Abstract: A power module includes a substrate, a first sub-module, a second sub-module and a circuit board. The semiconductor switches and the diodes of the first sub-module and the second sub-module are embedded within insulation layers. Consequently, the first sub-module and the second sub-module are formed as a high-voltage-side switching element and a low-voltage-side switching element of a bridge circuit. The first sub-module and the second sub-module are disposed on a first surface of the substrate. An electrode of the first sub-module and some electrodes of the second sub-module are electrically connected with corresponding conducting parts of a circuit board. A heat sink is disposed on a second surface of the substrate.

Abstract: A voltage control device includes an output module and a control module. The output module provides an output current at an output terminal thereof based on a control voltage. The control module includes a comparing circuit, a capacitor, a charging circuit and a discharging circuit. The comparing circuit compares a to-be-compared voltage, which is associated at least with a to-be-controlled voltage at the output terminal of the output module, with a predetermined reference voltage to generate a comparison signal. The capacitor provides the control voltage. The charging circuit is operable to charge the capacitor based on the comparison signal. The discharging circuit is operable to discharge the capacitor based on the comparison signal.

Abstract: A power conversion device converts three-phase AC power into DC power by two-arm PWM modulation control and includes a main circuit that is constituted by a plurality of switching elements that are bridge-connected therein; a voltage-command generation unit that generates a voltage command value for the main circuit; a current detection unit that detects at least one of output currents of the main circuit; a power-factor calculation unit that calculates a power factor on the basis of the output current and the voltage command value; a carrier-signal generation unit that generates a carrier signal of a frequency corresponding to the power factor; and a PWM-signal generation unit 6 that compares the voltage command value and the carrier signal to generate a PWM signal that executes switching control on the switching elements.

Abstract: A power converter and a method for operating a power converter are disclosed. In an embodiment the method for operating a power converter includes maintaining a first electronic switch switched off and an inductor demagnetized for a pause period before at least one of the plurality of drive cycles, pre-magnetizing the inductor connected in series with the first electronic switch, and discharging a parasitic capacitance of the first electronic switch using energy stored in the inductor by pre-magnetizing. The method further includes after discharging the parasitic capacitance, switching on for an on-period the first electronic switch.

Abstract: A device and method for generating single/split or three phase AC voltages from a DC source with 1 to 2 times gain in output voltage without using any DC/DC boost or an output transformer. An isolation/multiplexer/mixer circuit successively charges multiple power modules, allowing each power module to generate output voltage(s) with desired magnitudes and phases, and allows independent outputs of each power converter modules to be reconnected to obtain up to two times the conventional possible output voltage. An isolation block eliminates the common mode noise problem. The gain in output voltage and isolation between the output converters eliminates the need of the front end DC/DC converter or an output transformer for most of the DC voltage sources, which improves cost, power density, efficiency and reliability of the inverter.

Abstract: A method for controlling output energy of a power system includes following steps: Using a controlling unit to detect a phase offset between voltage and current of an AC power outputted from the power system. When the power system enters an energy-storage cycle, the controlling unit makes a power conversion unit output the AC power having a first preset power factor and store a partial energy of an AC grid in an energy-storage unit when the AC power is in a reactive power area. When the power system enters an energy-release cycle, the controlling unit makes the power conversion unit output the AC power having a second preset power factor and release the energy stored in the energy-storage unit, wherein an average value of the power factor in the energy-storage cycle and the energy-release cycle is the same as a preset average power factor.

Abstract: A driver assembly comprises several semiconductor switches that are arranged in a plane so that distances between adjacent semiconductor switches in the plane are equally large, and so that each semiconductor switch has the same number of adjacent semiconductor switches.

Abstract: A method for converting power including controlling operation of a plurality of series connected modules including a DC power sources and storage devices such that the total voltage across the series connected modules comprises an AC signal. A storage parameter is defined based on a sum of a function of the voltages in the storage devices in the modules and one or more voltage control levels are defined for each of or a plurality of the storage devices. An average current drawn from the series connected modules over a time period is set such that the storage parameter approaches a target value. The target value is decreased for a subsequent time period in the event that none the voltage control levels are reached and increased in the event that one or more of the voltage control levels are reached.

