Abstract: A system for containing an emission of sulfur trioxide, the system comprising a first pressurized vessel, the first pressurized vessel containing sulfur trioxide, a relief vessel containing a volume of a solvent solution, wherein the solvent solution comprises sulfolane, and a first relief conduit providing a first route of fluid communication between the first pressurized vessel and the relief vessel. A method for containing an emission of sulfur trioxide, the method comprising routing a first relief conduit so as to provide a first route of fluid communication between a first pressurized vessel and a relief vessel, wherein the first pressurized vessel contains sulfur trioxide, wherein the relief vessel contains a volume of a solvent solution, and wherein the solvent solution comprises sulfolane.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a preparation method of graphene, capable of preparing graphene having a smaller thickness and a large area, and with reduced defect generation, by a simplified process. The preparation method of graphene includes forming dispersion including a carbon-based material including unoxidized graphite, and a dispersant; and continuously passing the dispersion through a high pressure homogenizer including an inlet, an outlet, and a micro-channel for connection between the inlet and the outlet, having a diameter in a micrometer scale, wherein the carbon-based material is exfoliated, as the material is passed through the micro-channel under application of a shear force, thereby forming graphene having a thickness in nanoscale.

Abstract: A method of producing diamonds comprises the steps of producing a carbonaceous powder comprising nano-structured carbonaceous material and a transition metal and thermally treating the powder. The carbonaceous powder is produced by electrochemical erosion of graphite in a molten salt, the transition metal being incorporated into the carbonaceous powder during the electrochemical erosion. The step of thermally treating the carbonaceous powder is carried out in a non-oxidising atmosphere at a temperature of between 350° C. and 300° C., at a pressure of lower than 1 GPa. The method allows diamond to be produced at low pressures and low temperatures.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a porous carbon material having a co-continuous structure forming portion in which carbon skeletons and voids form continuous structures, respectively and which has a structural period of 0.002 ?m to 3 ?m, having pores which have an average diameter of 0.01 to 10 nm on a surface thereof, and having a BET specific surface area of 100 m2/g or more.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for cleaving silicon-silicon bindings and/or silicon-chlorine bindings in monosilanes, polysilanes, and/or oligosilanes. According to the invention, the monosilane, polysilane, and/or oligosilane is dissolved or suspended in an ether or in an ether-hydrochloric acid solution. Said method is used for example for preparing halogenated oligosilanes from halogenated polysilanes and for preparing siloxanes from organochlorosilanes and chlorinated monosilanes. Said method is particularly simple to carry out and as a result is economical.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for synthesizing molecular sieve material designated SSZ-105 using N-methyl quinuclidinium cations or N,N?-dimethyl-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane dications as a structure directing agent. SSZ-105 is a disordered aluminosilicate molecular sieve comprising at least one intergrown phase of an ERI framework type molecular sieve and an LEV framework type molecular sieve.

Abstract: 96 parts by mass of a ?-alumina powder, 4 parts by mass of a an AlF3 powder, and 0.17 parts by mass of an ?-alumina powder as a seed crystal were mixed by a pot mill. The purities of each raw material were evaluated, and it was found that the mass ratio of each impurity element other than Al, O, F, H, C, and S was 10 ppm or less. In a high-purity alumina-made sagger having a purity of 99.9 percent by mass, 300 g of the obtained mixed powder was received, and after a high-purity alumina-made lid having a purity of 99.9 percent by mass was placed on the sagger, a heat treatment was perforated at 900° C. for 3 hours in an electric furnace in an air flow atmosphere, so that an alumina powder was obtained. The value of AlF3 mass/container volume was 0.016 g/cm3.

Abstract: A solar powered thermal distillation system and method includes a solar still having a first end and an opposite second end with a longitudinal access extending between the first end and the opposite second end, the solar still further having a raised side and an opposite lowered side with a width axis extending between the raised side and the opposite lowered side. A solar-transmitting roof is located atop the solar still, wherein the solar-transmitting roof admits solar energy to equipment maintained within the solar still. The solar sill also includes a heating surface inclined along a direction aligned with or parallel to the width axis so that water flows down the heating surface along or parallel with the width axis, and a tubular member extending below the heating surface between the raised side and the opposite lowered side.

