Abstract: A magnetic resonance imaging apparatus according to an embodiment includes processing circuitry. The processing circuitry is configured to specify a search start position of a matrix representing inter-regional connectivity between a plurality of regions in a brain based on a result of an analysis on an image of a subject and an attention degree set to each of the regions. The processing circuitry is configured to search the matrix using the search start position.

Abstract: Disclosed is optical observation equipment for identifying the forming process of a malignant tumor, which is provided with a receiving space and a transparent front end. The optical observation equipment comprises: a light-guide fiber, a laser emitter, a focusing device, a white light emitter, an image sensor, a high gain amplifier and an encoding and emitting device, wherein the light-guide fiber extends to the transparent front end from the receiving space; the laser emitter emits laser with a wavelength of 340 nm±20 nm and an energy of 0.3˜0.

Abstract: An optical sensor for operating along a catheter (103), the optical sensor comprising a light pattern generator configured to project at least one light pattern at a radial projection angle with respect to the optical sensor length onto the inner surface of an elongated volume into which the optical sensor is inserted, wherein the light pattern generator comprises an illumination system for providing a first light beam having a component of its direction along the sensor length and a first light redirection element (1007) configured to redirect the light beam to generate the at least one light pattern (1009) at an oblique and/or right angle to the optical sensor length, a second light redirection element (1012) for redirecting a reflected version of the light pattern from the inner surface of the elongated volume to provide a second light beam and- an imaging device (1013) having a field of view (1011) with a central axis substantially parallel to the length of the optical sensor for receiving the second ligh

Abstract: A wearable device for use with a smart phone or tablet includes a measurement device having a plurality of LEDs generating a near-infrared input optical beam that measures physiological parameters. The measurement device includes lenses configured to receive and to deliver the input beam to skin which reflects the beam. The measurement device includes a reflective surface configured to receive and redirect the light from the skin, and a receiver configured to receive the reflected beam. The light source is configured to increase a signal-to-noise ratio of the input beam reflected from the skin by increasing the light intensity from the LEDs and modulation of the LEDs. The measurement device is configured to generate an output signal representing a non-invasive measurement on blood contained within the skin. The wearable device is configured to wirelessly communicate with the smart phone or tablet which receives and processes the output signal.

Abstract: An insertion needle 15 has a photoacoustic wave generating portion that generates a photoacoustic wave by absorbing light emitted from a laser unit 13. A photoacoustic image generation unit 25 generates a photoacoustic image based on the detection signal of the photoacoustic wave emitted from the insertion needle 15. The sound source position detection unit 30 detects the photoacoustic wave generating source from the photoacoustic image. A first signal acquisition unit 31 acquires an S value, and a second signal acquisition unit 32 acquires an N value. A light emission control unit 33 controls the number of light emissions and the light emission interval of the laser unit 13 for one photoacoustic image generation based on the ratio between the S value and the N value. The photoacoustic image generation unit 25 generates a photoacoustic image by at least adding the detection signals of photoacoustic waves corresponding to the number of light emissions.

Abstract: An image generating apparatus of the present invention has a determination unit that sets a target area in a part of an area inside a subject, executes processing to adjust a phase of each detection signal based on a distance from each detection element to a target area and a tentative velocity, and calculate dispersion of intensities of a plurality of detection signals of which phases are adjusted, for a plurality of tentative velocities, and determines a velocity for which dispersion of intensities is minimum, out of the plurality of tentative velocities, as a propagation velocity.