Abstract: In a power conversion system, when a frequency of a ripple current, flowing into a power supply line of a direct current power source, is equal to a resonance frequency of an LC filter, a resonance is efficiently restricted. In the LC filter connected between the direct current power source and an inverter circuit, an N channel MOSFET is arranged between a capacitor and ground. When a BPF detects an occurrence of the resonance in the LC filter, an inverting amplifier operates the N channel MOSFET and changes a series resistance value of a current path on which the capacitor is arranged.

Abstract: According to one aspect, embodiments of the invention provide an inverter system including an input having a positive DC node and a negative DC node coupled to a DC power source to receive input DC power, an output coupled to a load to provide output AC power, a first inverter leg including a first and a second switching device, a second inverter leg including a third and a fourth switching device, the first inverter leg and the second inverter leg being adapted to convert the input DC power to the output AC power, a current sensor coupled to one of the negative and the positive DC node, and a controller assembly adapted to measure a current through the current sensor and determine an inductor current through an inductor coupled to the output, an input current, and an output current based at least on the current through the current sensor.

Abstract: A board arrangement structure includes a housing, a first board fastened to the housing, a second board arranged in parallel enabling, relative movement with respect to the first board, an electrically charged film, a counter electrode, and an output part outputting electric power generated between the electrically charged film and the counter electrode, at least one of the electrically charged film and the counter electrode being arranged at a first facing surface of the first board and the other being arranged at a second facing surface of the second board facing the first facing surface, and the first facing surface of the first board being, fastened to a reference mounting surface provided at the housing.

Abstract: There is provided a power generating element which is capable of converting vibration energy in various directions into electric energy without waste and less likely to be damaged even upon application of excessive vibration. Made available is a main generating structure (MGS) in which a first layer (100), a second layer (200) and a third layer (300) are laminated. The second layer (200) has a plate-like bridge portion (210), a central plate-like portion (220), a left-hand side plate-like portion (230) and a right-hand side plate-like portion (240), each of which is flexible, and the third layer (300), that is a weight body, formed in the “U” letter shape is joined with the lower surface thereof. The plate-like bridge portion (210) is protected by the weight body (300) circumference thereof.

Abstract: A time control system for multiple motors is provided in the present disclosure. The time control system includes an event generating module for generating event information corresponding to an event, a control module for analyzing the event information, a signal selecting module for selecting vibrating information according to the event information, a motor module comprising multiple motors, and a driving module for driving the multiple motors in the motor module to vibrate. The control module is further configured for determining whether the vibrating information need to be delayed, and the time control system further includes a delay module for delaying the vibrating information for a time period before sending the vibrating information to the driving module to delay driving the motor module.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a controlled field alternator or utility source of electrical power, a segmented waveform converter, and a controller. The source of electrical power is configured to generate a polyphase signal. The synchronous inverter includes multiple switches connected between the polyphase signal of the source of electrical power and an output filter. The controller is configured to provide a control signal for the switches based on measured electrical quantities associated with the output filter and may provide a field control signal to the controlled field alternator. The apparatus may be applied to a vehicle, a lawnmower, a zero turn radius lawnmower, or another type of machine.

Abstract: A motor control system is provided for compensating disturbance. The system includes a controller that supplies an input voltage to a motor based on the difference between a current command value to a motor and an actual current of the motor. A motor modeling part outputs a motor output current based on an input voltage from the controller and a disturbance observation part is formed as a reverse model of the motor modeling part to remove current noise using a current differentiation filtering method. Additionally, a disturbance compensation amount determination part determines a disturbance compensation amount based on the disturbance estimated by the disturbance observation part.