Abstract: A method of fabricating an oleophilic foam includes providing a foam comprising a base material. The base material is coated with an inorganic material using at least one of an atomic layer deposition (ALD), a molecular layer deposition (MLD) or sequential infiltration synthesis (SIS) process. The SIS process includes at least one cycle of exposing the foam to a first metal precursor for a first predetermined time and a first partial pressure. The first metal precursor infiltrates at least a portion of the base material and binds with the base material. The foam is exposed to a second co-reactant precursor for a second predetermined time and a second partial pressure. The second co-reactant precursor reacts with the first metal precursor, thereby forming the inorganic material on the base material. The inorganic material infiltrating at least the portion of the base material. The inorganic material is functionalized with an oleophilic material.

Abstract: An apparatus for purifying liquid comprises a substantially tubular irradiation chamber (100) and a plurality of UV-LEDs (110) projecting ultraviolet radiation into it so as to irradiate the flow (106) of liquid being passed through it, where each of the UV-LEDs (110) is disposed upon the irradiation chamber (100) so that it is illuminated by at least one other of the plurality of UV-LEDs (110).

Abstract: The invention relates to a liquid purification assembly using ultraviolet light irradiation against reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms, comprising an irradiation chamber (200) having an internal volume and comprising an inlet (204) and an outlet (205), the irradiation chamber (200) being provided with ultraviolet light emitting means (208) configured to irradiate liquid in the irradiation chamber (200) with ultraviolet light. The irradiation chamber (200) comprises a mechanism configured to cause a change in the internal volume of the irradiation chamber (200), said change in internal volume drawing liquid into the irradiation chamber (200) when the volume of the irradiation chamber (200) increases, and forcing liquid out of the irradiation chamber (200) when the volume of the irradiation chamber (200) decreases. The invention also relates to a beverage dispenser and to a method for purifying a liquid.

Abstract: A water treatment system including a reaction chamber having an anode and a cathode is presented. The reaction chamber is configured to conduct an electrocoagulation reaction between the anode and the cathode. The water treatment system also includes an external ion generator, separate from the anode, configured to provide free metal ions to the water treatment system.

Abstract: The present invention provides a hydrogen water generator capable of efficiently generating hydrogen with a structure in which anode electrode(s) and cathode electrode(s) are arranged in a container in an approximately vertical direction. The electrode portion 4 which includes two or more of anode electrodes 4A or cathode electrodes 4B is supported by a generator body cover portion 2. The generator body cover portion 2 is held and the electrode portion 4 is immersed in drinking water in a beverage container 12 such as a cup. Then, electrolysis is caused owing to that a controller 11 applies voltage obtained by boosting supply voltage from a battery 8 to the electrode portion 4 for a predetermined time. At this time, since a plurality of energizing paths between the anode electrode(s) and the cathode electrode(s) are formed, hydrogen can be effectively generated in the drinking water.

Abstract: A hydromagnetic desalination cell including at least one hollow rectangular flow conduit, a first rectangular magnet and a second rectangular magnet each having a north pole face and a south pole face opposite of each other, wherein the first and second rectangular magnets are disposed along a longitudinal axis and on opposite sides of the rectangular flow conduit, a first opening and a second opening on opposite walls of the rectangular flow conduit extending between the first and second rectangular magnets, and a first and second chamber fluidly connected to the first and second openings. A hydromagnetic desalination system and methods of desalinating brine water with the hydromagnetic desalination system are also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention is directed to compounds, compositions and methods for the removal of contaminants from fluids and, in particular sulfates and/or metals from industrial waste water. Compounds and compositions of the invention contain polysaccharides and other organic molecules. These flocculating agents are safe and effective, requiring no special handling procedures. Flocculation compounds include biopolymers of dextran, modified dextran and blends of dextrans, plus other organic and/or inorganic molecules. With the addition of flocculants of the invention to waste water, contaminants such as sulfate and toxic heavy metals can be safely, easily and efficiently removed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for treating an aqueous suspension of solid particles, wherein at least one water-soluble polymer is added to the suspension, and wherein said polymer is obtained by polymerizing at least a non-ionic monomer, optionally at least one anionic and/or at least one cationic monomer, in the presence of a multifunctional free radical transfer agent. This method is particularly useful for the treatment of mineral tailings and especially for tailings resulting from oil sand extraction.

