Abstract: A reference signal transmission method in a downlink MIMO system is disclosed. The downlink MIMO system supports a first UE supporting N transmission antennas among a total of M transmission antennas (where M>N) and a second UE supporting the M transmission antennas. The method includes transmitting, by a base station (BS), subframe-associated information which designates a first subframe in which data for the first UE and the second UE is transmitted and a second subframe in which data only for the second UE can be transmitted within a radio frame having a plurality of subframes, and transmitting the first subframe and the second subframe. Reference signals corresponding to antenna ports ‘0’ to ‘N?1’ of the N antennas are mapped to the first subframe, and reference signals corresponding to antenna ports ‘0’ to ‘M?1’ of the M antennas are mapped to the second subframe.

Abstract: The present invention is designed to provide a communication system, a base station apparatus, a terminal apparatus and a communication method that can support the diversification of communication. In the communication system of the present invention, in which a terminal apparatus receives a downlink data signal transmitted from a base station apparatus (eNB) in a radio resource region for a downlink data signal, the base station apparatus transmits a terminal-specific reference signal in the radio resource region for the downlink data signal to the terminal apparatus (UE), and the terminal apparatus measures channel quality information based on the terminal-specific reference signal and transmits the measured channel quality information to the base station apparatus.

Abstract: The present invention is designed to provide a base station apparatus, a radio communication terminal, a radio communication system and a radio communication method which can reduce the cost required for MTC terminals when an LTE system is employed in the network domain of a machine communication system. A base station apparatus communicates with a first communication terminal in a first frequency band and also communicates with a second communication terminal in a second frequency band of a narrower bandwidth than the first frequency band, and includes: an allocation control section that allocates an extended downlink control channel which is frequency-division-multiplexed with a downlink shared data channel, in a predetermined frequency region in the second frequency band; and a mapping section that maps a common control signal that is common between the second communication terminals at least, in a common search space of the extended downlink control channel.

Abstract: A method and device for monitoring a control channel in a wireless communication system are provided. In particular, in consideration of multiple carrier aggregation, indication information is provided which includes information on a cell for monitoring a downlink control channel and information on a channel type defined to identify whether a downlink control channel to be transmitted from a corresponding cell is a legacy PDCCH (LPDCCH) or an enhanced PDCCH (EPDCCH). The indication information may be set in consideration of whether to arrange cross carrier scheduling. Thus, a terminal uses the indication information to adaptively monitor LPDCCH and/or EPDCCH through a predetermined search section of a corresponding cell. Thus, it is possible to adaptively schedule a downlink control channel and an enhanced downlink control channel.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for configuring a control channel between a first transceiver and a second transceiver in a communication system are provided. The method includes generating, by the first transceiver, a signaling message including information for the control channel; transmitting, by the first transceiver, the signaling message including information for the control channel to the second transceiver; generating, by the first transceiver, the control channel based on the information for the control channel; and transmitting, by the first transceiver, the generated control channel to the second transceiver, wherein the information for the control channel includes resource assignment information, and reference signal information.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method and device for simultaneous transmission of ACK/NACK feedback information and periodic CQI/PMI/RI feedback bits. By way of using the technical solution of the embodiments of the present invention, the periodic CQI/PMI/RI feedback bits and ACK/NACK feedback information can be simultaneously transmitted in the same uplink sub-frame using PUCCH format 3 in an LTE-A system, thus avoiding the situation that the transmission of the periodic CQI/PMI/RI information needs to be abandoned when the ACK/NACK feedback information and the periodic CQI/PMI/RI information are transmitted simultaneously in the same uplink sub-frame, improving the feedback efficiency of the uplink control information.

Abstract: A method for transmitting an uplink signal by a communication apparatus in a wireless communication system is discussed. The method includes multiplexing control information with at least one of a plurality of data blocks to generate a bit sequence; and transmitting the uplink signal including the bit sequence. When the control information includes a first type of control data, the control information is multiplexed with all of the plurality of data blocks. When the control information includes a second type of control data, the control information is multiplexed only with a specific data block among the plurality of data blocks. The first type of control data includes acknowledgement/negative acknowledgement (ACK/NACK) information, and the second type of control data includes channel quality information.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present invention relates to a method in which a base station transmits a signal in a wireless communication system, comprising: a step of generating a reception acknowledgement response to the uplink data received from a terminal; and a step of mapping the reception acknowledgement response to a downlink time-frequency resource and transmitting the mapped result. The downlink time-frequency resource is located on a resource region excluding the control region indicated by a physical control format indicator channel, and associated with the index of the resource block with which the uplink data is transmitted.