Abstract: A torque monitoring system includes a rotatable measurement interface and a stationary data receiver. The measurement interface is configured to be attached to a rotatable shaft. The measurement interface includes a strain gauge, a processor, and a near field communication (NFC) transceiver coil. The stationary data receiver is stationary with respect to the rotating shaft. The stationary data receiver includes a processor and an NFC transceiver coil. The rotatable measurement interface receives operating power via its NFC transceiver coil that is derived from a radio signal wirelessly transmitted by the NFC transceiver coil in the stationary data receiver. The processor in the rotatable measurement interface is configured to receive strain gauge signals from the strain gauge indicative of torque on the rotatable shaft and wirelessly transmit digital data indicative of the strain gauge signals through the NFC transceiver coils to the processor in the stationary data receiver.

Abstract: A motor driving control apparatus in embodiments includes: a first signal generator to generate a first signal representing any one rotation angle section of plural rotation angle sections according to a sensor signal that changes every predetermined rotation angle of a rotor; a measurement unit to measure a period of each of the rotation angle sections; a prediction unit to predict a period of a next rotation section based on one or plural measured rotation angle sections; a second signal generator to generate a second signal representing a relative rotation angle of the rotor in the next rotation angle section for each period obtained by dividing the predicted period by a predetermined number; and a third signal generator to generate a third signal corresponding to a rotation angle of the rotor based on the first and second signals.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to a new controller and a new control method for a hydraulic turbine and a synchronous generator, particularly to attenuate the effect of the vortex rope pressure oscillations on the active power.

Abstract: A generator or another type machine includes a controlled field alternator, a segmented waveform converter, and a controller. The controlled field alternator is configured to generate a polyphase signal. The segmented waveform converter includes multiple switches connected between the polyphase signal of the controlled field alternator and an output filter. The controller is configured to provide a control signal for the switches based on measured electrical quantities associated with the output filter and provide a field current control signal to the controlled field alternator.

Abstract: Controller is provided for electromechanical actuator such as an electric brake actuator having a motor driven in response to motor drive signal generated by controller. Controller includes first current limiter and second current limiter. First current limiter limits current command to maximum current limit in response to detecting that current command at least one of exceeds maximum current limit setpoint or is less than minimum current limit setpoint. Second current limiter further limits current and to limited current command in response to detecting that current command exceeds topper current detection limit for specified time duration. Controller may further include intermediate current limiter between first and second current limiters for further limiting current command from first current limiter in response to detecting current command from first current limiter at least one of exceeds maximum power limit setpoint or is less than minimum power limit setpoint.

Abstract: A driving control apparatus includes a controller that generates a first signal for controlling turn-on to a brushless motor, a PWM signal generator that generates a PWM signal for driving the brushless motor by continuous turn-on with a sine wave, and an inverter that supplies a driving voltage generated based on the first signal and the PWM signal for the brushless motor. The controller generates the first signal so that a turn-on section represented by the first signal continuously increases from a reference turn-on angle according to increase of a rotation speed, and the turn-on section having an angle corresponding to the continuous turn-on is kept when the rotation speed is equal to or greater than a predetermined speed. The PWM signal generator outputs the PWM signal in a range including a rotation speed at which the turn-on section begins to increase from the reference turn-on angle and more.

Abstract: The magnetic pole position of a rotary electric machine is electrically derived accurately by reducing a voltage error due to a dead time while suppressing the influence on the operation efficiency of the rotary electric machine. A control device performs dead-time compensation, and performs current feedback control in a d-q-axis vector coordinate system using a magnetic pole position computed on the basis of an induced voltage produced by rotation of a rotor or on the basis of a response component to a high-frequency observation signal applied to the rotary electric machine. In the case where the rotary electric machine is controlled by deciding current commands Id*, Iq* in the d-q-axis vector coordinate system, the rotary electric machine control device controls the rotary electric machine such that the magnitude of an armature current Ia becomes equal to or more than a lower-limit current Ia_min prescribed in advance.