Abstract: The invention relates to the treatment of the wastewater from isophorone production (IP) by high-pressure wet oxidation.

Abstract: Provided is a wastewater treatment method that keeps Bacillus predominant inside the biological treatment tank and makes it possible to improve the water quality of the treated water while suppressing the volume of sludge generated in association with wastewater treatment. A wastewater treatment method for purifying wastewater by microorganisms in a biological treatment tank wherein the wastewater is purified by causing a first microorganism belonging to the genus Bacillus that is + for nitric acid reduction and ? for starch decomposition and a second microorganism that is ? for nitric acid reduction and + for starch decomposition in testing of the physiological properties of microorganisms to be predominant inside the biological treatment tank.

Abstract: The invention relates to cold temperature-resistant microbials for use in waste water treatment. More particularly, the invention relates to isolated Bacillus strains ALG and DRT, and strains having all of the identifying characteristics of these strains, and combinations thereof, for a use comprising the above-mentioned use.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for the treatment of sewage sludge with enzymes, which process comprises treating a sewage sludge resulting from the treatment of municipal or industrial waste water with a composition comprising a fermentation supernatant product from a Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture and a non-ionic surfactant, wherein said fermentation supernatant product is free of active enzymes, at conditions suitable for generating said active enzymes from said sewage sludge in situ.

Abstract: Laundry, industrial or food processing wastewater is purified to the degree that it can be reused. Water quality is ensured through the final process of reverse osmosis (“RO”) which removes dissolved contaminants such as mineral hardness, soils and residual detergents. The process combines a ceramic tubular cross-flow membrane filter to remove the suspended solids, oils and greases ahead of the RO. The RO process employs high temperature, low fouling membranes. This enables the RO process to operate sustainably, i.e. without fouling, plugging or membrane degradation.

Abstract: A method of treating sour water from industrial processes such as coal gasification. The method includes injecting a polysulfide into a sour water stream to convert cyanide to thiocyanate, thereby reducing the corrosiveness and toxicity of the sour water stream. The method also includes the step of mixing the sour water stream with a reactant to remove CO2 in its various forms in a reaction tank and subsequently routing the stream to a solid settler. The method further includes adjusting the pH of the sour stream in a pH correction tank before sending the sour water stream through a stream stripper for H2S and/or NH3 removal. After passing through the stripper, the treated sour water stream is sent to a biological treatment process for thiocyanate and formate removal. Subsequent treatment steps can be applied, such as multi-grade filters and activated carbon filters, to prepare the treated sour water for reuse.

Abstract: A water purification process for treating water containing at least some organic contaminants, and including the steps of pre-treating the water for capturing organic contaminants from solution in a water stream, by passing the water into a spin up bowl to speed up the water stream, forcing the high speed stream through an annular flow passage located centrally of the spin up bowl passing the high velocity stream between a magnetic member and a magnetic ring, thereafter passing the water stream into an energy recovery bowl, directing the flow from the flow passage onto a zinc anode member; and thereafter passing the water stream along a grounded pipe, thereby causing the development of fine particles of calcium carbonates, and capturing the organic contaminants

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of manufacturing a crystallized glass for a secondary battery. The secondary battery include a solid electrolyte comprising sulfide, which can be prepared by synthesizing sulfides using thermal energy and vapor pressure as energy sources. The method of the present invention is suitable for manufacturing a crystallized glass for use as the electrolyte comprising sulfide of the secondary battery. The method includes dispersing two or more kinds of sulfides in a solvent and synthesizing the sulfides under conditions of a temperature equal to or greater than a boiling point of the solvent and high pressure greater than standard atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a glass roll, includes: a forming step (S1) of forming, while conveying a glass film, the glass film by a downdraw method; a temporary rolling step (S3) of rolling the glass film while superposing a protective film on the glass film at a downstream end of a path of the conveying in the forming step (S1), to thereby manufacture a source glass roll; and a main rolling step (S4) of unrolling, while conveying the glass film to a downstream side, the glass film from the source glass roll, and then rerolling the glass film while superposing a protective film on the glass film at a downstream end of a path of the conveying, to thereby manufacture a glass roll. Higher tension in a rolling direction is applied to the glass film in the main rolling step (S4) than in the temporary rolling step (S3).

