Abstract: An apparatus comprises plurality of sensors and a processor. Each sensor provides a sensor signal that includes physiological information and at least one sensor is implantable. The processor includes a physiological change event detection module that detects a physiological change event from a sensor signal and produces an indication of occurrence of one or more detected physiological change events, and a heart failure (HF) detection module. The HF detection module determines, using a first rule, whether the detected physiological change event indicative of a change in HF status of a subject, determines whether to override the first rule HF determination using a second rules, and declares whether the change in HF status occurred according to the first and second rules.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus, an imaging method, methods, and image processing apparatuses. There is provided an imaging apparatus including: a light separation unit configured to separate coherent light into object light and reference light, wherein the object light irradiates an object; an optical element configured to cause interference between: scattered light emitted from a region irradiated by the object light and the reference light; an imaging unit configured to image a plurality of interference fringes having different phase differences between the object light and the reference light; and an image formation unit configured to form, from a plurality of images of the plurality of interference fringes, a three dimensional image including a speckle component comprising a random interference or diffraction pattern.

Abstract: Systems and methods for non-invasive blood pressure measurement are disclosed. In some embodiments, a system comprises a wearable member configured to generate first and second signals, and a blood pressure calculation system. The blood pressure calculation system a pre-processing module configured to filter noise from the signals, and a wave selection module configured to identify subsets of waves of the signals, a feature extraction module configured to generate sets of feature vectors form the subsets of waves, and a blood pressure processing module configured to calculate an arterial blood pressure value based on the sets of feature vectors and an empirical blood pressure calculation model, the empirical blood pressure calculation model configured to receive the sets of feature vectors as input values. The blood pressure calculation system further includes a communication module configured to provide a message including or being based on the arterial blood pressure value.

Abstract: The invention provides systems and methods for monitoring the wellbeing of a fetus by the non-invasive detection and analysis of fetal cardiac activity data, utilizing a plurality of acoustic sensors.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for monitoring baby physical characteristics. In some embodiments, the method may include projecting light from a video monitoring system toward a monitored user, and detecting a heart rate of the monitored user at the video monitoring system based at least in part on detecting the projected light. The method may further include comparing the detected heart rate with a predetermined heart rate threshold, and initiating an alert based at least in part on the comparing.

Abstract: The disclosure discloses a pulse cycle detection device comprising: a sensor for sensing a pulse wave signal of a subject; and a processor for processing a digital pulse wave signal which is analog-to-digital converted from the pulse wave signal sensed by the sensor, to detect the pulse cycle of the subject. The processor is configured to perform operations of: calculating a differential value of the digital pulse wave signal over time; whenever a transition from positive to negative occurs to the differential value, determining that the pulse wave signal reaches a maximum point and recording the time value corresponding to the maximum point; once the differential value is less than a dynamic threshold, recognizing a last recorded maximum point as a peak point of the pulse wave signal; and calculating a difference between time values corresponding to two successive peak points for deriving the pulse cycle. Also disclosed are a pulse cycle detection method and a wearable electronic device.

Abstract: A catheter includes a distal distension balloon and circumferentially arranged motility measurement balloons proximal of the distension balloon. A manifold includes balloon ports each configured to fluidly couple to a motility measurement balloon, pressure transducer ports, and a priming port. A port selector is coupled to the manifold and movable between different positions. Each port selector position causes the manifold to establish different fluidic couplings between the respective motility balloon, pressure transducer, and priming ports. A pressure sensing device includes pressure transducers each fluidly coupled to one of the pressure transducer ports. The pressure sensing device is configured to coordinate calibration of the pressure transducers at atmospheric pressure with the port selector in a first position and motility balloon pressure measurements with the port selector in a third position.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for measuring pressure in a patient are provided which may include any number of features. One feature is a pressure measurement system comprising a pressure source, a compliant bladder, a catheter in communication with the pressure source, pressure sensors, and a controller configured to determine a pressure within the compliant bladder. The pressure measurement system can inflate the compliant bladder with gas or air to determine a pressure within a patient. In one embodiment, the pressure measurement system measures pressure within a peritoneal cavity.