Abstract: A machine learning apparatus includes: a state observation unit that observes a state variable including an error between a position command and an actual position of a rotor, temperature of a motor driving apparatus and the motor, and voltage of each part of the motor driving apparatus; and a learning unit that learns a current feedback offset correction value for correcting an offset in the current feedback value, an inter-current-feedback-phase unbalance correction value for correcting an unbalance between phases in the current feedback value, and a current command correction value for a dead zone for correcting a current command in order to compensate a decreased amount of current due to a dead zone by which switching elements of upper and lower arms in the same phase of an inverter for motor power supply are not simultaneously turned on, in accordance with a training data set defined by the state variable.

Abstract: Systems and methods for operating linear motors, and for determining whether a linear motor has reached the end of its power and return strokes. In one embodiment, an electric drive controller of an ESP system monitors position signals received from the system's linear motor and determines transition time differentials, transition counts from the beginning of a stroke, elapsed stroke times and related parameters. If predetermined conditions relating to these parameters are met, the controller determines that the linear motor's mover has reached the end of its stroke. The controller therefore reverses the phase order of the drive's output power and thereby reverses the direction of the mover.

Abstract: Current amplitudes in a motor can be controlled by summing a first signal indicative of an output current of the motor with a current command signal, integrating the current command signal with respect to time, and applying a first controller gain to a second signal indicative of the output current of the motor to obtain a gain-controlled signal indicative of the output current of the motor. The method further includes applying a second controller gain to the current command signal to obtain a gain-controlled current command signal, summing the gain-controlled signal indicative of the output current of the motor with the gain-controlled current command signal to obtain a voltage signal, and inputting the voltage signal to the motor such that current amplitudes in the motor are controlled.

Abstract: A motor includes an annular stator core including teeth arranged side by side in a circumferential direction on an inner circumferential surface of a back yoke. The motor includes 3n (n is an integer) first coil groups arranged in the circumferential direction at regular intervals, each of the first coil groups being constituted of first coils that are respectively wound, in a concentrated manner, around the teeth arranged adjacent to one another, and that are excited by a first inverter, and also includes 3n second coil groups arranged in the circumferential direction at regular intervals, each of the second coil groups being constituted of second coils that are respectively wound, in a concentrated manner, around the teeth arranged adjacent to one another in positions different from positions of the teeth around which the first coils are wound in a concentrated manner, and that are excited by a second inverter.

Abstract: By providing a configuration for calculating motor control constants to be set in a motor control apparatus automatically on the basis of a target response time constant obtained from a target response time constant input unit, waveform parameters obtained from a waveform parameter input unit, a normalized time constant obtained from a normalized time constant calculation unit, and a motor load inertia obtained from a motor load inertia input unit, it is possible to obtain a motor control constant calculation device that can determine appropriate motor control constants for obtaining a desired response characteristic by automatic calculation while avoiding variation and an increase in the number of steps due to differences in the abilities of users.

Abstract: Methods and systems for controlling an electric motor using a motor controller including a processor are provided. The method includes transmitting, by the processor, a no-spin signal commanding the electric motor not to spin, receiving temperature information associated with a temperature of the electric motor, comparing the temperature information to a predetermined threshold temperature to determine whether the temperature is at a sufficient level to prevent icing, and adjusting current applied to the electric motor when the temperature measurement is below the predetermined threshold.

Abstract: A support device for supporting a solar panel above a base surface includes a body having an upper mounting surface, a lower base surface, and integral ballast. The upper mounting surface is sloped relative to the lower base surface. The support device further includes at least one mounting element projecting upwardly from the upper mounting surface and configured to support a solar panel. A solar panel support system includes first and second support devices spaced apart from one another, each including a body having an upper mounting surface, a lower base surface, and integral ballast, the upper mounting surface being sloped relative to the lower base surface. Each support device further includes first and second mounting elements projecting upwardly from the upper mounting surface and configured to support solar panels. First and second purlins are supported by and extend between the first and second support devices, and are configured to support the solar panels.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to durable solar mirror films, methods of making durable solar mirror films, and constructions including durable solar mirror films. In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a solar mirror film comprising: a multilayer optical film layer including having a coefficient of hygroscopic expansion of less than about 30 ppm per percent relative humidity; and a reflective layer having a coefficient of hygroscopic expansion.