Abstract: A system for detecting a core body temperature includes a detection unit, an ECG wave-filter, a body-temperature detection unit, a processing unit, a breath computing and processing unit, a heart-beat computing and processing unit, and a core body temperature computing and processing unit. The detection unit senses the body, and then the ECG wave-filter and body-temperature detection unit measures the electrical cardiac signal and the shell temperature, respectively. The processing unit collects the signals generated by the ECG wave-filter and body-temperature detection unit and transmits the collected signals to the breath computing and processing unit and the heart-beat computing and processing unit, which generate the core body temperature according to the received signals. Accordingly, it is possible to increase the physical parameters for monitoring the vital signs comprehensively. In addition, a method for detecting a core body temperature is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for configuring a monitoring component for a user includes receiving an electrocardiograph (ECG) signal from an ECG component, receiving a weight signal from a scale component, and combining features extracted from the ECG signal and the weight signal to generate a current biometric signal. Responsive to the current biometric signal matching a historical biometric signal, the method includes obtaining a user profile and determining a health status for association with the user profile by classifying the current biometric signal using disease models and fitness models.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus according to an embodiment includes a processing circuitry. The processing circuitry is configured to obtain images in a time series including images of a blood vessel of a subject and correlation information indicating a correlational relationship between physical indices of the blood vessel and function indices of the blood vessel related to vascular hemodynamics, calculate blood vessel morphology indices in a time series indicating morphology of the blood vessel of the subject, on a basis of the images in the time series, and identify a function index of the blood vessel of the subject, by using a physical index of the blood vessel of the subject obtained from the blood vessel morphology indices, on a basis of the correlation information.

Abstract: Embodiments described herein provide for monitoring a user's heart rate. One embodiment comprises a heart rate monitor that includes a pair of contacts that are configured to electrically couple to one of a pair of sensors in a garment worn by a user. The monitor detects a change in impedance across the contacts, and responsive to the impedance being below a threshold, the monitor senses a cardiac electrical activity of the user utilizing the pair of sensors. The monitor calculates a heart rate of the user based on the cardiac electrical activity, determines if the heart rate is within a range of heart rate values, and responsive to the heart rate being within the range of heart rate values, the monitor simultaneously transmits the heart rate utilizing different protocols to at least one external device.

Abstract: This invention describes a smart pulse reading device placed on a patient's hand or wrist, with which a pulse reading technique through digitalization and signal processing enables telemedicine such that a patient can receive medical attention. The invention includes the benefit of generating a specific prescription for a patient depending on the medical diagnosis. One of the prescriptions generated, may be traditional Chinese medicine used as an alternate form of treatment. By accurately assessing the patient's pulses, the smart device can determine the type of medical condition the patient is affected by. The device features various sensors that are placed above a critical radial artery in the wrist of a patient, and embedded in the device are the pressure sensors in a matrix orientation. The matrix of sensors can detect the pressure of the patient's pulses by calculating the pressure change over time.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for detecting cardiac arrhythmia and a recording medium using the method are provided. In the method, physiological signals of a human comprising a sequence of heart pulses are acquired, and an average of heartbeat intervals between pairs of consecutive heart pulses in the sequence of heart pulses is calculated. Each pair of consecutive heartbeat intervals is examined to identify premature ventricular contraction (PVC) candidates or atrial premature contraction (APC) candidates based on whether a difference between the pair of consecutive heartbeat intervals is larger than a product of a factor and the average of heartbeat intervals and whether an average of the pair of consecutive heartbeat intervals is within a predetermined range.

Abstract: A wearable biometric measurement device includes a ring body having interior and exterior surfaces, an electrocardiogram component including first and second electrodes wherein a single lead electrocardiogram is formed upon contact with the first electrode and the second electrode, a pulse oximeter component including a light emitter and a photodetector wherein the photodetector receives one or more signals transmitted by the light emitter, and a communication component. A system for measuring and processing biometric data includes a wearable biometric measurement device, a monitor device, and a server. A method for measuring biometric data using a wearable biometric measurement device includes pre-processing biometric signals, feature extraction on the signals, and event prediction with respect to the signals.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for monitoring the status of a patient on the basis of a plurality of vital signs measurements such as heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, temperature, oxygen saturation etc. At each time point a set of such vital signs measurements is compared to two statistical models, one being a population-based statistical model representing the probability distribution of measurements from a large number of individuals, and the second is a patient-specific statistical model based on measurements from the particular patient being monitored. The patient-based statistical model is initialized as identical to the population-based model, but then is updated in a Bayesian update technique so that it evolves towards the patient's individual state. First and second novelty indexes are calculated by comparing each status measurement to each of the two statistical models.

Abstract: The present invention provides a system and method for blood pressure measurement, a computer program product using the method, and a computer-readable recording medium thereof. The present invention uses a sensor to measure an electrophysiological signal and establishes a personalized cardiovascular model through a numerical method, and re-establishes the personalized cardiovascular model through an optimization algorithm. Thus, a human physiological parameter generated from the re-established personal cardiovascular model matches the electrophysiological signal. Therefore, the present invention can provide accurate measurement results with the advantage of a small size, and can be applied to telemedicine field.