Abstract: According to various embodiments, a communication method may be provided. The communication method may include: at least one of sending a first data unit including a physical layer (PHY) header or receiving a first data unit including a PHY header. The PHY header may include at least a field to indicate whether a response data unit is intended to follow the first data unit, and to indicate the type of the response data unit, when a response data unit is intended to follow the first data unit. The type of the response data unit may be used to estimate the duration of the response data unit.

Abstract: An on-vehicle electronic device creates a first signal and a second signal, and designates the number of times of transmitting the second signal. When noise is generated, the first signal includes information indicating a period of time to receive a signal by the portable device longer than that when noise is not generated. When noise is generated, the number of times of transmitting the second signal to a portable device by the on-vehicle electronic device to be designated is larger than that when noise is not generated. For the period of time to receive a signal indicated by the first signal, the portable device receives a signal.

Abstract: A method for transmitting uplink control information by a user equipment (UE) configured with a plurality of cells including a primary cell and a secondary cell in a wireless communication system is discussed. The method includes identifying, by the UE, a Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest-Acknowledgement (HARQ-ACK)(0) and a HARQ-ACK(1); and transmitting, by the UE, bits b(0)b(1) using a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) resource among a plurality of PUCCH resources based on the HARQ-ACK(0) and the HARQ-ACK(1) to a base station (BS) for identifying the HARQ-ACK(0) and the HARQ-ACK(1). The b(0)b(1) and the PUCCH resource are given according to a relation including Table 1, where the HARQ-ACK(0) indicates an ACK/Negative ACK (ACK/NACK)/Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) response to a data block related to the primary cell, and the HARQ-ACK(1) indicates an ACK/NACK/DTX response to a data block related to the secondary cell.

Abstract: An access point including a medium access control module and an acknowledgment generating module. The medium access control module designates a predetermined time period to communicate with a first set of client stations, and instructs a second set of client stations to transmit data at a time other than the predetermined time period. The acknowledgment generating module generates a plurality of acknowledgements in response to receiving data from the first set of client stations during the predetermined time period. The medium access control module aggregates the plurality of acknowledgements in a single aggregated frame. The single aggregated frame includes a plurality of sub-frames. Each sub-frame of the single aggregated frame includes one of the plurality of acknowledgements. The medium access control module transmit the single aggregated frame to the first set of client stations during the predetermined time period.

Abstract: A radio access network node (e.g., base station system), a mobile station, and various methods are described herein that increase the size and/or efficiency of an ack/nack bitmap in one or more control messages (e.g., Packet Downlink Ack/Nack message(s)). The mobile station when operating in a Downlink Multi Carrier mode sends the one or more control messages to the radio access network node.

Abstract: The invention relates methods for triggering channel quality feedback for at least one of plural component carriers of a communication system available for downlink transmission. The invention suggests a mechanism for triggering channel quality feedback from a terminal where the downlink control signaling overhead for the selection of component carrier(s) to be reported on is minimized. One aspect of the invention is a new interpretation of a predetermined format for dedicated control information comprising a CQI request flag, which is depending on the status of the CQI request flag. In case the CQI request flag is set at least one further bit of the dedicated control information is interpreted as information indicative of the one or more component carriers available for downlink transmission to the terminal and the terminal is providing channel quality feedback on the channel quality experienced on the indicated component carrier or component carriers.

Abstract: A radio communication device includes: a receiver configured to receive a radio signal; and a processor coupled to the receiver, configured to switch between a first communication mode and a second communication mode in accordance with scheduling of allocation of a time slot to another radio communication device based on the radio signal, communication between the radio communication device and the another radio communication device being executed using time division multiplexing in the first communication mode, and communication between the radio communication device and the another radio communication device being executed using a competitive access method in the second communication mode.

Abstract: An advanced digital beam forming technique is achieved that is capable of simultaneously forming multiple beams and attenuating the cross-pol component at multiple locations. The proposed invention, comprising a series of signal inputs, optimization loops and weighting processes, successfully eliminates the side effect of an increase of the cross-pol in the process of beam-forming, thus reducing potential interference. This technique utilizes the orthogonally polarized signal component which is already available and can minimize both the horizontally polarized and vertically polarized cross-pol at the same time. The complexity of computation can be reduced by using only part of the orthogonal polarized components in the optimization.

