Abstract: The present invention provides for a milking implement for automatically milking a dairy animal. The implement includes a measuring device for measuring a position of an object such as at least one of a displaceable element of the milking implement and a teat of the dairy animal, and a control device for controlling at least the measuring device. The control device is configured to take at least one measurement, using the measuring device, on at least one point on the object in order to obtain a position information regarding the object, compare the obtained position information with a known position information regarding the object, and calibrate the measuring device on the basis of the comparison between the obtained position information and the known position information.

Abstract: Remote sensing systems and methods for using the same are disclosed. The remote sensing systems may include mirrors coupled to propulsion portions of a vehicle with which the remote sensing systems are integrated. The remote sensing systems may further include light transmitters and light receivers coupled to fixed portions of the vehicle.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for determining an intensity and/or a phase of intensity modulation of an intensity-modulated electromagnetic radiation signal, having a detector and imaging optics for imaging an intensity-modulated radiation signal onto the detector. In comparison with this, the present invention addresses the problem of providing an apparatus for reducing scattered light influences on an intensity and/or phase determination of the intensity modulation of an intensity-modulated electromagnetic radiation signal.

Abstract: An ultrasonic transducer includes a substrate; and a plurality of capacitive ultrasonic cells arranged on the substrate in a predetermined direction. Thicknesses of cavities in the plurality of capacitive ultrasonic cells are determined based on locations of the plurality of capacitive ultrasonic cells in the predetermined direction.

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed for measuring the position of a vehicle or a surface thereof on a roadway. The apparatus comprises at least one radar transmitter, which is arranged in a transmitting position above the plane of the roadway and transmits radar beams downwardly, a plurality of radar receivers, which are distributed above the plane of the roadway in different receiving positions at distances from one another, receive reflections of the radar beams from beneath, and convert the reflections into a received signal, and an evaluation device, which is connected to the radar transmitter and the radar receivers and is configured to measure the said position from the transmitting position, the receiving positions and the received signals.

Abstract: A method for determining at least one parameter for the purpose of correlating two objects (10, 20), particularly the distance (r) and/or the relative speed (v) of the two objects (10, 20). A plurality of transmission pulse sequences following one after the after, each with at least one transmission pulse of an electromagnetic signal, forms a series of transmission pulse sequences. The duration of transmission of the individual transmission pulses is varied from transmission pulse sequence to transmission pulse sequence in order to reduce the susceptibility to interference in the determination of the at least one parameter.

Abstract: A speed measuring device has an antenna with directionality that transmits a transmission wave toward the moving body based on a transmission signal supplied from a Doppler sensor, and receives a reflected wave reflected by the moving body to generate and supply to the Doppler sensor a reception signal. An imaginary line extending along a direction in which a gain of the antenna is maximized is defined as an imaginary axis that indicates an orientation direction of the antenna. An antenna supporting unit is provided on a housing and supports the antenna so an inclination of the imaginary axis can be altered. A display is provided on an upper surface of the housing with a flat display surface of a rectangular shape facing upward and displays various display contents including the movement speed of the moving body on the display surface.

Abstract: A method to automatically and continuously provide surveillance based on central and/or distributed surveillance of presence, positions, movements and movement pattern of one or more vessels in narrow waters, a sailing lane or where danger of collision with other vessels or other fixed or floating objects may occur. A vessel emits a sweeping signal that repeatedly hits one or more detectors, which detect the character of the sweeping signal and the time intervals between the signal hits on the respective detector. The exact position of the vessel and/or movements is calculated at least on the basis of trigonometric principles, and the vessel identity is produced by using signal analysis to extract the characteristic signal sequences from the received detection signals, which are related to the transmitted radar signal(s) from the vessel(s).

Abstract: The present invention is directed to system and method of processing meteorological data. The process comprises receiving a meteorological data corresponding to a geographic region from at least one meteorological data source for a selected time slice, with the meteorological data including radar reflectivity data. The system processes the meteorological data to derive probability of severe hail for points within the geographic region, processes the meteorological data to derive vertically integrated liquid for the points within the geographic region, and processes the meteorological data to derive enhanced echo tops for the points within the geographic region. The system processes the vertically integrated liquid and the enhanced echo tops to derive vertically integrated liquid density for the points within the geographic region and processes the probability of severe hail and the vertically integrated liquid density to derive derived hail index numbers for the points within the geographic region.

