluid, or submersed under water. This construction results in an insulating chamber that is substantially impervious to water and other liquids when the closure is sealed.

Abstract: A dispensing apparatus for dispensing articles includes a housing and a drive system. The housing defines a hopper chamber to hold the articles, a dispensing outlet, and a dispensing path between the hopper chamber and the dispensing outlet. The drive system includes a belt and a belt actuator operable to drive the belt. The dispensing apparatus is configured such that articles disposed in the hopper chamber are directed onto the belt and the belt, when driven by the belt actuator, conveys the articles received from the hopper chamber in a dispensing direction along the dispensing path toward the dispensing outlet to be dispensed.

Abstract: A container for delivering a predetermined number of products at a time includes a compartment defining an inner volume and configured to house multiple products, a passageway having an outlet configured to enable the delivery of the multiple products outside of the container, a door defining an opening configured to put the compartment in communication with the passageway, and a delivery mechanism arranged at the door and configured to manage passage of the multiple products through the door. The delivery mechanism is configured to be placed in a closing condition in which the delivery mechanism prevents passage of the multiple products through the door, and the delivery mechanism is further configured to be placed in a passage condition in which the delivery mechanism allows passage of one or more products of the multiple products through the door, thus allowing the one or more products to exit the compartment.

Abstract: A dispenser for dispensing discrete sheets of interfolded media is disclosed. The sheet dispenser is provided with an elastomeric cover which defines a perimeter and a cover opening located within the perimeter through which a pack of sheets can be installed and through which individual sheets can be removed. The elastomeric cover can be resiliently deflectable between a resting state in which the elastomeric cover extends generally parallel to the base and a deflected state in which the elastomeric cover bends in a direction towards the base. The elastomeric cover is bent into the deflected state and into the interior of the dispenser by the media pack during installation of the pack and return to the resting state once the media pack has been fully installed into the dispenser.

Abstract: A plastic aerosol container (10), an associated preform (10a) and a method of manufacturing the preform (10a) and container (10) is described. The container (10) comprises an adapter (20) that defines an opening (11) of the container (10), the opening (11) being arranged to receive and be sealed by an aerosol valve cap (3). The container (10) also comprises a body 40 that defines an internal volume of the aerosol container (10). The container (10) is blow-moulded from a preform (10a) ideally having a corresponding adapter (20a) and body (40a) which are secured to one another, with an expansion region (45a, 46a) of the body (40a) of the preform (10a) being arranged to be expanded to form the internal volume of the aerosol container (10).

Abstract: A blank for forming an inner packaging container of a pack for consumer goods including an outer packaging container and the inner packaging container. The inner packaging container includes a dispensing opening with a resealable closure, a front panel, a back panel, a top panel, a bottom panel, and opposing side panels; each side panel having an inner panel and an outer panel, the inner panel having a first width defining a width of the inner packaging container, and the outer panel including at least a portion having a second width defining flanges having a width greater than the first width. The inner packaging container is insertable within the outer packaging container such that the flanges extending from the back panel of the inner packaging container exert a biasing force on the hinged lid of the outer packaging container to assure lid closure is maintained.

Abstract: A display apparatus is disclosed and includes a container and a cap. The container includes a body, a band disposed along a section of the body, and a retaining member. The body includes an open first end in communication with the interior recess and opposite a second enclosed end. The retaining member is disposed within the interior recess proximate the first open end, and is maintained in a substantially stationary position via frictional engagement with an interior surface of the body. The cap has a second height and includes an interior recess that is configured to engage and receive at least one of a section of the body including the first end and a section of the body including the second end. When the cap is engaged with the section of the body including the second end, the first end is elevated a distance between 0 and the second height.

Abstract: According to certain embodiments, a container assembly for protecting a flexible panel comprises a back panel positioned behind the flexible panel and offset by a first substantially airtight compartment, a front panel positioned in front of the flexible panel and offset by a second substantially airtight compartment, and a stiffener panel positioned in front of the front panel and offset by a third substantially airtight compartment. The front, back, and stiffener panels each comprise one or more rigid materials. Each rigid material has higher natural frequency and lower excursion properties than the flexible panel. The container assembly is tuned using fixed, gas-piston principles to impart the higher natural frequency and lower excursion properties of the rigid materials to the flexible panel such that the natural frequency of the flexible panel increases and the extent to which the flexible panel experiences excursions greater than 350 microns is reduced.