Abstract: Cardiac activity (e.g., a cardiac electrogram) is analyzed for local abnormal ventricular activity (LAVA), such as by using a LAVA detection and analysis module incorporated into an electroanatomical mapping system. The module transforms the electrogram signal into the wavelet domain to compute as scalogram; computes a one-dimensional LAVA function of the scalogram; detects one or more peaks in the LAVA function; and computes a peak-to-peak amplitude of the electrogram signal. If the peak-to-peak amplitude does not exceed a preset amplitude threshold, then the module can compute one or more of a LAVA lateness parameter for the electrogram signal using one of the one or more peaks detected in the LAVA function and a LAVA probability parameter for the electrogram signal.

Abstract: A method for displaying electroanatomical information is provided. The method comprises identifying at least one multiple-activation area of a surface of a heart, at which multiple-activation area were recorded at least two different local activations during a single cardiac cycle of the heart. The multiple-activation area is displayed, on an electroanatomical map of the surface of the heart, in a manner that indicates a time difference between respective times of the two local activations. Other embodiments are also described.

Abstract: An atrial fibrillation detection system and associated methods of use are disclosed for analyzing and identifying atrial fibrillation signs of a user. In at least one embodiment, the system includes an at least one computing device configured for receiving and processing an at least one biosignal associated with heart activity of the user as captured by an at least one beat detector, and subsequently transmitting said processed at least one biosignal, as a plurality of sequence segments, making up an at least one interbeat interval sequence of the biosignal, to an at least one classifier configured for determining a probability of the at least one interbeat interval sequence of the biosignal being an atrial fibrillation rhythm or a non-atrial fibrillation rhythm.

Abstract: A disposable, heart monitoring device is disclosed. The device comprises a disposable, wearable membrane comprising an adhesive surface and electrodes disposed within or on the membrane. The membrane is formed such that some of the electrodes are positioned on a user's chest over locations corresponding to chest electrode positions of a standard electrocardiogram, while other electrodes, corresponding to peripheral electrodes of a standard electrocardiogram, are also attached to the membrane for placement against the user's chest. The device further comprise a signal collection unit coupled to the electrodes for receiving electrical signals from the electrodes, and means for providing the electrical signals to an external processing device for analyzing the electrical signals to evaluate one or more attributes of the user's heart.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are techniques for graphically indicating aspects of rotors (such as pivot points of rotors) associated with atrial or ventricular fibrillation. Embodiments can include receiving, using a processor, an electrogram for each of a plurality of spatial locations in a heart, each electrogram comprising time series data including a plurality of electrical potential readings over time. Embodiments can also include generating, from the time series data, an entropy dataset including a plurality of Shannon entropy values corresponding to the plurality of spatial locations in the heart. Also, examples can include generating, from the entropy dataset, an entropy map including a plurality of graphical indications of the Shannon entropy values at the plurality of spatial locations in the heart, wherein the entropy map can include an image of the heart and graphical indications of locations of aspects of rotors in the heart (such as pivot point of rotors).

Abstract: Methods and/or device facilitating and selecting among multiple modes of filtering a cardiac electrical signal, in which one filtering mode includes additional high pass filtering of low frequency signals, relative to the other filtering mode. The selection filtering modes may include comparing sensed signal amplitude to one or more thresholds, using the multiple modes of filtering. In another example, an additional high pass filter is enabled, over and above a default or baseline filtering mode, and the detected cardiac signal is monitored for indications of possible undersensing, and/or for drops in amplitude toward a threshold, and the additional high pass filter may be disabled upon finding of possible undersensing or drop in signal amplitude.

Abstract: A method and system for filtering a detected ECG signal are disclosed. In a first aspect, the method comprises filtering the detected ECG signal using a plurality of digital filters. The method includes adaptively selecting one of the plurality of digital filters to maintain a minimum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In a second aspect, the system comprises a wireless sensor device coupled to a user via at least one electrode, wherein the wireless sensor device includes a processor and a memory device coupled to the processor, wherein the memory device stores an application which, when executed by the processor, causes the processor to carry out the steps of the method.