Abstract: The present document describes a system for equalizing the pressure of a pressure guidewire against the pressure of an aortic pressure device: the system comprising two methods of equalizing the pressure against each other, one method that involves a gain adjustment and another method that involves the addition of an offset; the method further comprising a method for detecting which method should be applied to the situation, the detecting methods including: the contribution of the operator; an algorithm detecting the first equalization from subsequent post procedure equalizations, the algorithm including various factors such as incrementing the equalization requests, measuring the elapsed time and others.

Abstract: A physiological signal such as a heart rate acquired from a monitoring device is processed to reduce interference, ambiguity, or artifacts arising during various activities. For example, the system can process a physiological signal to account for motion artifacts in the physiological signal and, thus, reduce the impact of movement on the physiological signal. Additionally, or alternatively, the system can process a physiological signal based on one or more measurement contexts associated with a wearable device. In general, the physiological signal processed as described herein can be useful as a reliable, continuous indication of a physiological parameter and, thus, can serve as the basis for other physiological assessments (e.g., heart rate variability) derived from the physiological parameter.

Abstract: A pulse wave measurement device includes a storage unit and a subtracter. When a light emitting element alternately switches between a lighting state in which the light emitting element emits light into a body and a non-lighting state in which the light emitting element does not emit light, the storage unit stores a value of a first digital signal representing an output state of a light receiving element that receives light transmitted through or reflected by the body at timing of the lighting state, and a value of a second digital signal representing an output state of the light receiving element at timing of the non-lighting state. The subtracter subtracts the second digital signal value stored in the storage unit from the first digital signal value stored in the storage unit.

Abstract: A heart rate monitor system having at least one primary heart rate sensor (110) for measuring or determining a heart rate of a user and for outputting an output signal (HR) is provided. The output signal (HR) is based at least on measured heart beats and/or artifacts. The heart rate monitor system also comprises a model unit (132) for estimating or predicting a heart rate (HRM) of a user based on a model stored in the model unit (132) and the information received from at least one secondary sensor (120) measuring at least one physiological factor influencing heart rate of a user. The heart rate monitor system furthermore comprises a processing unit (131) for correlating the output signal (HR) received from the primary sensor (110) with the estimated or predicted hear rate (HRM) received from the model unit (132) to differentiate the measured heart beats from the artifacts.

Abstract: A method for measuring a neural response to a stimulus. Measurement circuitry is settled prior to a stimulus, by connecting a sense electrode to the measurement circuitry to allow the measurement circuitry to settle towards a bio-electrically defined steady state. Charge is recovered on stimulus electrodes by short circuiting the stimulus electrodes to each other. An electrical stimulus is then applied from the stimulus electrodes to neural tissue, while keeping the sense electrode disconnected from the measurement circuitry. After the stimulus, a delay is imposed during which the stimulus electrodes are open circuited and the sense electrode is disconnected from the measurement circuitry and from the stimulus electrodes. After the delay, a neural response signal present at the sense electrode is measured by connecting the sense electrode to the measurement circuitry.

Abstract: An implantable sensor array incorporates active electronic elements to greatly increase the number of sensors and their density that can be simultaneously recorded and activated. The sensors can be of various configurations and types, for example: optical, chemical, temperature, pressure or other sensors including effectors for applying signals to surrounding tissues. The sensors/effectors are arranged on a flexible and stretchable substrate with incorporated active components that allow the effective size, configuration, number and pattern of sensors/effectors to be dynamically changed, as needed, through a wired or wireless means of communication. Active processing allows many channels to be combined either through analog or digital means such that the number of wires exiting the array can be substantially reduced compared to the number of sensors/effectors on the array.

Abstract: A computer implemented method for processing measurement data from electrocardiogram, ECG, electrodes on a subject. The method includes obtaining a 3D anatomical model of the torso of the subject, and obtaining a 3D image of the torso of the subject. The three dimensional image is aligned with the three-dimensional model. A position of each electrode in the three-dimensional model is determined from the three dimensional image. The positions of the electrodes in the three dimensional model are used for estimating the distribution, fluctuation and/or movement of electrical activity through heart tissue.