Abstract: The present invention provides a solar panel installation, comprising at least one solar panel comprising photovoltaic cells, and a translucent plate on the upper side, wherein the translucent plate is provided with an electrically conductive layer that is provided in order to have an electric potential applied to it and which is electrically isolated from the photovoltaic cells, such that an electric potential applied to the electrically conductive layer will be uniformly distributed over the upper side of the at least one solar panel. In addition, the invention provides a method for applying the electrically conductive layer and for regenerating and/or preventing defects in the at least one solar panel.

Abstract: An oscillator for generating oscillation signals at two output terminals includes an inductor coupled between the two output terminals, a capacitor coupled between the two output terminals, two P-type transistors and two N-type transistors. Source electrodes of the two P-type transistors are coupled to a supply voltage, and gate electrodes of the two P-type transistors are coupled to the two output terminals, respectively. Source electrodes of the two N-type transistors are coupled to a supply voltage, gate electrodes of the two N-type transistors are coupled to the two output terminals, respectively, and drain electrodes of the two N-type transistors are coupled to drain electrodes of the two P-type transistors, respectively. In addition, the drain electrodes of the two N-type transistors are coupled to two internal nodes of the inductor.

Abstract: A resonator device includes a resonator element, a package that accommodates the resonator element, a temperature control element arranged on a first surface of the package, and a circuit part arranged on a second surface of the package that faces away from the first surface.

Abstract: A balanced up-conversion mixer includes: a load circuit permitting a differential radio frequency (DRF) current signal pair (SP) to flow out and outputting a DRF voltage SP based on its impedance, a DC bias voltage and the DRF current SP; a mixing circuit allowing the DRF current SP to flow thereinto based on a differential intermediate frequency voltage SP, a differential oscillating voltage SP generated based on an oscillating voltage signal by a single-ended to differential conversion circuit, and first and second currents generated by a negative resistance compensation circuit based on a DC bias voltage; and a signal amplifier circuit amplifying the DRF voltage SP to generate a differential output voltage SP.

Abstract: A direct current (DC) bias maintenance circuit operably couples to the input of a primary amplifier. The DC bias maintenance circuit employs feedback to maintain the desired DC bias but lacks any coupling to the output of the primary amplifier. By one approach the DC bias maintenance circuit includes a secondary amplifier that replicates at least some near real-time performance characteristics of the primary amplifier. For example, the secondary amplifier can replicate at least certain DC properties of the primary amplifier such that DC-based changes appearing at the output of the primary amplifier are mirrored at an output of the secondary amplifier notwithstanding a lack of any coupling between the output of the primary amplifier and the DC bias maintenance circuit.

Abstract: Methods and circuits for maximizing gain of a voltage follower circuit are provided. The method includes using a NMOS voltage replica generation circuit, a PMOS voltage replica generation circuit, a NPN BJT voltage replica generation circuit, a n-channel JFET voltage replica generation circuit, a P-Channel JFET voltage replica generation circuit and a PNP BJT voltage replica generation circuit. The overall gain for the various transistor families is almost equal to unity.

Abstract: An embodiment of an amplifier system includes a modifiable signal adjustment device with an RF signal adjustment circuit coupled between first and second nodes. The RF signal adjustment circuit includes an adjustable phase shifter and an adjustable attenuator coupled in series with each other. The device also includes a memory and a controller circuit. The controller circuit retrieves a phase shift value and an attenuation value from the memory. The controller circuit then controls the adjustable phase shifter to apply a phase shift corresponding to the phase shift value to an input RF signal received at the first node, and controls the adjustable attenuator to apply an attenuation corresponding to the attenuation value to the input RF signal. Applying the phase shift and the attenuation results in an output RF signal at the second node.