Abstract: An ECG clock electrocardiogram based diagnostic device and method is disclosed. The ECG clock provides a clear visual indicator of heart related anomalies such as Long QT syndrome over a longer span of time than can otherwise be assimilated by a medical practitioner. A variable such as QT interval is represented by a variable length radial hand similar to a watch or clock hand. The circular face of the ECG clock represents the diagnostic time interval, typically 24 hours. The resulting output or plot of the ECG clock portrays a circular or polar mapping of the heart related variable such as QT interval over the diagnostic time interval, facilitating rapid diagnosis of volumes of electrocardiogram data by a medical practitioner that has heretofore not been possible.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a sensor for monitoring the depth of consciousness of a patient. The sensor includes a plurality of light sources, light detectors, and in some embodiments, electrodes. In an embodiment, the sensor includes reusable and disposable portions.

Abstract: This document describes a conformable substrate that includes a hydrogel having adhesion-promoting moieties, said adhesion-promoting moieties comprising one or more catechol groups. The conformable substrate includes an array of microelectrodes bonded to the hydrogel by the adhesion-promoting moieties via the one or more catechol groups. This document also describes a method for transfer printing of an electronic structure to a hydrogel. The method includes the steps of coating a donor substrate with a film of polyacrylic acid, crosslinking the film of polyacrylic acid in a solution comprising divalent ions, patterning a microelectrode array onto the crosslinked film of polyacrylic acid, laminating an adhesive hydrogel substrate onto the donor substrate coated by the crosslinked film of polyacrylic acid comprising the patterned microelectrode array, and separating the crosslinked film of polyacrylic acid from the donor substrate in a monovalent solution.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed to detect and/or classify electrophysiological signals as motor events.

Abstract: Methods of forming a microfluidic device include: combining a volume of uncured liquid silicone based polymer with a volume of adhesive polymer to provide a flowable material; applying the flowable material to a mold and curing the flowable material on the mold to form a microfluidic device layer comprising an exposed face with at least one channel or chamber; and contacting the exposed face of the microfluidic device layer to a substrate to adhere the microfluidic device layer to the substrate to enclose the at least one channel or chamber to form a microfluidic device.

Abstract: A device for detecting electric potentials of the body of a patient has measuring electrode inputs (Y1, . . . , Yn) connected with and a plurality of outputs (A1, . . . , An) via amplifiers (Op1, . . . , Opn). A summing unit (13) is connected with the outputs and outputs a mean value of the signals (E1, . . . , En) output by the amplifiers. Common mode signals are removed from the signals (E1, . . . , En) by a subtracting unit (19) which subtracts the output of the summing unit, amplified by an amplification factor (1/?), from at least a portion of the output of the subtracting unit. The output of the subtracting unit is connected with the inputs of the amplifiers. The subtracting unit amplification factor (1/?) and an amplification (??) of the amplifiers for the output of the subtracting unit are adapted, such that the reciprocal value of the amplification factor (1/?) corresponds to the amplifiers amplification (??).

Abstract: An electromyography muscle sensing system including a sensor platform and a cloud-based data analysis and storage platform. The sensor platform has an electromyography muscle sensor having sensing electrodes and a signal processing circuit having a sensor output, an analog-to-digital converter having a digital output, a memory, a communications device, a display indicating a status and an indication of CMAP presence, a microcontroller maintaining a record of a current procedure, transmitting in real-time the record, determining if CMAP is being achieved, and displaying a status or indication of CMAP. The data analysis and storage platform has a database, organizes and stores the output data, maintains a history of each procedure, analyzes the output data and defines a successful CMAP outcome, predicts an outcome of the current procedure if the output data correlates with stored output data of a successful CMAP outcome, and real-time communicates the outcome of the current procedure.

Abstract: A method for monitoring an intrabody region of a patient. The method comprises intercepting electromagnetic (EM) radiation from the intrabody region in a plurality of EM radiation sessions during a period of at least 6 hours, calculating a dielectric related change of the intrabody region by analyzing respective the intercepted EM radiation, detecting a physiological pattern according to said dielectric related change and outputting a notification indicating the physiological pattern.

Abstract: Particular aspects of the invention are methods for assaying metabolite levels in samples from a patient during pregnancy using nuclear magnetic resonance and direct flow injection mass spectrometry. In various methods, the assayed metabolites may be acylcarnitine or one or more of C3-OH (hydroxypropionylcarnitine), C5-OH (C3DC), C10, C5:1-DC (glutaconylcarnitine), C14:1-OH (hydroxytetradecenoylcarnitine) and C14:2-OH. One or more methods also may include measuring nuchal translucency of the fetus. Other methods relate to predicting fetal congenital heart defects in a fetus.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for the study of gastrointestinal transit in a human or animal subject. The method being for the study of a subject which has previously ingested a container containing first and second fluids that are detectable and distinguishable by MRI, which method comprises the steps of forming a first magnetic resonance image of at least a portion of the subject's GI tract in which the container is located, wherein the magnetizations of the first and second fluids are in-phase; forming a second magnetic resonance image, coincident with the first image, wherein the magnetizations of the first and second fluids are out-of-phase; and subtracting the second image from the first image, or vice versa, to form a composite image.