Abstract: Methods for UE measurement enhancement in an adaptive TDD configuration network are proposed. In a first solution, the network provides an adaptive TDD indicator to the UE. In a second solution, the network provides an instantaneous TDD configuration to the UE. In a third solution, multiple TDD configurations are grouped as one TDD group, and the network adapts TDD configurations within the same TDD group. In a fourth solution, the network broadcasts a TDD reference configuration in SIB1, and adapts to another TDD configuration with DL super set constraint, i.e., the DL subframes of the other TDD configuration form a super set of the DL subframes of the broadcasted TDD reference configuration.

Abstract: There is provided a method, comprising: applying, by a first node operating under a time division duplex communication scheme, a frame structure comprising an extended transmission part, wherein the extended transmission part at least partially overlaps in time domain with a reception part of a frame structure applied by at least one second node operating at least partially under the same transmission/reception pattern as the first node; and causing specific signaling to the at least one second node in the extended transmission part.

Abstract: A method and a system for implementing time division duplex configuration of a secondary serving cell are provided. A primary base station receives time division duplex TDD configuration information of a secondary serving cell and an identity of the secondary serving cell from a secondary base station, where the TDD configuration information of the secondary serving cell is allocated by the secondary base station to the secondary serving cell. The primary base station sends the TDD configuration information of the secondary serving cell and the identity of the secondary serving cell to a terminal, so that the terminal determines an uplink-downlink subframe allocation of the secondary serving cell according to the TDD configuration information.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for managing faults at the tail end of the user plane associated with an MBMS bearer. A fault detection time interval associated with the MBMS bearer can be defined and monitored. A fault can be detected in response to determining that the defined time interval has elapsed without receipt of a synchronization packet. Mechanisms for detecting, indicating, localizing and repairing MBMS bearer faults are described.

Abstract: A method of operating a clock circuit can include transmitting a clock signal from a transmitter of a first system to a receiver of a second system, where a first repeating edge of a clock cycle of the clock signal repeats at a predetermined constant frequency within the clock signal to synchronize operations of the second system, and varying, by the first system, a second edge within the clock cycle of the clock signal to transmit a data transmission within the clock signal.

Abstract: A multiple input multiple output (MIMO) calibration device (360) for calibrating a phase relationship between at least two signals present on at least two radio frequency (RF) paths coupling a wireless communication unit and the MIMO calibration device (360) is described. The MIMO calibration device (360) is operably coupleable via at least two RF paths between a wireless communication unit and an antenna arrangement (219).

Abstract: A method and system provides for execution of calibration cycles from time to time during normal operation of the communication channel. A calibration cycle includes de-coupling the normal data source from the transmitter and supplying a calibration pattern in its place. The calibration pattern is received from the communication link using the receiver on the second component. A calibrated value of a parameter of the communication channel is determined in response to the received calibration pattern. The steps involved in calibration cycles can be reordered to account for utilization patterns of the communication channel. For bidirectional links, calibration cycles are executed which include the step of storing received calibration patterns on the second component, and retransmitting such calibration patterns back to the first component for use in adjusting parameters of the channel at first component.

Abstract: A clock generation circuit may include a reference clock generator configured to generate a pair of first reference clocks in an offset code generation mode, a triggering unit configured to generate a pair of second reference clocks from the pair of first reference clocks, a pulse detector configured to generate a duty detection signal based on a phase difference between the pair of second reference clocks, a correction code generator configured to generate a reference correction code based on the duty detection signal, and an offset code generator configured to generate an offset code based on the reference correction code and a preset reference code.

Abstract: A method distributes clock synchronization information within an optical communications network having a plurality of network elements. The method receives an ingress clock synchronization message at a first network element. The ingress clock synchronization message includes a clock synchronization message identifier and a correction field. The clock synchronization message identifier is inserted into an optical channel frame overhead and the ingress clock synchronization message is inserted into an optical channel frame payload. The optical channel frame overhead and the optical channel frame payload are transmitted across the first network element, across the network to a second network element, and across the second network element. A transit time of the clock synchronization message identifier is determined across each of the network elements.