Abstract: A device for integrating an electric current during a period Tint, including an operational amplifier and a capacitor connected between a first input and an output of the amplifier, a second input of the amplifier being taken to a voltage VBUS, output voltage Vout of the amplifier being saturated at a high voltage VsatH and a low voltage VsatH according to the charge quantity in the capacitor. The device also includes: a circuit for switching the terminals of the capacitor; and a circuit for triggering the circuit at least once during period Tint when voltage Vout both grows and is substantially equal to a reference voltage VREF, the voltage VREF being smaller than or equal to voltage VsatH, and reference voltage VREF and voltage VBUS being selected to comply with relation 2·VBUS?VREF?VsatL; and a storage circuit for storing the number of triggerings having occurred between the initial time and the end time of the integration period.

Abstract: RF amplification system includes a power cavity and a coupling loop operably positioned within the power cavity between an inner conductor and an outer conductor. The coupling loop includes a secured segment that is coupled to the grounding deck and a movable segment that is coupled to the secured segment. The secured segment extends between the grounding deck and the movable segment. The coupling loop defines a loop region that correlates to an amount of inductive coupling between the coupling loop and magnetic field within the power cavity. The movable segment is movable relative to the secured segment while the secured segment is stationary to change a size of the loop region and thereby change the amount of inductive coupling.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are disclosed for providing output signal swings that are greater than the supply voltage in a class-D amplifier. The amplifier circuit boosts the voltage across the amplifier load, such as a loudspeaker, by using capacitors to “charge pump” the voltage across the load and thus increase the voltage temporarily. This is done by using two or more output bridges rather than one, and connecting the bridges through the capacitors. For signals of less than the supply voltage, only an inner bridge, similar to a full bridge of the prior art, operates. For signals above the supply voltage, an outer bridge charges capacitors, which are then used to ‘boost’ the voltage on the bridge output for the short period of the Class-D switching period. Thus, only relatively small value boosting capacitors are needed, as they do not need to supply charge for very long.

Abstract: A main amplifier generates an output signal SOUT according to a difference between first and second voltages VP and VN. A first gm amplifier is arranged as a differential input stage. A second, fully differential, gm amplifier amplifies a voltage difference between its non-inverting and inverting input terminals, and outputs a differential current signal I3N/I3P via its inverting and non-inverting output terminals. An integrator integrates a differential input current I4P/I4N input via its non-inverting and inverting input terminals, and samples and holds the signal every predetermined period, to generate a differential voltage signal. A first selector is arranged as an upstream stage of the second gm amplifier, and outputs the differential input signal without change or otherwise after swapping. A second selector is arranged as a downstream stage of the second gm amplifier, and outputs the signal I3N/I3P output from the second gm amplifier without change or otherwise after swapping.

Abstract: A method of optimizing the low frequency audio response emanating from a pair of low frequency transducers housed within a cabinet. The low frequency transducers are electrically connected to a power amplifier and source of audio content. The resonant frequency (Fs) and amplitude (Q) are characterized as to the high-pass pole of the low frequency transducers as they are mounted within the cabinet. An equalizer is placed between the amplifier and source of audio content for canceling the complex pole of the low frequency transducers and for establishing a new complex pole at a cut off frequency below which the sound generated by the low frequency transducers will diminish.

Abstract: A system is provided for limiting distortion of an audio speaker. The system includes a first lowpass filter circuitry that is configured to receive a system input signal and generate a first lowpass filtered output signal. The system also includes a first limiter circuitry that is configured to limit the first lowpass filtered output signal. Limiting the first low pass filtered output signal includes reducing an amplitude of the first lowpass filtered output signal below a first predetermined threshold value, thereby to generate a first limited output signal. A second lowpass filter circuitry is configured to receive the first limited output signal and to generate a second lowpass filtered output signal.