Abstract: Detachable container for strawberries which allows the transport, storage, presentation and consumption of the fruit in optimum conditions and with minimum handling from harvesting until consumption, formed by the joining through fitting by pressure between truncated pyramid-shaped cavities and protuberances of a base and a lid respectively, the base having cells to house the individual pieces of fruit. The number and the size of cells depend on the characteristics of the strawberries that they must contain. The container may be separated into up to four sub-units by simple pulling along diagonal tear lines, and it has retracting handles on its sides to facilitate its transport, as well as a central orifice to thread the containers on a vertical rod in the point-of-sale and obtain a more attractive presentation.

Abstract: A container that facilitates the removal of frozen contents is provided and includes an integrated body that has an outer wall portion having a top perimeter, a center projection having an inner wall portion and a substantially horizontal flat portion, and a base providing a connection between the outer wall portion and the inner wall portion. A distance from a bottom portion of the base to the top perimeter is substantially the same as a distance from the bottom portion of the base to a top of the substantially horizontal flat portion.

Abstract: A capsule for preparation of a beverage from a brewing device, and a system including the capsule and brewing device. The capsule includes a lateral wall, a water inlet wall and an outlet wall forming a hollow body where a brewing product is contained. The hollow body has a central axis passing through the inlet and outlet walls. At least one portion of the inlet wall extends along an ellipse curve as defined by a circumference, having a diameter substantially equal to the maximum diameter of the lateral wall of the capsule lying on a plane inclined at an angle with respect to a first plane perpendicular with respect to the central axis of the capsule, the planes intersecting at an axis, the circumference being projected on a plane perpendicular to the first plane containing an axis selected from the intersection axis or an axis parallel to the intersection axis.

Abstract: A capsule, including: a deformable casing defining a cavity containing an initial product joined to a fluid for making a final product; a nozzle associated with the casing to inject the fluid of a brewing machine, the nozzle having a longitudinal side wall being provided with at least one outflow opening to the cavity, and the nozzle having an end wall provided with a second opening enabling the final product to exit from the cavity.

Abstract: A capsule, including: a deformable casing defining a cavity containing an initial product joined to a fluid for making a final product; a nozzle associated with the casing to inject the fluid of a brewing machine, the nozzle having a longitudinal side wall being provided with at least one outflow opening to the cavity, and the nozzle having an end wall provided with a second opening enabling the final product to exit from the cavity.

Abstract: Disclosed is a single-serve capsule for preparing a beverage, comprising a capsule member that includes a capsule bottom and a filling end, a cavity being formed between the capsule bottom and the filling end for holding a powdery or liquid beverage substrate. A filter element is placed between the beverage substrate and the capsule bottom, said filter element comprising a nonwoven fabric which is placed in the region of the capsule bottom.

Abstract: This patent pertains to secondary containment systems. One implementation includes a support assembly that includes an elongate post member and a stabilization plate. In one instance, a stabilization plate is mounted on the elongate post member to reduce movement of the elongate post member when the stabilization plate is embedded in the ground. Another implementation includes a panel splice assembly including reinforcing members that secure overlapping, corrugated panels.

Abstract: An evolving mobile Unit for controlled product storage and dispensing, with modular construction and multiple upgrade possibilities, to the capacity and storing/picking system that can evolve from manual, up to fully automatic operation. The Unit is easy to transport and maneuver, by crane or forklift, using the provided pick up points (6) and pockets (7), either in standard or heavy duty/all-weather form. The Unit can be autonomous, with an integrated power unit (49) and internal climate control (19). The products are stored inside, within Unit Loads (UL) (8) that can hold any kind of materials, either solid or liquid, at ambient or controlled temperature and humidity. The ULs are stored in a modular shelving system (9), adjustable to accommodate mixes of UL sizes. Access control is provided by lock (11), drawer (16) and software systems together with a picking/replenishment method.