Abstract: In a wireless communication system where communication devices exchange information utilizing physical layer (PHY) data units that conform to a first format, where the first format includes a short training field (STF) that includes exactly N repetitions of a spreading sequence, a method for generating a PHY data unit that conforms to a second format, where the second format has a longer STF than the first format, includes generating an STF of the PHY data unit that includes M instances of the spreading sequence, where M is greater than N, and generating a channel estimation field (CEF).

Abstract: A carrier generator includes a phase accumulator configured to receive a frequency command word (FCW) signal. The carrier generator includes an adder connected to the phase accumulator; and a loop filter configured to receive an output of the adder. The carrier generator includes a plurality of tuning arrangements, each tuning arrangement is configured to receive an output of the loop filter. Each tuning arrangement includes an electronic oscillator configured to receive the output of the loop filter. Each tuning arrangement includes a voltage controlled delay line (VCDL) configured to receive an output of the electronic oscillator, and to provide a tuning arrangement output. Each tuning arrangement includes a phase detector configured to receive a corresponding recovered clock signal and a feedback from a corresponding tuning arrangement output. Each tuning arrangement includes a counter configured to receive an output of the phase detector and to provide an output to the VCDL.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present disclosure provides a phase locked loop. A controllable oscillator generates a radio frequency (RF) signal. A divider is configured to produce a divided RF signal by dividing the RF signal by a division factor. A phase detection circuit is configured to receive a dithered reference signal and the divided RF signal and to produce a phase error signal for controlling the oscillator. A dithering module is configured produce the dithered reference signal and the division factor, in which the dithered reference signal has a randomly changing frequency selected from a plurality of dither frequencies, and in which the division factor is synchronously selected to match a ratio between each selected dither frequency and a target frequency of the RF signal.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a cross-correlator comprises a plurality of analog front ends (AFEs), a cross-correlation circuit and a data serializer. Each of the AFEs comprises a variable gain amplifier (VGA) and a corresponding analog-to-digital converter (ADC) in which the VGA receives and modifies a unique analog signal associates with a measured analog radio frequency (RF) signal and the ADC produces digital data associated with the modified analog signal. Communicatively coupled to the AFEs, the cross-correlation circuit performs a cross-correlation operation on the digital data produced from different measured analog RF signals. The data serializer is communicatively coupled to the summing and cross-correlating matrix and continuously outputs a prescribed amount of the correlated digital data.

Abstract: A communication system has a host communication circuit and a client communication circuit, which are connected to each other by means of a single signal wire. The host communication circuit generates a voltage modulated signal on the signal wire based on a reference clock signal, which in each clock cycle has a first period with a significant voltage change based on a clock edge of the reference clock signal, and a second period with a basically constant voltage variation. The host communication circuit (HCC) further can demodulate a current modulated signal received via the signal wire from the client communication circuit. The client communication circuit is configured to detect the significant voltage change in order to generate respective sync pulses in a sync signal, which is used to generate a client clock signal.

Abstract: The invention discloses an encryption processing device and a method capable of defending differential power analysis attack. In the encryption processing device provided by an embodiment of the invention, a SecMasking unit is achieved in a structure that a universal random masking technique services as a basis; a SecPrepare unit is achieved in a structure that a bitwise XOR device services as a basis; and a SecSbox unit is achieved in a mode that table look-up results are updated longitudinally and transversely in real time on the basis of a random masking technique. According to the encryption processing device and method, work power consumption of a cryptographic operation equipment circuit can have no relation with operation data and calculation operations. In addition, the encryption processing device and method can be widely used for encrypting and decrypting operation cryptographic equipment needing high safety performance.

Abstract: A method for encoding encrypted data for further processing includes: receiving an input data vector of length m; splitting the input data vector to k multiple vectors; multiplying each of the multiple vectors by a power of 2 to obtain k number of intermediate vectors; summing the k number of intermediate vectors to obtain a single summed vector; encrypting the single summed vector to obtain an encrypted vector; sending the encrypted vector to an operational unit to have the encrypted vector operated on to obtain a processed encrypted vector; receiving the processed encrypted vector; decrypting the received encrypted vector; dividing the processed decrypted vector by a power of 2, modulus a power of 2 to obtain multiple transitional vectors of the same dynamic range and the same length; and concatenating the multiple transitional vectors to obtain a recovered vector of length m.