Abstract: An object detection device includes a controller, a first sensor, and a second sensor. The first sensor transmits a first energy wave, and the second sensor transmits a second energy wave. The first sensor receives a reflected wave of the first energy wave to convert the reflected wave into a first self-signal, and receives a reflected wave of the second energy wave to convert the reflected wave into a first correspondence signal. The second sensor receives the reflected wave of the second energy wave to convert the reflected wave into a second self-signal, and receives the reflected wave of the first energy wave to convert the reflected wave into a second correspondence signal.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes methods and systems for measuring crosswind speed by optical measurement of laser scintillation. One method includes projecting radiation into a medium, receiving, over time, with a photodetector receiver, a plurality of scintillation patterns of scattered radiation, comparing cumulative a radiation intensity for each received scintillation pattern of the received plurality of scintillation patterns, and measuring a cumulative weighted average cross-movement within the medium using the compared cumulative radiation intensities.

Abstract: A system comprising a laser for transmitting a beam of light towards a target area; a controller for controlling the output of the laser; a receiver for collecting reflected pulses of light reflected from the target area, the receiver comprising a plurality of receive elements, each of the receive elements having a different field of view; a combiner for combining the outputs of the receive elements into one composite signal of the target area; an interface circuitry for converting the composite signal into an image; display unit displaying output from interface circuitry.

Abstract: A motion determination system is disclosed. The system may calculate one or more visual-odometry outputs. The system may determine a plurality of figure of merits, wherein each of the plurality of figure of merits is associated with one of a plurality of parameters affecting the calculation of the one or more visual-odometry outputs, and each of the plurality of figure of merits is indicative of an accuracy of the visual-odometry outputs. The system may calculate a combined figure of merit based on the plurality of figure of merits. The system may calculate an error estimate for the one or more visual-odometry outputs based on the combined figure of merit.

Abstract: A method, system and computer program product are provided for displaying three-dimensional measurement points on a two-dimensional plane of a display screen having a plurality of pixels. The method includes projecting the measurement points onto the plane. Each of the measurement points is assigned to one of the pixels. A depth value is assigned to each of the pixels. A first pixel is selected having a first measurement point and a first depth value. A first side is searched for a second pixel having a second measurement point and a second depth value. A second side is searched for a third pixel having a third measurement point and a third depth value. It is determined whether the second and third measurement points are on a same plane. The first depth value of the first pixel is changed when the second and third measurement points are on the same plane.

Abstract: A method of implementing a real-time screening process for amplitude scintillation is presented. The method includes detecting an amplitude scintillation event during a sample time period at an amplitude scintillation monitor; excluding associated satellite measurement data from further use based on the detection of the amplitude scintillation event at the amplitude scintillation monitor; detecting an end to the amplitude scintillation event at the amplitude scintillation monitor; and readmitting associated satellite measurement data collected after the end of the amplitude scintillation event as determined by the amplitude scintillation monitor.

Abstract: A data collection device carried on board a satellite and making it possible to localize a source of interference, without using neighboring satellites, comprises: a reception device able to receive the frequency on the ground of the interference; at least three antenna points arranged on the satellite so as to be able to receive a radiofrequency signal coming from the target surface; a processor able to determine the amplitude of the interference signal at the level of each of the antenna points; a connection device able to connect successively each of the antenna points to the processor.

Abstract: Systems and methods for the determination and recording of positioning system compliance malfunctions for commercial motor vehicles (CMV). One method includes detecting and accumulating the fault time when positioning system information is invalid or unavailable. Additionally, when positioning system information is invalid or unavailable, the processor estimates an uncertainty distance that the vehicle has travelled since the last valid location. The system then determines and records positioning system malfunction based on positioning system fault events, the accumulated fault time, and the uncertainty distance. The system stores valid location information and data relating to the positioning system fault event on the base unit until the base unit is coupled to the portable device.

Abstract: A method for predicting a GPS pseudorange error includes receiving a first plurality of pseudorange errors at a plurality of different times for a plurality of global positioning system (GPS) satellites. The method also includes creating, using a processor, a first matrix. Each element of the first matrix is determined using a portion of the first plurality of pseudorange errors. The method yet further includes creating, using the processor, a second matrix that includes at least a portion of the first plurality of pseudorange errors. A size of the second matrix is determined by comparing each element of the first matrix to a predetermined threshold. The method still further includes predicting, using the processor, a second plurality of pseudorange errors for the plurality of GPS satellites using the first plurality of pseudorange errors and the second matrix.