Abstract: A medical imaging apparatus and method capable of simultaneously displaying sagittal plane images and axial plane images of both breasts and navigating through the images . The medical imaging apparatus includes a data acquirer configured to acquire first volume data including first sections of a left breast and a right breast of an object, an image processor configured to generate second volume data including second sections of the left breast and the right breast of the object, based on the first volume data, generate a sagittal plane image and an axial plane image of the first breast and the second breast, based on the first volume data or the second volume data. A display is configured to display a user interface (UI) screen image including the sagittal plane image and the axial plane image.

Abstract: A system includes a protocol optimization system which comprises a data store containing a plurality of optimized protocol definitions, a storage device containing machine instructions, and a computing resource to execute the machine instructions. The protocol optimization system is configured to, based on an input of an optimized protocol definition, access the data store to identify a scout magnetic resonance image (MRI) scan for an MRI scanner, a processing block mapped to the identified scout MRI scan, and a diagnostic scan and provide the identified scout MRI scan to the MRI scanner. Using the processing block, the protocol optimization system analyzes a resulting image upon performance of the scout MRI scan to compute a patient tissue attribute and, using the computed patient tissue attribute, to compute an optimized parameter value for the identified diagnostic scan. The protocol optimization system provides the optimized parameter value to the MRI scanner.

Abstract: A connection unit (1) connects an impedance tomograph (3) electrically to first and second skin electrodes (6, 8). The skin electrodes (6, 8) are arranged on an electrode carrier (4) spaced from one another in a longitudinal direction L. First and second opposite contact devices (24, 26) are arranged on the electrode carrier (4) and are respectively connected to associated electrodes (6, 8). First and second contact devices (16, 18) are configured for respective detachable connection to the associated first and second opposite contact devices (24, 26). Each contact device (16, 18) has an electric protective circuit (10, 12). A system is provided for an electrical impedance tomograph (3), which system has the connection unit (1).

Abstract: Reliable, real-time heart and respiratory rates are key vital signs used in evaluating the physiological status in many clinical and non-clinical settings. Measuring these vital signs generally requires superficial attachment of physically or logistically obtrusive sensors to subjects that may result in skin irritation or adversely influence subject performance. Given the broad acceptance of ingestible electronics, the approach disclosed here enables vital sign monitoring internally from the gastrointestinal tract. The large animal (porcine) experiments and a robust processing disclosed herein demonstrate the feasibility of this approach. Implementing vital sign monitoring as a stand-alone technology or in conjunction with other ingestible devices has the capacity to significantly aid telemedicine, optimize performance monitoring of athletes, military service members, and first-responders, as well as provide a facile method for rapid clinical evaluation and triage.

Abstract: Disclosed is a hand-held respiration monitoring device configured to measure the breathing pattern of a patient so as to output respiration rate based data. The device comprises a sensor to be sensitive to a respiration airflow velocity flowing through the device with an identification of the change in the velocity being filtered by high and lowpass filters. A method of respiration monitoring is also disclosed.

Abstract: A wearable device and a method for monitoring eating are provided. The wearable device is wearable on an arm of a user and includes: an acceleration sensor, used to acquire acceleration information of the arm of the user; a processing unit connected to the acceleration sensor, used to calculate times of eating performed by the user in a predetermined duration based on the acceleration information and obtain an eating frequency of the user; a comparing unit connected to the processing unit, used to compare the eating frequency with a reference frequency and generate a first alarming signal if determining through comparison that the eating frequency is equal to or larger than the reference frequency; and an alarm connected to the comparing unit, used to alarm upon reception of the first alarming signal.

Abstract: An oral appliance includes: 1) a body defining a channel to accommodate an upper dentition; and 2) a motion sensor. The body includes a front portion defining a recess, and the motion sensor is affixed to the front portion.