Abstract: In a system and computer implemented method for mapping of an anatomic structure and bi-directional activation detection of electrograms such as atrial and/or ventricular electrograms, both positive and negative deflections of an electrogram signal are analyzed over an analysis time period of the signal. At least one characteristic of the electrogram signal is determined based at least in part on analyzing both positive and negative deflections of the signal over the analysis time period. The determined at least one characteristic of the atrial electrogram signal is then associated with a generated three-dimensional model of the anatomic structure.

Abstract: This disclosure is directed to a catheter having a dual multiray electrode assembly at the distal end of the catheter body formed from a plurality of spines with electrodes and a dual multiray electrode assembly at the distal end of the catheter body. The dual multiray electrode assembly may have a proximal multiray array and a distal multiray array, each array comprising a plurality of spines connected at one end. The dual multiray electrode assembly may have an expanded configuration and a collapsed configuration wherein the spines are arranged generally along a longitudinal axis of the catheter body.

Abstract: With explosive penetration of portable electronic devices (PEDs) recent focus into consumer EEG devices has been to bring advantages including localized wireless interfacing, portability, and a low-cost high-performance electronics platform to host the processing algorithms to bear. However, most development continues to focus on brain-controlled video games which are nearly identical to those created for earlier, more stationary consumer EEG devices and personal EEG is treated as of a novelty or toy. According to embodiments of the invention the inventors have established new technologies and solutions that address these limitations within the prior art and provide benefits including, but not limited to, global acquisition and storage of acquired EEG data and processed EEG data, development interfaces for expansion and re-analysis of acquired EEG data, integration to other non-EEG derived user data, and long-term user wearability.

Abstract: Virtually every cancer patient is imaged with CT, PET or MRI. Importantly, such imaging reveals that tumors are complex and heterogeneous, often containing multiple habitats within them. Disclosed herein are methods for analyzing these images to infer cellular and molecular structure in each of these habitats. The methods can involve spatially superimposing two or more radiological images of the tumor sufficient to define regional habitat variations in two or more ecological dynamics in the tumor, and comparing the habitat variations to one or more controls to predict the severity of the tumor.

Abstract: A magnetic resonance imaging apparatus according to an embodiment includes processing circuitry. The processing circuitry is configured to perform control to display a matrix representing inter-regional connectivity between a plurality of regions in a brain. The processing circuitry is configured to perform, based on an attention degree set to each of the regions, control to selectively display part of a plurality of regions arranged along a first axis of the matrix.

Abstract: Methods to obtain three-dimensional models and images for diagnosis of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome are described.

Abstract: An image generation apparatus includes a plurality of electrodes, a plurality of sensor cells, and a controller configured to provide a tomographic image of a measurement object on the basis of an intensity of a magnetic field generated by an alternating current supplied via the plurality of electrodes. The controller acquires the intensity of the magnetic field via the plurality of sensor cells.

Abstract: An acquisition device for electrical impedance analysis for determining body composition parameters includes a control and analysis unit including measuring and processing circuitry and at least two electric lines, each of which lines is connected to the control and analysis unit and has an electrode. Each electrode is dedicated for connection at an assigned measuring position out of a set of predetermined measuring positions. The control and analysis unit is arranged to cause application of alternating current through electrodes and to measure a resulting voltage between electrodes; record a time dependent electric signal generated by cardiac activity of the subject for each pair of electrodes; and by comparing the time dependent electric signals with expected electric signals of cardiac activity for the predetermined measuring positions, assign to the electrodes those measuring positions for which the time dependent electric signals best fit the expected electric signal of the cardiac activity.

Abstract: Methods to generate luminal organ profiles using impedance. One embodiment of such a method comprises the steps of introducing an impedance device having at least two detection electrodes positioned in between at least two excitation electrodes into a treatment site of a luminal organ at a first position, measuring a first treatment site conductance at the first position using the impedance device and at least two injections of solutions having different conductivities, moving the impedance device to a second position in the luminal organ, measuring a second treatment site conductance at the second position using the impedance device and the at least two injections of solutions having different conductivities, calculating a first position cross-sectional area using the first treatment site conductance and a second position cross-sectional area using the second treatment site conductance, and constructing a profile of the treatment site.