Abstract: A device for determining the position and orientation of a first body with respect to a second body uses a plurality of radio frequency (RF) transmitters on the first body to transmit a short range signal to one or more RF antennas on the second body. The first and second body are near each other and can be moveably coupled. A receiver circuit on the second body uses the plurality of RF signals received by the RF antennas to determine the position and orientation of the first body with respect to the second body. In some embodiments one or more GNSS antennas mounted to the second body will provide the GNSS coordinate system and location such that the position and orientation of both the first body and the second body can be referenced to the GNSS global coordinate system.

Abstract: Various embodiments are described herein for a radiation dosimetry apparatus and associated methods for measuring radiation dose. In some embodiments, the apparatus includes multiple scintillating elements for detecting amounts of radiation dose at multiple points within a detection region. Each of the scintillating elements generates light in response to radiation interacting within their volume. A light guide combines the light generated by all of the scintillating elements as well as radiation-induced contaminated optical energy and transmits the combined light to a spectral analysis setup. Multi or hyper-spectral calibration technique allows calculating the dose or dose rate at the positions of the different scintillating elements. The calibration technique isolates the light produced by a given scintillating element from the other scintillating elements as well as any other source of radiation-induced contaminating light.

Abstract: A wave height analyzer generates pre-sensitivity correction data using a radiation pulse signal transmitted from a room temperature amplifier, a heater value acquired from a temperature control section, a base line of a current flowing to a TES acquired from a base line monitor mechanism. The wave height analyzer outputs the pre-sensitivity correction data to a sensitivity correction arithmetic operation unit and receives post-sensitivity correction data, on which sensitivity correction is performed. The wave height analyzer generates composite data of a combination of the pre-sensitivity correction data and the post-sensitivity correction data. A spectrum display section receives pieces of composite data sequentially created by the wave height analyzer and displays at least one of a spectrum before sensitivity correction and a spectrum after sensitivity correction, in response to receiving an operator's request.

Abstract: A position determination system and method is provided that may be used for obtaining position and orientation information of a detector in a contaminated room. The system includes a detector, a sensor operably coupled to the detector, and a motor coupled to the sensor to move the sensor around the detector. A CPU controls the operation of the motor to move the sensor around the detector and determines distance and angle data from the sensor to an object. The method includes moving a sensor around the detector and measuring distance and angle data from the sensor to an object at incremental positions around the detector.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an x-ray detector comprising a sensor unit for detecting incident x-ray radiation comprising a number of sensor elements, a counting channel per sensor element for obtaining a count signal by counting photons or charge pulses generated in response to the incident x-ray radiation since a beginning of a measurement interval, an integrating channel per sensor element for obtaining an integration signal representing the total energy of radiation detected since the beginning of the measurement interval, and a processing unit for estimating, from the integration signals of the sensor elements, count signals of sensor elements whose counting channel has been saturated during the measurement interval.

Abstract: When a scintillator and a reinforcing member are bonded by using an adhesive, scattering and reflection occur at interfaces between the scintillator and the adhesive and between the adhesive and the reinforcing member. Due to this, a blurred image is formed on a sensor, and the resolution deteriorates. A radiation detecting element comprises: a substrate transparent to visible light; and a fluorescent screen that emits fluorescence in response to radiation by a dopant added to a material that is the same as a material of the substrate, wherein the fluorescent screen is thinner than the substrate, and the substrate and the fluorescent screen are bonded while maintaining continuity of a refractive index.

Abstract: A radiation detector device for detecting a primary radiation includes a scintillator which generates a converted primary radiation in response to incoming primary radiation and a photo detector for detecting the converted primary radiation. The radiation detector device further includes a secondary radiation source for irradiating the scintillator with a secondary radiation which has a wavelength different from a wavelength of the first radiation and which is capable of producing a spatially more uniform response of the scintillator to primary radiation.

Abstract: An afterglow property of cesium iodide:thallium (CsI:Tl), in which CsI is a host material and doped with thallium, is improved. It is possible to improve the afterglow property of a scintillator by doping a crystal material including CsI (cesium iodide), as a host material, and thallium (Tl), as a luminescent center, with bismuth (Bi).