Abstract: A capacitor is coupled in parallel with a piezoelectric unit in a sensor. The piezoelectric unit is formed by a film which is sandwiched between a signal electrode and a reference potential electrode. A capacitor is formed by a dielectric film located between the signal electrode and a reference potential electrode. As a result, the capacitance of the sensor element is higher than it would be if the sensor only contained the piezoelectric unit.

Abstract: An ocular micro tremor (OMT) sensor, system and method for measuring micromovements of an individual's eyeball having an amplitude of 40 micrometers or less to provide a variable voltage biosignal for measuring the individual's brain stem activity. The OMT sensor includes a flexible piezo-active sensing element mounted at the individual's closed or opened eyelid so as to be deflected by the micromovements of the eyeball. A shielded flexible ribbon assembly supplies the biosignal generated by the piezo-active sensing element to an OMT amplifier located on the individual's skin where the biosignal is amplified. The OMT amplifier is interconnected with a signal processor and a display by which graphical and numerical representations of the biosignal are made accessible to an anesthesiologist, intensivist or clinician.

Abstract: A method of evaluating the likelihood that an occupant will exit an occupant support comprises determining if the location of the occupant on the occupant support is displaced relative to a reference location, and if the location of the occupant is so displaced, designating that the occupant is at a risk of exiting the occupant support which is elevated relative to the baseline risk. A support apparatus comprises a framework, a mattress, sensors distributed on the support apparatus to sense occupant weight distribution on the support apparatus, and a processor adapted to designate a risk of occupant egress as a function of the direction of the occupant weight distribution and the elevation status of the perimeter panels.

Abstract: A system for and method of mapping and monitoring posture disclosed. The system includes sensor units that independently collect posture data corresponding to body locations or body positions on subjects and generate posture signals. The posture signals are wirelessly transmitted to one or more computers that are used to process the posture signals and generate posture feedback of the subjects in real-time. The sensor units are preferably accelerometer sensor units. Sensor units are assigned or learn the body locations or body positions, classify body locations or body positions, map and monitor posture, assign posture or activities of subjects and transmit the posture signals to the one or more computers by low-power radio transmitters to provide posture feedback. The system collectively is adaptive for mapping and monitoring posture from body locations or body positions corresponding to spines, arms, legs, necks, heads, thighs, hips, feet and hands of the subjects.

Abstract: Systems and methods for distinctly detecting the movement of a first object and the movement of a second object relative to the first object are provided that utilize a capacitive sensor array and an inertial sensing system. The systems and methods are particularly suited for the detection and measurement of first body part movement (e.g., leg movement) and second body part movement (e.g., foot flexion). In one embodiment, the system utilizes a textile-based capacitive sensor array and one or more inertial sensors disposed on a flexible structure that is adapted to be wrapped around a body part, such as a leg. The systems and methods can be used to calculate periodic leg movements (PLM) and general leg movements (GLM) based on detected movements of the leg and foot.

Abstract: Systems and methods of analyzing biological fluid biomarkers, calculating biomarker data, transmitting data to a transceiver device, and storing the data and/or analytics in a database and/or on at least one remote computer server.

Abstract: Disclosed is an information processing apparatus capable of communicating with a user terminal which acquires a first index value for reflecting a state of a first biological component of a user and evaluating a metabolic result of the first biological component in a certain period of time on the basis of the first biological component and which provides the acquired first index value to the user, wherein calibration curve data is delivered to the user terminal in order to use the calibration curve data for acquiring the first index value.

Abstract: Methods and systems for determining elapsed sensor life in medical systems, and more specifically continuous analyte monitoring systems.

Abstract: A method for monitoring a select analyte in a sample in an electrochemical system. The method includes applying to the electrochemical system a time-varying potential superimposed on a DC potential to generate a signal; and discerning from the signal a contribution from the select analyte by resolving an estimation equation based on a Faradaic signal component and a nonfaradaic signal component.

Abstract: A non-invasive blood glucose measuring device and a measuring method using the same are provided. The non-invasive blood glucose measuring device includes a signal emitting module, a delay component, a wave mixing component and a signal processor. The signal emitting module is configured to emit a detection signal. The delay component is configured to delay the detection signal to become a delay signal. The wave mixing component is configured to mix a return signal and the delay signal to form a mixed signal, wherein the return signal is the detection signal reflected from an object. The signal processor is configured to obtain a blood glucose level of the object according to the mixed signal.