Abstract: Security for network communications is internally generated by an industrial control system (ICS). The ICS is assembled in a known-good environment prior to connecting to another network. While in the known-good environment, one or more components of the ICS auto-negotiate (40) with other components, assigning (42) security tokens. These certificates are used to internally secure communications between the components prior to any connection to other devices and without relying on external provisioning of the security tokens during commissioning (30) of the ICS.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for facilitating remote key management services in a collaborative cloud-based environment. In one embodiment, the remote key management architecture and techniques described herein provide for local key encryption and automatic generation of a reason code associated with content access. The reason code is used by a remote client device (e.g., an enterprise client) to control a second (remote) layer of key encryption. The remote client device provides client-side control and configurability of the second layer of key encryption.

Abstract: A method and system are provided for processing encrypted messages at a mobile device. A mobile device receives an encrypted message that comprises encrypted content as well as encryption information for accessing the encrypted content. At the mobile device, the encryption accessing information is obtained and stored to memory. The encryption accessing information is retrieved from memory in order to decrypt the encrypted content when the encrypted message is subsequently accessed.

Abstract: A label includes a first readable object encoding a trust anchor. The trust anchor is encrypted with a cryptographic key. The attestation label further includes a second readable object encoding attestation service information and encoding an identification code. The identification code is encrypted using the trust anchor. The attestation label further includes a non-encoded representation of the identification code.

Abstract: A method and arrangement is disclosed for managing session keys for secure communication between a first and at least a second user device in a communications network. The method is characterized being independent of what type of credential each user device implements for security operations. A first user receives from a first key management server keying information and a voucher and generates a first session key. The voucher is forwarded to at least a responding user device that, with support from a second key management server communicating with the first key management server, resolves the voucher and determines a second session keys. First and second session keys are, thereafter, used for secure communication. In one embodiment the communication traverses an intermediary whereby first and second session keys protect communication with respective leg to intermediary.

Abstract: Mechanisms for operating a prover device and a verifier device so that the verifier device can verify the authenticity of the prover device. The prover device generates a data string by: (a) submitting a challenge to a physical unclonable function (PUF) to obtain a response string, (b) selecting a substring from the response string, (c) injecting the selected substring into the data string, and (d) injecting random bits into bit positions of the data string not assigned to the selected substring. The verifier: (e) generates an estimated response string by evaluating a computational model of the PUF based on the challenge; (f) performs a search process to identify the selected substring within the data string using the estimated response string; and (g) determines whether the prover device is authentic based on a measure of similarity between the identified substring and a corresponding substring of the estimated response string.

Abstract: A method and algorithm of authentication between parties includes receiving a randomly generated binary string. A shared secret of the parties is combined with the randomly generated binary string to form a new binary string. A binary pair (A, B) is initiated; a first bit of the new binary string is read. A current value of B is added to A when the read bit is zero, and a current value of A is added to B when the read bit is one. A next bit of the new binary string is read. The steps of adding the current values and reading a next bit are repeated until all bits have been read. A resulting binary pair (A, B) is returned after all of the bits have been read. Ephemeral Diffie-Hellman public keys are securely exchanged between the parties. Challenge responses are exchanged and a session key is agreed upon.

Abstract: A method of using a hardware security module and an adjunct application programming interface to harden tokenization security and encryption key rotation is disclosed. In various embodiments, the method comprises receiving encrypted data at a processor of a computer system, decrypting the encrypted data to cleartext in the processor, and issuing a unique token associated with the data.

Abstract: A communication system may include a pair of mobile wireless communications each including a contactless short-range communication subsystem. The first mobile wireless communications obtains subscriber identity data from the second mobile wireless communication when input matching a shared secret is provided on the second mobile wireless communication. The subscriber identity data from the first mobile wireless communication is subsequently used by the second mobile wireless communication to establish a wireless voice and/or data communication session on the second mobile wireless communication using the subscriber identity data of the first mobile wireless communication.