Abstract: A radiation detecting system, including: plastics scintillators juxtaposed to form at least one pair of contiguous plastics scintillators; a photomultiplier associated with each plastics scintillator to provide an electrical signal representative of the light signal generated in the plastics scintillator; a calculator connected to the photomultipliers and configured to: detect pulse coincidences between two electrical pulses provided by the photomultipliers associated with a pair of contiguous plastics scintillators; for each pulse coincidence, determine the time offset between the coincidence pulses relative to the pulse having the greatest amplitude taken as a zero reference; determine the number of pulse coincidences the time offset of which is included in a time offset window.

Abstract: An ionizing radiation detector or scintillator system includes a scintillating material comprising an organic crystalline compound selected to generate photons in response to the passage of ionizing radiation. The organic compound has a crystalline symmetry of higher order than monoclinic, for example an orthorhombic, trigonal, tetragonal, hexagonal, or cubic symmetry. A photodetector is optically coupled to the scintillating material, and configured to generate electronic signals having pulse shapes based on the photons generated in the scintillating material. A discriminator is coupled to the photon detector, and configured to discriminate between neutrons and gamma rays in the ionizing radiation based on the pulse shapes of the output signals.

Abstract: A flat panel detector (FPD) includes an imaging panel having pixels arranged in a matrix, a gate driver for turning thin film transistors (TFTs) of the pixels ON and OFF, a radiation detecting section for detecting the start of x-ray radiation from the x-ray source, and a controller. The controller controls the gate driver to turn the TFTs ON periodically to reset dark charges of the pixels. Before starting a charge accumulating operation for accumulating signal charges for imaging, the controller controls the gate driver to turn the TFTs OFF so that the radiation detecting section may detect the start of x-ray radiation on the basis of charge leaks from the pixels. When the start of x-ray radiation is detected, the controller starts the charge accumulating operation while keeping the TFTs in the OFF condition. Thereafter, the TFTs are turned ON to read out the accumulated signal charges.

Abstract: A superconductive transition edge sensor detects radiation. A wave height analyzer generates an energy spectrum of radiation using a detection signal which is output from the superconductive transition edge sensor. A temperature control section and a base line monitor mechanism acquire a physical quantity of data having correlation with detection sensitivity of the superconductive transition edge sensor. A sensitivity correction arithmetic operation unit associates the physical quantity of a plurality of pieces of the acquired data at a plurality of different timings over a predetermined period of time with the detection signal at a certain timing and corrects the detection signal at the certain timing in accordance with the detection sensitivity of the superconductive transition edge sensor by using information regarding the correlation between the physical quantity of the plurality of pieces of data and the detection sensitivity of the superconductive transition edge sensor.

Abstract: A method of real-time mapping of a presence distribution of a source of photons in a site. The method includes measuring, at a plurality of measurement points, a photon flux in an energy bandwidth determined with a spectrometric detector, and noting the geographical co-ordinates of the point. At each measurement point, from a response function of the detector, and information on the site, establishing a distribution of origins of the photons around the measurement point. From the distributions, representing, on a map of the site, a distribution of origin of photons, the method further includes, for each measurement point starting from the second, a step prior to the representing step, during which the distributions of origins of the photons around the current measurement point are correlated with those of previous measurement points.

Abstract: A neutron detector module comprising a distribution of proportional counters positioned in a defined array. Each of the proportional counters includes a supply of a neutron sensitive gas for reacting with neutrons, and this reaction generates ionizing reaction products. The proportional counters include a multitude of tubes, and each of the tubes has a diameter between 0.50 inch and 1.00 inch. The neutron detector module comprises further a multitude of electrical conductors; and each of the conductors is positioned in one of the proportional counters, and the ionizing reaction products generate electric current pulses in the electrical conductors.

Abstract: Method and system for improving azimuth distribution. The system includes plural streamers towed by a streamer vessel; a central source towed by the streamer vessel; first and second front sources located in front of the plural streamers along a traveling direction of the streamer vessel; and first and second large offset front sources located in front of the first and second front sources along the traveling direction. The offset distance between the first and second large offset front sources, along a cross-line direction, is larger than an offset distance between the first and second front sources.