Abstract: Load carrying belts, a conveyor system incorporating such belts and a method for transporting material from a loading zone to an unloading zone are provided. In one embodiment of a conveyor system, a specially configured belt is hung from a haul rope that loops around a pair of rotatable end sheaves. If necessary, there may be one or more intermediary support towers in spaced apart locations between the end sheaves having one or more support rollers over which the haul rope rides. The belt is specifically configured for hanging from the haul rope and providing one or more compartments within which the material being transported is enclosed. The compartment(s) may be opened in the loading zone to permit introduction of material to be transported into the compartment(s), closed between the loading zone and the unloading zone, and reopened in the unloading zone to permit discharge of the material. In some embodiments, the belt may include a plurality of corrugations in order to enhance flexibility of the belt.

Abstract: A curvilinear support for chain conveyors comprising: a base (2) with elongated shape extending along a curved path; at least two rails (3) produced in one piece with the base (2) and spaced from each other to define between them a channel (4) for the sliding of a chain conveyor; covering profiles (5, 8) respectively coupled to each rail (3) to cover the base surface (3b) and the concave lateral surface (3a) of said at least two rails (3); coupling members (6) positioned between each profile (5, 8) and the respective rail (3) to removably fix each profile (5, 8) to the respective rail (3); said coupling members (6) being accessible via a coupling surface (3a; 3b) of the rails (3) with the respective profiles (5, 8); said coupling members (6) comprise a male portion (6a) projecting from each profile (5, 8) and extending below each profile (5, 8), and a female portion (6b) obtained in the respective rail (3) open towards the top to house the corresponding male portion (6a), which for coupling said male portion

Abstract: A winch drum tension isolation system includes a winch drum including an outwardly extending flange, the flange including a plurality of holes spaced along the flange. The winch drum tension isolation system also includes a locking mechanism positioned proximate the winch drum and including a locking member engageable with the flange. The locking member is movable between a first position, in which the locking member is received in one of the plurality of holes to prevent rotation of the winch drum, and a second position, in which the locking member is spaced apart from the flange to permit rotation of the winch drum.

Abstract: A conveyor includes a housing, a moveable conveyor member, and a cover. The housing includes a trough. The moveable conveyor member is disposed within the trough. The cover is moveably attached to the housing between a closed position covering the trough and an open position uncovering the trough. The cover includes an inner surface having a curvature matching the curvature of an outer surface of the moveable conveyor member.

Abstract: A load-bearing roller for conveying items includes an outer cylinder and a transmission assembly. The transmission assembly includes a bushing rotatably mounted in an end of the outer cylinder, a transmission member, and a retracting member. The transmission member includes a transmission wheel and a toothed gear non-rotatably coupled to the transmission wheel. The transmission wheel is positioned outside the outer cylinder. The toothed gear is positioned in the bushing. The retracting member is mounted in the bushing. A free end of the retracting member engages with the gear teeth to urge rotation of the bushing and the outer cylinder. When the roller is jammed or prevented from rotating, the retracting member retracts over the teeth of the toothed gear so as to prevent overload of a prime mover. The disclosure also includes a conveying device using the load-bearing roller.

Abstract: A unit for conveying and sorting products into alignment includes at least one conveyor belt and at least one surface for gathering products, arranged downstream the belt. At least two conveyor belts are arranged at different heights and convey the products according to a predefined arrangement. A lower belt leads to a carousel for picking up and transferring a product at a time into a conveyance channel that leads to the gathering surface. An upper belt includes at least one portion that surmounts an end of the lower belt arranged downstream the first carousel. The portion leads to an apparatus for overturning the products to transfer them onto the lower belt end, with an orientation, of the products, opposite of the one adopted on the upper belt. The part is affected by a second carousel for picking up and transferring one product at a time into the conveyance channel.

Abstract: Disclosed are various embodiments for a singulator that has a port for diverting items. An item is received on at least one conveyor segment of a singulator. The item is transported using at least one conveyor segment to a side wall of the singulator. The item is transported using at least one conveyor segment through a port in the side wall of the singulator.