Abstract: A hierarchical key generation and distribution mechanism for a computer system in which devices are organized into secure enclaves. The mechanism enables network access to be tailored to approximate minimum needed privileges for each device. At the lowest level of the hierarchy, keys are used to form security associations between devices. Keys at each level of the hierarchy are generated from keys at a higher level of the hierarchy and key derivation information. Key derivation information is readily ascertainable, either from identifiers for devices or from within messages, supporting hardware offload of cryptographic functions. Because keys may be generated based on the enclaves in which the hosts participating in a security association are located, the system includes a mechanism by which devices can discover the enclave in which they are located.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are disclosed to self authorize platform code. A disclosed example apparatus to verify safety of a policy data structure (PDS) of a computing platform includes a processor and a memory including instructions that, when executed, cause the processor to, at least retrieve a hash of a PDS stored in a Trusted Platform Module (TPM), the PDS stored in the TPM at a first time and indicative of a combination of platform control registers (PCRs) to be used with the platform, calculate a hash of a PDS associated with platform update code in response to a platform code update request at a second time; and verify the hash of the PDS associated with the platform update code is safe when (a) the comparison between the hash of the PDS associated with the platform update code matches the hash of the PDS in the TPM and (b) the combination of the PCRs in the PDS stored in the TPM at the first time matches a combination of PCRs represented in the platform update code at the second time.

Abstract: A method transmits a signal using a unidirectional communications link, which is protected by an asymmetric cryptography method. A counter value is incremented by a transmitter during a transmission operation. Subsequently, a challenge is determined by the transmitter on the basis of the counter value and a control command that can be executed by a receiver and, on the basis of the challenge that is determined a response is in turn determined. The challenge and the response are transmitted from the transmitter to the receiver. The challenge received is then checked by the receiver to see whether the counter value used in the challenge is greater than a counter value previously stored by the transmitting transmitter. The response received is checked on the basis of the challenge. Following successful checking of the challenge and response, the control command transmitted in the challenge is executed.

Abstract: Various embodiments provide techniques and devices for protecting application secrets from operating system attacks. In some examples, applications execute with an isolated user mode of a secure execution environment, while relying on an operating system executing within a separate execution environment for resource management and system services. A proxy kernel can control access by the operating system to data associated with the secure execution environment. Further, the proxy kernel can act as a transparent interface between isolated user mode applications and the operating system during the provision of resource management and system services.

Abstract: A long-term signature verification server receives long-term signature data configured using signing target data, verification information for verifying the signing target data, and long-term verification information for verifying the authenticity of original data from a verifier terminal. The server verifies the signing target data and the verification information for a predetermined period of time, forms long-term verification information forming information by extracting predetermined information included in the long-term signature data, and transmits the long-term verification information forming information to the verifier terminal.

Abstract: The device may receive user information associated with a user. The device may generate a user profile for the user that stores user information and authentication confirmation information. The device may provide a particular cryptographic key and information identifying the user profile. The device may receive a request to authenticate a secure session for a user device from an application server. The device may obtain, based on the user identifier, the authentication confirmation information associated with the user from a data structure storing one or more user profiles. The device may validate the particular response to the particular challenge code based on the authentication confirmation information. The device may provide information to the application server indicating that the secure session is validated for the user device based on validating the authentication information.

Abstract: To initiate the transmission of electrical power over a telecommunications connection from a power-collecting telecommunications interface unit such as a customer premises equipment, connectable to a power supply, to a power-receiving unit such as a curbside electrical/optical interface, when a connection is first established, or the collecting unit is first powered up, or in order to re-establish connection after a power outage, control signals are transmitted between low-power modems in the interface units using a low-power communications protocol. This allows the controlled initiation of a larger power output and a higher speed exchange of data once the full telecommunications connection has been established. A low-powered beacon signal is transmitted over the telecommunications connection by the power-collecting telecommunications interface unit on connection to a power supply, for detection by the power-receiving telecommunications interface unit.

Abstract: A computing device or control plane device functioning as or implementing the functions of a network node in a multicast communication network. The multicast communication network includes a multicast tree to provide connectivity from a common source node to one or more multicast recipient nodes. The multicast communication network further includes a set of secondary paths to provide redundancy to the multicast tree. The computing device executes a plurality of virtual machines for implementing network function virtualization (NFV), wherein a virtual machine from the plurality of virtual machines is configured to implement a method for an enhanced fast re-route mechanism to provide increased failure coverage to the multicast communication network.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to systems and methods for identifying a person using a home automation system, and using data collected from a television distribution system and data collected by sensors in a home automation system to identify a person. An example method or system includes receiving television programming from a television service provider, detecting target data in the television programming associated with a virtual person, identifying characteristics of the virtual person, detecting home automation data associated with a local person, identifying characteristics of the local person, comparing the characteristics of the virtual person and the characteristics of the local person, and transmitting a portion of the target data and a portion of the home automation data to an electronic device for displaying.