Abstract: Methods or systems for identifying seismic or acoustic signals of interest originating with moving motorized vehicles or footstep movement or stationary or moving machinery. A related system for monitoring an area includes a plurality of sensing devices each comprising a frame and a piezo-electric sensor element. A monitoring device is coupled to receive information from each of the sensing devices. One method includes providing a processing chain coupled to receive signal data from a sensor device which receives the signals, including a detection stage, a Joint Time Frequency (JTF) domain stage, and a classification stage. The detection stage identifies presence of signals that emerge from the background. The JTF domain stage estimates the state of the signals of interest over time. The classification stage assesses the previously derived information to form a decision about source identity. In one embodiment, the detector stage performs detections on a single cycle basis.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for determining seismic event data from indications of seismic noise, the method including receiving seismic trace data from a plurality of locations, and providing a virtual trace value (ERvirtual) as seismic event data for a virtual trace location from the seismic trace data. A system and computer program product for determining seismic event data is also disclosed.

Abstract: The Monte-Carlo method of generating Popcorn shooting patterns starts with the number and sizes of the guns available and the length in time of the desired Popcorn pattern. The firing times and order of the guns will be randomly perturbed and a large number of Popcorn patterns built. Candidate Popcorn patterns will then be tested against a set of criteria to identify acceptable or the best patterns. These criteria may include limits on maximum peak strength, distinctiveness compared to the other patterns, and the size of the notches and peaks in the spectra.

Abstract: A depth-varying marine acoustic source array is configured for generating an acoustic wave in a body of water. The depth-varying marine acoustic source array includes a float; plural source points connected to the float through corresponding cables; and a housing extending from a first source point to a last source point, the housing including plural segments. The at least one segment is configured to withstand bending.

Abstract: Variable depth multicomponent sensor streamer. At least some of example embodiments are methods including designing a depth profile for first portion of a sensor streamer by determining a first target depth for a first hydrophone-geophone pair, the first hydrophone-geophone pair at a first offset along the sensor streamer, the determining based on a first projected geophone noise floor at the first offset and a first expected spectral notch of a hydrophone of the first hydrophone-geophone pair; and determining a second target depth for a second hydrophone-geophone pair, the second hydrophone-geophone pair at a second offset along the sensor streamer, the second offset greater than the first offset, and determining the second target depth based on a second projected geophone noise floor in the sensor streamer at the second offset and a second expected spectral notch of a hydrophone of the second hydrophone-geophone pair; wherein the second target depth is greater than the first target depth.

Abstract: Apparatus, systems, and methods may operate to receive radiated energy as scattered energy after the radiated energy interacts with a geologic formation, wherein the scattered energy is received at a sub-surface multi-channel sensor array that operates to transform the scattered energy into received signals, and wherein the radiated energy is provided by a sub-surface source of elastic energy; and to identify discontinuous features in the geologic formation by interferometric comparison of the received signals as elastic signals and/or electromagnetic signals among some sensors in the sensor array, or by time-reversal propagation of the received signals as elastic and/or electromagnetic signals in a numeric model of a volume of the geologic formation. Additional apparatus, systems, and methods are disclosed.

Abstract: According to aspects of the present disclosure, systems and methods for optimizing deep resistivity measurements are described herein. The method may include obtaining one or more first multi-component measurements from a downhole tool disposed in a borehole. The downhole tool may comprise multi-component antennae. A relative structural dip angle, ?, of the downhole tool relative to formations may be determined, for example, through the use of an additional downhole tool, or computationally using the one or more first multi-component measurements. A tilt angle of at least one of the multi-component antenna may be adjusted, with the adjusted tilt angle being based on the dip angle. The method may further include obtaining one or more second multi-component measurements associated with the adjusted tilt angle, and determining a formation characteristic based, at least in part, on the one or more second multi-component measurements, without including or considering formation anisotropy effects.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to an intelligent train wheel sensor including a permanent magnetic coil and a low-pass filter circuit, an amplifying and shaping circuit, an analog/digital conversion circuit, and an output interface and interface conversion circuit, which are connected to each other in turn. The analog/digital conversion circuit and the output interface and interface conversion circuit being connected to a micro-processing control unit. The permanent magnetic coil is further connected in turn to a rectifier and filter circuit, a power storage circuit, a charging control circuit and rechargeable batteries. The rechargeable batteries supply power to the low-pass filter circuit, the amplifying and shaping circuit, the analog/digital conversion circuit, the micro-processing control unit and the output interface and interface conversion circuit. Such intelligent sensor has high reliability, requires no external power supply, can be installed and maintained conveniently.