Abstract: In a noninvasive system for detection/measurement of glucose and other analytes in a medium such as tissue, spectra from the medium are deconstructed into features. Conditioned features, which contain frequency components specific to glucose or the other analytes, are derived from one or more features by modulating a carrier kernel with the feature. The conditioned features are computationally collided with one or more Zyotons that are co-dependent with the conditioned features. One or more collisions amplify a property of the analyte e.g., energy absorbed by glucose in tissue from radiation directed to the skin. A gradient of several values of the amplified property, each value corresponding to a particular radiation pattern according to a spectroscopic tomographic sequence, is used to select a suitable projector curve, with which a representative amplified value is projected to an accurate estimate of the concentration of glucose or the other analytes, without needing personalized calibration.

Abstract: A method for determining a body fluid glucose level of a patient from a continuous signal of a glucose sensor element of a continuous body fluid glucose monitoring device in a data processing unit, comprising receiving measurement data representing a continuous sensor signal provided by a glucose sensor element of a continuous body fluid glucose monitoring device in the data processing unit, receiving calibration data representing a time-dependent zero-signal level of the glucose sensor element in the data processing unit, determining a body fluid glucose level by processing at least the measurement data and the calibration data in the data processing unit, the processing comprising subtraction of the time dependent zero- signal level from the continuous sensor signal, and providing result data indicative of the continuous body fluid glucose level in the processing unit; and a system for determining a body fluid glucose level of a patient.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method and apparatus for measuring hematocrit of blood. The method includes measuring resistance data of a target blood sample; calculating a hematocrit estimation parameter for measuring hematocrit of the target blood sample using the resistance data; and determining a hematocrit estimation value using the hematocrit estimation parameter. The method and apparatus for measuring hematocrit (HCT) provides convenience in measurement of hematocrit using electrical modeling.

Abstract: A hemoglobin measuring device comprising a controller, a first oxygen sensor, a second oxygen sensor, a first volume flow meter, and a second volume flow meter. The controller is operable to receive data from each of the first and second oxygen sensors, the first and second volume flow meters, and a pulse oximeter associated with a patient. The controller is also operable to determine a hemoglobin level of the patient, defined as a determined hemoglobin level, based on the data received from the first and second oxygen sensors, the first and second volume flow meters, and the pulse oximeter.

Abstract: An apparatus and method, the apparatus comprising; a light collector configured to collect ambient light and provide the collected light to a portion of skin of a user; a photodetector configured to enable a biometric parameter to be monitored by detecting changes in the light absorbed by the portion of skin; and an amplifier configured to amplify an output signal provided by the photodetector; wherein the light collector is configured to filter the collected ambient light to increase the proportion of light within a selected range of wavelengths which is provided to the portion of skin of the user relative to the collected ambient light.

Abstract: Pulse oximeter devices include a first light emitting element that emits red light, a second light emitting element that emits green light or IR light; and a sensor element that detects red and green (or IR) light and that outputs signals representing detected red and green (or IR) light. The pulse oximeter device further includes a flexible substrate, wherein the first light emitting element, the second light emitting element and the sensor element are formed on the flexible substrate. The sensor element is configured to detect the emitted red and green light transmitted through tissue containing blood, and in certain aspects, the sensor element is configured to detect the emitted red and green (or IR) light reflected by tissue containing blood. A signal processing element (e.g., a processor) receives and processes the signals representing detected red and green (or IR) light output by the sensor element to produce signals representing blood oxygenation content.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a sensor comprising a conduit; the conduit comprising an organic polymer; a working electrode; the working electrode being etched and decorated with a nanostructured material; a reference electrode; and a counter electrode; the working electrode, the reference electrode and the counter electrode being disposed in the conduit; the working electrode, the reference electrode and the counter electrode being separated from each other by an electrically insulating material; and wherein a cross-sectional area of the conduit that comprises a section of the working electrode, a section of the reference electrode and a section of the counter electrode is exposed to detect analytes.

Abstract: An apparatus and method of collecting multiple vials of blood specimens simultaneously, wherein all vials are filled from a single patient insertion site so that upon completion from one to three vials of blood have been collected.