Abstract: An apparatus for picking and placing a plate-like product comprises: a base; at least two guide rods disposed on said base vertically; a picking and placing device mounted on each of said guide rods vertically slidably, the picking and placing device is telescopic in a horizontal direction to smoothly and steadily pick and place the plate-like product; a driving device disposed on said base, said driving device connects with said picking and placing device for driving said pick and place device to slide along the respective guide rods.

Abstract: A device for transporting a refined cotton pulp including: a blower, a material bin, valve plates, a central axis, a motor, and a transporting pipe. The material bin includes a mouth-like upper part and a lower part including a first material outlet. A first material outlet is disposed at the lower part of the material bin and communicates with the transporting pipe. One end of the transporting pipe communicates with the blower, and the other end of the transporting pipe functions as a second material outlet. The valve plates are disposed in the material bin via the central axis. The motor is in transmission connection to the central axis.

Abstract: Disclosed is a blowing device for a rotary air lock, comprising a flushing gas stream that is fed by a gas supply line (12) in order for adhering material to be flushed and blown out of at least one compartment (20-24) of the rotary air lock (20-24) when said compartment is located next to a product outlet of the rotary air lock. A blowing unit (30), which comprises at least one blowing tube (32) and is located in a feeding shoe (10) that is arranged at the product outlet, directs the flushing gas stream to at least one compartment (20-24) of the rotary air lock.

Abstract: A rotary apparatus or machine that takes or receives a barrel stack of mounted tires in the vertical position (i.e., barrel stacked), and rotates the stack as a whole to a horizontal position, where each unit or tire is an upright position. The tires can then be rolled off individually or in multiple units to be installed on the equipment being built, or transported from the tire holding area to the assembly floor or installation area.

Abstract: The present application discloses devices for collecting and hauling materials, and methods of using the devices. The devices generally include a post and a sheet. The post includes a number of attachment points and the sheet includes a number of connectors. The connectors are selectively attachable to the attachment points on the post to position the sheet between an open orientation for loading the materials onto the sheet, and a closed orientation for transporting the device with the materials.

Abstract: A powered sliding platform assembly may include an actuator, a platform, and a controller. The platform may have a rail defining first and second openings configured to receive a pin of an actuator. The actuator and the rail may be arranged such that while the platform moves between extended and retracted positions, the pin rides along the rail between the openings. The controller may be programmed to, in response to a signal indicative of an object being proximate the platform, inhibit movement of the platform.

Abstract: A sheet conveyance apparatus includes a cover member including a first guide surface guiding a sheet and capable of switching between a close state and an open state with respect to the apparatus body, a guide member including a second guide surface opposing to the first guide surface, and a conveyance unit conveying a sheet through a path between the first guide surface and the second guide surface. The guide member includes an abutment portion formed of a depression in the second guide surface, and is supported pivotally on the apparatus body to an outer side of the apparatus body. The sheet conveyance apparatus further includes a regulation portion supported on the apparatus body and formed to abut against the abutment portion so as to regulate a pivot angle of the guide member.

Abstract: A structure of an air-pocket film reel includes a support holder mountable to an air-pocket film machine and an air-pocket film reel mountable to the support holder. The support holder has an end portion including at least one constraint section formed thereon. The air-pocket film reel has an end including an engagement section engageable with and thus mating the constraint section. When the air-pocket film reel is fit to the support holder, the engagement section is put into mating engagement with the constraint section of the support holder to effectively prevent slipping of the air-pocket film reel and achieve synchronous rotation of the support holder and the air-pocket film reel to thereby improve overall productivity, better sealing effect, and enhance stability.

Abstract: An apparatus for securing the tail end of a spirally wound roll of nonwoven, polymer-based material to the roll to preclude unintended unwinding of the roll, the apparatus comprising a winding assembly for forming about a winding axis a spirally wound roll with a tail end, a fixture for a roll tacking assembly with an ultrasonic tool oscillating on an oscillating axis, and a fixture for moving the tool into momentary tangential contact with an outermost winding layer of the roll in a manner that orients the oscillating axis orthogonally to the winding axis. The apparatus implements a method of locating the tail end of the spirally wound roll and orienting the tail end in relation to the securing tool.