Abstract: Systems and methods for growing hexagonal crystal structure piezoelectric material with a c-axis that is tilted (e.g., 25 to 50 degrees) relative to normal of a face of a substrate are provided. A deposition system includes a linear sputtering apparatus, a translatable multi-aperture collimator, and a translatable substrate table arranged to hold multiple substrates, with the substrate table and/or the collimator being electrically biased to a nonzero potential. An enclosure includes first and second deposition stations each including a linear sputtering apparatus, a collimator, and a deposition aperture.

Abstract: Systems and methods for growing hexagonal crystal structure piezoelectric material with a c-axis that is tilted (e.g., 25 to 50 degrees) relative to normal of a face of a substrate are provided. A deposition system includes a linear sputtering apparatus, a translatable multi-aperture collimator, and a translatable substrate table arranged to hold multiple substrates, with the substrate table and/or the collimator being electrically biased to a nonzero potential. An enclosure includes first and second deposition stations each including a linear sputtering apparatus, a collimator, and a deposition aperture.

Abstract: Systems and methods for growing hexagonal crystal structure piezoelectric material with a c-axis that is tilted (e.g., 25 to 50 degrees) relative to normal of a face of a substrate are provided. A deposition system includes a linear sputtering apparatus, a translatable multi-aperture collimator, and a translatable substrate table arranged to hold multiple substrates, with the substrate table and/or the collimator being electrically biased to a nonzero potential. An enclosure includes first and second deposition stations each including a linear sputtering apparatus, a collimator, and a deposition aperture.

Abstract: Arrangement of resonators in an aperiodic configurations are described, which can be used for electromagnetic cloaking of objects. The overall assembly of resonators, as structures, do not all repeat periodically and at least some of the resonators are spaced such that their phase centers are separated by more than a wavelength. The arrangements can include resonators of several different sizes and/or geometries arranged so that each size or geometry corresponds to a moderate or high “Q” response that resonates within a specific frequency range, and that arrangement within that specific grouping of akin elements is periodic in the overall structure. The relative spacing and arrangement of groupings can be defined by self similarity and origin symmetry. Fractal based scatters are described. Further described are bondary condition layer structures that can activate and deactive cloaking/lensing structures.

Abstract: A mutually induced filter for filtering radio frequency (RF) power from signals supplied to a load is described. The mutually induced filter includes a first portion connected to a first load element of the load for filtering RF power from one of the signals supplied to the first load element. The load is associated with a pedestal of a plasma chamber. The mutually induced filter further includes a second portion connected to a second load element of the load for filtering RF power from another one of the signals supplied to the second load element. The first and second portions are twisted with each other to be mutually coupled with each other to further facilitate a coupling of a resonant frequency associated with the first portion to the second portion.

Abstract: A piezoelectric vibrator element includes a piezoelectric substrate including a vibrating part and a fixation part, a first excitation electrode including a first foundation electrode layer disposed on a first surface of the vibrating part, and a first upper electrode layer disposed on the first foundation electrode layer, and a second excitation electrode including a second foundation electrode layer disposed on a second surface of the vibrating part, opposed to the first surface, and a second upper electrode layer disposed on the second foundation electrode layer, wherein a ratio tA2/T1 between a thickness tA2 of the second upper electrode layer and a thickness T1 of the vibrating part is not lower than 1.4% and not higher than 2.4%.

Abstract: A piezoelectric vibrator includes a piezoelectric substrate including a first surface, a second surface that is opposites to the first surface, and a connection part that connects the first surface and the second surface to each other, and a pair of excitation electrodes disposed respectively on the first surface and the second surface. The connection part includes a plurality of protruding parts disposed in an area between the excitation electrode and an outer edge of the piezoelectric substrate. Top parts of the protruding parts are arranged so that the closer to the outer edge the top part is, the closer to the second surface the top part is, and lower parts of the protruding parts adapted to connect the adjacent protruding parts to each other are arranged so that the closer to the outer edge the lower part is, the closer to the second surface the lower part is.