Abstract: Embodiments relate to guiding medical care based on detected gastric function. For example, gastric acid stimulant or suppressant is administered, and then a change in the gastric juice H+ concentration is measured. This change is compared to a guidance H+ concentration differential indicative of relatively healthy gastric function. Medical care is guided based on a relatively healthy gastric function if the measured H+ concentration differential is equal to or exceeds the guidance H+ concentration differential, while medical care is guided based on a relatively unhealthy gastric function if the measured H+ concentration differential is less than the guidance H+ concentration differential. Disclosed embodiments implementing this procedure include, but are not limited to, methods, apparatus, processors, computer programs, and computer-readable mediums.

Abstract: A system for assisting in a surgical process, comprising: (a) a surgical device taken from a group consisting of a surgical tool and a surgical implant; (b) a positional sensor carried by the surgical device, the positional sensor including a wireless transmitter and associated circuitry for transmitting sensor data from the transmitter; and (c) a computer system including a wireless receiver and signal conditioning circuitry and hardware for converting sensor data received by the wireless receiver into at least one of (i) audio feedback of positional information for the surgical device and (ii) visual feedback of positional information for the surgical device.

Abstract: An image obtaining unit obtains actual endoscope images, and a virtual endoscope image generating unit generates virtual endoscope images including a plurality of virtual endoscope branch images. A corresponding virtual endoscope image determining unit obtains a plurality of actual endoscope images which were obtained within a predetermined amount of time before the endoscope reached its current position, compares the plurality of actual endoscope images and the plurality of virtual endoscope branch images, and determines a corresponding virtual endoscope image that corresponds to the branch structure closest to the current position of the endoscope, through which the endoscope has passed. A matching unit performs matching between each of a plurality of actual endoscope path images and a plurality of virtual endoscope path images for each of a plurality of paths. A position identifying unit identifies the current position of a leading end of the endoscope based on the results of matching.

Abstract: A dry powder inhalation device includes in certain embodiments a spin chamber and a cartridge for holding multiple capsules. The capsules contain a dry powder that in certain embodiments includes methacholine. In certain embodiments, an adjustable limiting mechanism is configured to limit inhaled volume through the second passageway. In certain embodiments, the cartridge moves linearly or radially though a portion of the device. In certain embodiments, capsules in the cartridge align with a port in the spin chamber to load into the spin chamber. User inhalation on a mouthpiece of the device generates a vortical airflow and causes the capsules to spin within the chamber, releasing a portion of the dry powder for inhalation. In certain embodiments, the device is used for an inhalation diagnostic challenge.

Abstract: A monitoring and alerting system can be used in any condition with a respiration component. Respiratory symptoms as well as supporting physiological functions are tracked against the user's baseline and alerts the user when there is a worsening trend. The system is self-contained in a wearable that detects and logs the signals, analyzes them and generates alerts. The wearable is untethered during use and may be attached to the body in various manners, such as with adhesives, clothing, clips, belts, chains, necklaces, ear pieces, clothing circuits or the like. Information can further be transmitted both wirelessly and via wire to devices, cloud storage, or the like.

Abstract: An individual authentication method includes (i) indicating a first position of a user's arm or arms when gripping an electrocardiographic sensor, (ii) measuring the user's electrocardiographic activity at the first position by using the electrocardiographic sensor, (iii) indicating a second position of the user's arm or arms when gripping the electrocardiographic sensor, the second position being different from the first position, (iv) measuring the user's electrocardiographic activity at the second position by using the electrocardiographic sensor, (v) receiving ID information of the user, and (vi) registering, in a database, electrocardiographic authentication information including first authentication information associating the ID information with the user's electrocardiographic activity measured at the first position, and second authentication information associating the ID information with the user's electrocardiographic activity measured at the second position.

Abstract: A camera assembly (3) for use in medical tracking applications, comprising a range camera (4) and a thermographic camera (5) in a fixed relative position.

Abstract: Systems and methods are presented for the diagnosis of middle ear pathological conditions based on spectral signatures. Preferred embodiments provide for detection of one or more analytes from the tympanic membrane. Devices use spectral measurements including spectral imaging to non-invasively identify middle ear pathological conditions including cholesteatoma and acute otitis media by providing real-time information of differentially expressed molecules. Devices and methods can also be used to non-invasively detect and quantify blood analytes from the tympanic membrane.