Abstract: A system and method for imaging properties of subterranean formations in a wellbore is provided. The system comprises a formation sensor for collecting currents injected into the subterranean formations, the formation sensor positionable on a downhole tool deployable into the wellbore. The system comprises a controller for controlling the formation sensor and a formation imaging unit. The formation imaging unit comprises a current management unit for collecting data from the currents injected into the subterranean formations, the currents having at least two different frequencies. The formation imaging unit comprises a drilling mud data unit for determining at least one drilling mud parameter, a formation data unit for determining at least one formation parameter from the collected data, and an inversion unit for determining at least one formation property by inverting the at least one formation parameter.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and software for detecting boundary locations of multiple subsurface layers are described. In some aspects, the boundaries of multiple subsurface layers in a subterranean region are identified based on measurements associated with multiple different transmitter-receiver spacings. The measurements are generated based on operating multiple transmitters and multiple receivers of a resistivity logging tool at a tool depth in a wellbore in the subterranean region. A first pair of the subsurface boundary locations are determined based on a first measurement associated with a first transmitter-receiver spacing. A second, different pair of the subsurface boundary locations are determined based on a second measurement associated with a second, longer transmitter-receiver spacing. The first pair of subsurface boundary locations reside between the second pair of subsurface boundary locations in the subterranean region.

Abstract: A downhole magnetic ranging tool includes first and second axially spaced magnetic sources deployed in a downhole tool body. The first and second magnetic sources have magnetic moments that axially opposed one another. A magnetic field sensor is deployed axially between the first and second magnetic sources. The tool may be utilized, for example, in subterranean well twinning, well intercept, and well avoidance operations to obtain a separation distance and dip angle between a drilling well and a target well.

Abstract: A system, in certain embodiments, includes a radio frequency identification (RFID) antenna configured to communicate with an RFID tag. The system also includes an antenna tuner electrically coupled to the RFID antenna, and configured to manually tune the RFID antenna to match an inductance of the RFID tag.

Abstract: A detection device for detecting something existed in the high temperature cavity, for detecting the glass substrate sending into or outing of the high temperature cavity, wherein, the detection device comprises a deflection probe and a detection element, the deflection probe comprises a fixed probe and the deflection probe in the same line, which is assembled at the side wall of the high temperature cavity, when the glass substrate is sending into the high temperature cavity and touching the deflection probe, the deflection probe will be connected with the detection element, the detection element will send out a electrical sensor signal for showing the glass substrate is push into the cavity. Therefore, it can be determined in time that the glass substrate and the other elements are still existed in the high temperature cavity or not with some simple machines or detection elements, the detecting process is timely and accurately.

Abstract: Apparatus, methods, and systems related to a spectroelectrochemical cell apparatus including a cell body that has a first volume, a transparent sample window defined in the cell body, the transparent sample window defining an optical path through the cell body and having a second volume, a working electrode extending through the cell body and into the transparent sample window in the optical path, a counter electrode extending through the cell body, a reference electrode extending through the cell body, a sample inlet extending through the cell body, a solvent inlet extending through the cell body, an electrolyte inlet extending through the cell body, an ionic fluid inlet extending through the cell body, a detection species inlet extending through the cell body, a fluid outlet extending through the cell body, and a fluid mixer located within the cell body.

Abstract: A polycarbonate resin film of the present invention is formed from a polycarbonate resin which contains at least a constitutional unit derived from a dihydroxy compound having a bonded structure represented by the following structural formula (1) and satisfies the following expression (2) when subjected to a tensile test at a standard stretching temperature for the polycarbonate resin and at a pulling speed (strain rate) of 1,000%/min. [Chem. 1] CH2—O??(1) (No hydrogen atom is bonded to the oxygen atom contained in the structural formula (1).) 0.9?[(lower yield stress in tension)/(upper yield stress in tension)]?1??(2).

Abstract: A polymerizable composition for an optical material includes: (A) one or more isocyanates having two or more isocyanato groups that contains an aromatic isocyanate; (B) one or more alcohols having two or more hydroxyl groups; and (C) an acid phosphate represented by the following formula (1), in which a ratio of the molar number of a secondary hydroxyl group to the total molar number of primary and secondary hydroxyl groups contained in the alcohol (B) is 50% or higher.

Abstract: A radiation curable composition is disclosed that includes a curable cross-linker essentially free of urethane and urea functional groups, a curable diluent, and a non-radiation curable component comprising (thio)urethane and/or urea groups. Coated optical fibers having a primary coating formed from this radiation curable composition, as well as optical fiber ribbons that contain the coated optical fibers are disclosed. Methods of making the optical fibers and ribbons are also disclosed.