Abstract: Provided are a glass for anti-dazzle processing which has low dependency on the concentration of the processing liquid in carrying out the anti-dazzle processing, and an anti-dazzle glass using the same. A glass for anti-dazzle processing contains, as expressed by mass percentage on the basis of oxides, 60 to 75% of SiO2, 2.5 to 10% of A12O3, 13 to 19% of Na2O, 0 to 1.8% of K2O, 0 to 12% of MgO, 0 to 9% of CaO, and 0 to 4% of ZrO2.

Abstract: The invention relates to faceted gemstones based on a luminescent glass composition that contains particular oxides of rare earth metals and thus enables the faceted gemstones to be identified, and to a process for identifying the gemstones.

Abstract: Surface having properties for reducing diffuse light due to water condensation, wherein the antifog means consist in atomic aggregates adhered to and dispersed over the surface, wherein the aggregates are selected among the transition metals and the silicon. It is also related to a method for obtaining a surface having properties for reducing diffuse light due to water condensation a wavelength selected in the range from 100 nm to 50 micrometers, comprising the steps of selecting the wavelength, obtaining a glass or polymer surface that has been subjected to optical polishing and adhering to the surface atomic aggregates which are selected among the transition metals and the silicon with a separation between them being lower than or having an order of the selected wavelength selected. Thus a durable antifogging surface is obtained.

Abstract: A glass drawdown coating system includes a container defining a glass ribbon path having a first side and a second side. At least one nanoparticle coater is located adjacent the first side and/or the second side of the glass ribbon path.

Abstract: A process for coating a glass article of manufacture may include providing a glass article at an initial temperature of above about 105° C., and depositing a coating onto a surface of said glass article. The coating may include an adhesion promoter and a compounded polymer that includes a copolymer of an ?-olefin and an ?,?-unsaturated carboxylic acid and a wax. The process may include heating said glass article to a temperature above said initial temperature sufficient to promote adhesion of said coating to said glass article. Glass articles having the coating adhered to the glass article are also described.

Abstract: A glass-based article including a first surface and a second surface opposing the first surface defining a thickness (t) of about 3 millimeters or less (e.g., about 1 millimeter or less), and a stress profile, wherein all points of the stress profile between a thickness range from about 0·t up to 0.3·t and from greater than about 0.7·t to t, comprise a tangent with a slope having an absolute value greater than about 0.1 MPa/micrometer. In some embodiments, the glass-based article includes a non-zero metal oxide concentration that varies along at least a portion of the thickness (e.g., 0·t to about 0.3·t) and a maximum central tension of less than about 71.5/?(t) (MPa). In some embodiments, the concentration of metal oxide or alkali metal oxide decreases from the first surface to a point between the first surface and the second surface and increases from the point to the second surface. The concentration of the metal oxide may be about 0.05 mol % or greater or about 0.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus and a method for production of additives enhancing water tightness of structural and binding building materials. The method comprises the steps of: preparing a hydrophobing agent by esterifying 60-80 m % of vegetable oil by a mixture consisting of 20-40 m % ethyl alcohol and 0.1-5 m % of methyl alcohol of the whole mass of the agent, then adding 5-30 m % agent by spraying through nozzles and water to a body of burnt lime in a reactor, and prior to adding the agent and water a mixture of 2-8 m % ethyl alcohol and 0.1-1 m % of methyl alcohol of the whole mass of the body of burnt lime is added by spraying through nozzles, while the mixture is agitating mechanically till a homogeneous mixture is prepared, then adding 40-65 m % water to the mixture, and ceasing mechanical agitating after commencement of the fierce chemical reaction.

Abstract: Methods for developing and exploiting material-based synergy is provided. The methods include utilizing in a geopolymer composite material production process a diluted metal hydroxide solution from a lignocellulosic composite material production process. The methods also include utilizing a concentrated and/or re-concentrated metal hydroxide solution in a lignocellulosic composite material production process and/or in a geopolymer composite material production process. The methods further include utilizing lignocelluslosic composite materials with geopolymer composite materials to produce superior products that include some or all of the benefits associated with each material.