Abstract: A sensor for sensing a substance such as for example glucose. The sensor is implantable in the body of a living creature. The sensor has a photonic integrated circuit, e.g. silicon-photonics integrated circuit, for spectrally processing radiation interacting with the sample. A continuous monitoring system can also include such a sensor.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided to calibrate an analyte concentration sensor within a biological system, generally using only a signal from the analyte concentration sensor. For example, at a steady state, the analyte concentration value within the biological system is known, and the same may provide a source for calibration. Similar techniques may be employed with slow-moving averages. Variations are disclosed.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided to calibrate an analyte concentration sensor within a biological system, generally using only a signal from the analyte concentration sensor. For example, at a steady state, the analyte concentration value within the biological system is known, and the same may provide a source for calibration. Similar techniques may be employed with slow-moving averages. Variations are disclosed.

Abstract: Methods, computers, and systems used to improve accuracy of analyte level measurement of an in vivo positioned analyte sensor are disclosed herein. The methods, computers, and systems disclosed herein may be used to provide a calibrated analyte level. Specific embodiments relate to methods, computers, and systems for improving accuracy of glucose measurement of an in vivo positioned glucose sensor.

Abstract: A measurement apparatus includes a measurement unit, a light emitter configured to emit light onto a test site of a subject, a light receiver configured to receive reflected light from the test site, a pressure detector configured to detect pressure on the measurement unit, and a calculator configured to calculate a concentration of a predetermined component in blood of the subject contacting the measurement unit based on output of the light receiver when the pressure is within a first range and on output of the light receiver when the pressure is within a second range.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods of performing a liquid molecular biopsy on a subject using high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) energy. The present disclosure also provides methods of diagnosing a disease or a risk of a disease, such as a cancer, in a subject. The present disclosure further provides methods of treating one or more tissue masses (e.g., nodules, tumors, cysts, lesions, cells of unknown significance etc.) in a subject. In some embodiments, the methods are non-invasive or minimally invasive.

Abstract: A method implemented using a device to measure hemodynamic parameters is provided. The method includes transmitting, by the client device, a message to the server. The method includes capturing, by a camera, a first image of a plurality of images of a target region while two light emitting diode (LED) sensors emit light, via a collimated lens, on the target region. The method also includes capturing, by the camera, a second image of the plurality of images of the target region while the two LED sensors emit light, via the collimated lens, on the target region. The second image is captured a predetermined time after the first image is captured. The method further includes determining one or more hemodynamic parameters based on a difference between the first captured image and the second captured image.

Abstract: A method for calibrating detectors of a self-contained, tissue oximetry device includes emitting light from a light source into a tissue phantom, detecting in a plurality of detectors the light emitted from the light source, subsequent to reflection from the tissue phantom, and generating a set of detector responses by the plurality of detectors based on detecting the light emitted from the light source. The method further includes determining a set of differences between the set of detector responses and a reflectance curve for the tissue phantom, and generating a set of calibration functions based on the set of differences. Each calibration function in the set of calibration functions is associated with a unique, light source-detector pair. The method further includes storing the set of calibration function in a memory of the self-contained, tissue oximetry device.

Abstract: Apparatus for optical tissue detection and discrimination between a tissue of a user and non-tissue materials and method of optical tissue detection and discrimination between a tissue of a user and non-tissue materials are provided. The apparatus for optical tissue detection includes one or more of light sources. The apparatus can further include at least one photodetector. A processor can be operable to determine whether the detected light is from a tissue of a user.

Abstract: A biological fluid collection device that is adapted to receive a blood sample having a cellular portion and a plasma portion is disclosed. After collecting the blood sample, the biological fluid collection device is able to transfer the blood sample to a point-of-care testing device or a biological fluid separation and testing device. After transferring the blood sample, the biological fluid separation and testing device is able to separate the plasma portion from the cellular portion and analyze the blood sample and obtain test results.

Abstract: A blood sampling device is provided having holder with a manipulating end and an absorbent probe on the opposing end. The probe is of hydrophilic polymer sized to directly absorb a predetermined volume of up to about 30 microliters of blood. Ribs on the holder position the probe within a compartment of a container to prevent contact with the container. The ribs also position the probe within extraction wells.