Abstract: There is provided a thin glass laminate capable of preventing a thin glass from being broken when the thin glass laminate is subjected to processing or treatment by a roll-to-roll process. A thin glass laminate according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: an elongated thin glass; and a protective film attached onto at least one surface of the elongated thin glass, wherein the elongated thin glass comprises, at both end portions in a width direction thereof, exposed portions each extending outward from an outermost end portion of the protective film in the width direction.

Abstract: The damper mechanism includes a rack and a damper unit. The rack is provided in an apparatus main body. The damper unit is provided in a turning member. The damper unit has a movable gear, a fixed gear and a supporting member. The movable gear is configured to engage with the rack and to rotate by the turning of the turning member. The fixed gear is configured to be engaged with the movable gear and to apply a load to the rotation of the movable gear. The movable gear is supported by the supporting member so as to move relatively with respect to the fixed gear in a direction to be engaged with the fixed gear at the turning of the turning member in one direction and in another direction to be separated from the fixed gear at the turning of the turning member in the other direction.

Abstract: A stripping device for stripping sheet-shaped objects from a roller includes at least one stripper. The stripper is mounted rotatably about a bearing and includes stripping portion configured to be tapering to a point and a support portion which is different from the stripping portion. The stripping portion and the support portion are arranged relative to each other and the stripper is mounted such that, when the stripper is pressed against the roller with prestressing during operation, the stripper has two mutually spaced apart contact points with the roller, which contact points are defined by the stripping portion and the support portion of the stripper.

Abstract: A sheet discharge apparatus includes a sheet stacking portion on which a sheet discharged by a discharging portion is stacked, and a control portion configured to control a moving unit such that a height position of an uppermost sheet stacked on the sheet stacking portion becomes a first height position. In a case where a sheet detection portion detects that the height position of the uppermost sheet is above a second height position, the control portion sets a sheet discharge speed of the discharging portion to a first sheet discharge speed. In a case where the sheet detection portion detects that the height position of the uppermost sheet becomes lower than the second height position, the control portion controls the sheet discharge speed to be a second sheet discharge speed faster than the first sheet discharge speed.

Abstract: A control portion controls a distance H and/or a shift amount L1 such that a relationship of L<H?L+L1 holds, where L is a length of each sheet among the sheet bundle in the conveyance direction, H is a distance from the conveyance roller pair to an end regulation member in the conveyance direction, and L1 is a shift amount between a first sheet among the sheet bundle and a second sheet adjacent the first sheet. The second sheet is conveyed toward the end regulation member by the conveyance roller pair in the state in which the leading edge of the preceding sheet is in contact with the end regulation member.

Abstract: A sheet stacking apparatus includes a discharging portion including a nip portion nipping and conveying a sheet, a stacking portion on which the sheet discharged by the discharging portion is stacked, an air blowing unit configured to blow air toward a lower face of the sheet being discharged by the discharging portion, and an air volume control portion configured to control the air blowing unit such that a volume of the air blown by the air blowing unit is switched from a first air volume to a second air volume which is smaller than the first air volume while the nip portion of the discharging portion is nipping and conveying the sheet to set the volume of the air to the second air volume in a case where a trailing end of the sheet discharged by the discharging portion passes through the nip portion.

Abstract: To prevent sheets from being allowed to be delivered after activation of a system when over-stacking has been detected before the activation of the system, a post-processing apparatus includes a stacking tray configured to allow sheets subjected to predetermined processing to be stacked thereon. The post-processing apparatus determines whether or not additional sheets are allowed to be stacked onto the stacking tray based on the number of sheets stacked on the stacking tray. The determination result indicating that the additional sheets are prohibited to be stacked onto the stacking tray is stored in a nonvolatile RAM. The post-processing apparatus determines, after being activated, whether or not the determination result is stored in the nonvolatile RAM, and determines that the additional sheets are prohibited to be stacked onto the stacking tray when the determination result is stored in the nonvolatile RAM.