Abstract: A freeze-thaw durable, dimensionally stable, geopolymer composition including: cementitious reactive powder including thermally activated aluminosilicate mineral, aluminate cement preferably selected from at least one of calcium sulfoaluminate cement and calcium aluminate cement, and calcium sulfate selected from at least one of calcium sulfate dihydrate, calcium sulfate hemihydrate, and anhydrous calcium sulfate; alkali metal chemical activator; and a freeze-thaw durability component selected from at least one of air-entraining agent, defoaming agent, and surface active organic polymer; wherein the composition has an air content of about 4% to 20% by volume, more preferably about 4% to 12% by volume, and most preferably about 4% to 8% by volume. The compositions are made from a slurry wherein the water/cementitious reactive powder weight ratio is 0.14 to 0.45:1, preferably 0.16 to 0.35:1, and more preferably 0.18 to 0.25:1. Methods for making the compositions are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of producing high strength cementitious product from raw fly ash by mixing the raw fly ash with a lithium compound, whereby milling of the raw fly ash to achieve requisite strength is unnecessary. It has now been found that by adding as little as 0.1% of lithium chloride to raw untreated Class C fly ash one can achieve improved seven day and twenty-eight day compressive strength. At the very least, raw lithium treated Class C fly ash may be used at lower total cementitious content per yard of concrete as opposed to ordinary Portland Cement for improved compressive strength.

Abstract: A method of forming a ceramic product, the method comprising producing a ceramic foaming mixture in the form of a slurry, causing the slurry to foam, extruding the foamed slurry to produce a plurality of lengths of extruding material each with a diameter of less than 10 mm, firing the extruded material so as to partially sinter the extruded material, forming the partially sintered extruded material into a required shape for a product, and subsequently firing the shaped partially sintered extruded material to form the ceramic product.

Abstract: A method for producing a transparent alumina sintered body includes (a) the step of preparing an alumina raw material powder containing a plate-like alumina powder having an aspect ratio of 3 or more so that the mass ratio R1 of F to Al in the alumina raw material powder is 5 ppm or more, and forming a compaction raw material containing the alumina raw material powder into a compact, and (b) the step of pressure-sintering the compact at a temperature at which F evaporate to yield a transparent alumina sintered body.

Abstract: Disclosed are a composite particle and a method of manufacturing the same. The composite particle may have an appropriate level of particle diameter and may maintain a stable shape and internal porous structure when the composite particle is applied during a coating process at high temperature.

Abstract: The present invention provides for carbide ceramic matrix composite comprising Cf/C—SiC-xMC wherein Cf/C is a carbon fibre reinforced carbon matrix, x is at least 2, and wherein MC are carbides of transition metals with M being at least two different transition metals selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten. The invention further provides for a method for manufacturing the composite.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for providing molten metal infiltration into a component is provided.

Abstract: The invention disclosed herein is a multifunctional agricultural organic bio-complexed composition comprising essential and non-essential nutritional elements; useful as a fertilizer, nutrient, bio-stimulant, complexing agent, pH controller, pH indicator, pH corrector, hard water salts in-activator, surface tension reducer, Spreader, penetrator, adjuvant, alkaline hard water ill effects mitigator, water conditioner and drip system irrigation cleaner. The invention also disclosed herein a process for preparation thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a solid, particulate, non-explosive composition comprising ammonium nitrate-based particles, in particular a fertilizer composition, of which, on the one hand, the potential misuse as a precursor for an explosive composition is limited without, on the other hand, hampering its legitimate use by farmers for food production. The solid, particulate, non-explosive composition further comprises a gelling agent which is able to form a substantially water-insoluble and non-filterable hydrogel after the solid fertilizer composition is contacted with water. The gelling agent is selected from the group of gum-based gelling agents, in particular xanthan gum-based agents and guar gum-based agents, most preferably is a xanthan gum-based agent.

Abstract: Polymer films containing nutrients and/or components for use by soil, plants and/or animals are biodegradable and compostable. Film compositions may include bio-based and fossil-based polymers along with nutrients and other components that can be utilized by soil, plants, animals, as well as pigments and additives. The films may be configured as three-layer coextruded films with two outside layers and an inside layer therebetween. The films of the present disclosure may be produced using blown film processes. The films are used in agricultural or other growing settings and provide a biodegradable, compostable film that delivers nutrients and/or components to soil, plants and/or animals over the course of and following film degradation.

Abstract: A monopropellant includes 30-70% by weight of an oxidizer including hydroxylammonium nitrate, 5-50% by weight of a fuel, and a burn rate modifier in a non-zero amount of up to 3% by weight. The burn rate modifier can be selected from vanadium salts, iron salts, and combinations thereof. The monopropellant is a stable liquid between ?20 C and 100 C at ambient pressure.

Abstract: Disclosed is a catalyst for methanation reaction producing methane with high conversion by reaction of hydrogen with carbon dioxide, or a gas mixture of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, or a gas mixture containing these compounds as the main components. The catalyst is prepared by the steps of mixing (A) aqueous zirconia sol with salts of (B) stabilizing element(s), which is selected from the group consisting of Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, Ca and Mg, and (C) iron group element(s), drying and calcining the mixture to obtain a catalyst precursor, and subsequent reduction of the precursor. The catalyst comprises, by atomic %, A: 18-70%, B: 1-20% and C: 25-80% based on the elemental states of the metals. The catalyst is characterized by multiple oxide of tetragonal zirconia structure, in which not only the stabilizing element(s) but also a part of the iron group element(s) is incorporated, and on which the iron group element(s) in the metallic state is supported.

Abstract: A process is presented for the conversion of oxygenates to olefins. The process utilizes a catalyst comprising a silicoaluminophosphate with an added basic metal oxide. The basic metal oxide modifies the selectivity to increase the yields of propylene and heavier olefins. The increase in heavier olefins are processed downstream to further increase propylene yields, and to generate a process stream comprising butylenes.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for preparing p-xylene and propylene from methanol and/or dimethyl ether. This method comprises coupling two reaction processes, an aromatization reaction of methanol and/or dimethyl ether and an alkylation reaction of ethylene with methanol and/or dimethyl ether. The method of this invention produces p-xylene and propylene with a high selectivity by returning an ethylene-enriched component in reaction byproducts from preparation of p-xylene from methanol and/or dimethyl ether to the reaction system for performing alkylation reaction with methanol and/or dimethyl ether in the presence of catalysts.

Abstract: In the present application is described a plant and process for production of hydrocarbons, the process comprising the steps of: —converting at least a feed stream comprising CH4 and O2 feed into a conversion effluent by oxidative coupling of methane (OCM), —withdrawing one or more product streams from the conversion effluent by at least one product retrieval stage; —recycling at least a portion of the remaining conversion effluent as a recycle stream in a recycle loop, said recycle loop comprising a hydrogenation stage and a methanation stage; and —adding at least part of the recycle stream to the feed stream.

Abstract: The energy is minimized that is required to lower the concentration of the high boiling point components (containing the poisoning substance for the dehydrogenation catalyst) contained in the hydrogenated aromatic compound produced by the hydrogenation of an aromatic compound. The hydrogenation system (2) for an aromatic compound comprises a hydrogenation reaction unit (11) for adding hydrogen to an aromatic compound by a hydrogenation reaction to produce a hydrogenated aromatic compound, a first separation unit (12) for separating a gas and a liquid component from a product of the hydrogenation reaction unit while maintaining a temperature of the product generally higher than a boiling point of the hydrogenated aromatic compound, and a second separation unit (13) for separating the hydrogenated aromatic compound from the gas component separated by the first separation unit.

Abstract: Provided are a separation method for easily recovering normal butene from an olefin fraction including isobutene, isobutane, 1-butene, 2-butene, and normal butane, and a separation process system using the method. Since the separation method according to the present invention may easily convert 1-butene included in the olefin fraction to 2-butene, normal butene may be effectively separated and recovered by factional distillation and each recovered fraction may be easily refluxed even if the use of a reflux system using a refrigerant is reduced or excluded. Thus, economic efficiency may be improved and simultaneously, separation efficiency may be increased.