Abstract: An alloy is composed essentially of, in terms of weight percent: 6 to 8.5 Cr, 5.5 to 13.5 Mo, 0.4 to 7.5 W, 1 to 2 Ti, 0.7 to 0.85 Mn, 0.05 to 0.3 Al, 0.08 to 0.5 C, 0 to 1 Nb, with the balance Ni, the alloy being characterized by, at 850° C., a yield strength of at least 25 Ksi, a tensile strength of at least 30 Ksi, a creep rupture life at 12 Ksi of at least 45 hours, and a corrosion rate, expressed in weight loss [g/(cm2 sec)]10?11 during a 1000 hour immersion in liquid FLiNaK at 850° C., in the range of 6 to 39.

Abstract: An alloy consists essentially of, in terms of weight percent: 6 to 8.5 Cr, 5.5 to 13.5 Mo, 0.4 to 7.5 W, 1 to 2 Ti, 0.7 to 0.85 Mn, 0.05 to 0.3 Al, up to to 0.1 Co, 0.08 to 0.5 C, 1 to 5 Ta, 1 to 4 Nab, 1 to 3 Hf, balance Ni. The alloy is characterized by, at 850° C., a yield strength of at least 36 Ksi, a tensile strength of at least 40 Ksi, a creep rupture life at 12 Ksi of at least 72.1 hours, and a corrosion rate, expressed in weight loss [g/(cm2sec)]×10?11 during a 1000 hour immersion in liquid FLiNaK at 850° C., in the range of 8 to 25.

Abstract: A method of forming a thermal barrier coating on a metal part includes laser cleaning a surface of the metal part to remove undesirable oxides and residues from the surface of the part. It further includes depositing an aluminum containing bondcoat on the part and thermally interdiffusing the bondcoat and the part with a heat treatment. Laser cleaning a surface of the bondcoat to remove oxides and debris from the surface forms an alpha aluminum oxide layer on the bondcoat. A ceramic topcoat is then deposited on the alpha aluminum oxide layer at a temperature above 1800° F. (982° C.).

Abstract: Powder injection apparatus, plasma gun, and method of use. Powder injection apparatus includes a shroud attachable to an outlet nozzle of a thermal spray apparatus and a substantially smooth and continuous inner wall defining a bowl through which a plume of the thermal spray apparatus travels. At least one port in the inner wall is structured and arranged to receive a powder injection nozzle that injects powder into the plume.

Abstract: A method to increase the damping of a substrate using a face-centered cubic ferromagnetic damping coating.

Abstract: A sputtering target for a magnetic recording film which contains carbon, the sputtering target is characterized in that the ratio (IG/ID) of peak intensities of the G-band to the D-band in Raman scattering spectrometry is 5.0 or less. The sputtering target for a magnetic recording film, which contains carbon powders dispersed therein, makes it possible to produce a magnetic thin film having a granular structure without using an expensive apparatus for co-sputtering; and in particular, the target is an Fe—Pt-based sputtering target. Carbon is a material which is difficult to sinter and has a problem that carbon particles are apt to form agglomerates. There is hence a problem that carbon masses are readily detached during sputtering to generate a large number of particles on the film after sputtering. The high-density sputtering target can solve these problems.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatus related to blocking macroparticles in deposition processes utilizing plasmas. In one aspect, an apparatus includes a cathode, a substrate holder, a first magnet, a second magnet, and a structure. The cathode is configured to generate a plasma. The substrate holder is configured to hold a substrate. The first magnet is disposed proximate a first side of the cathode. The second magnet is disposed proximate a second side of the substrate holder. A magnetic field exists between the first magnet and the second magnet and a flow of the plasma substantially follows the magnetic field. The structure is disposed between the second side of the cathode and the first side of the substrate holder and is positioned proximate a region where the magnetic field between the first magnet and the second magnet is weak.

Abstract: A method and process for the production of bulk polysilicon by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) where conventional silicon “slim rods” commonly used in Siemens-type reactors are replaced with shaped silicon filaments of similar electrical properties but larger surface areas, such as silicon tubes, ribbons, and other shaped cross sections. Silicon containing gases, such as chlorosilane or silane, are decomposed and form a silicon deposit on the hot surfaces of the filaments The larger starting surface areas of these filaments ensures a higher production rate without changing the reactor size, and without increasing the number and length of the filaments. Existing reactors need only the adaptation or replacement of filament supports to use the new filaments. The filaments are grown from silicon melt by Edge-defined, Film-fed Growth (EFG) method. This also enables the doping of the filaments and simplification of power supplies for new reactors.

Abstract: Films comprising Aluminum, carbon and a metal, wherein the aluminum is present in an amount greater than about 16% by elemental content and the film has less than about 50% carbon. Methods of forming the films comprise exposing a substrate to a metal halide precursor, purging the metal halide precursor from the processing chamber and then exposing the substrate to an alkyl aluminum precursor and an alane precursor, either sequentially or simultaneously. The alane precrursor comprises an amine-alane and a stabilizing amine selected from one or more of diemthylcyclohexylamine or dicyclomethylhexylamine.

Abstract: When a dry cleaning process is performed in a processing chamber by adding nitrogen monoxide (NO) gas to a cleaning gas, the handling is facilitated, and cleaning performance is improved. A substrate processing apparatus includes a processing vessel configured to process a substrate, a first cleaning gas supply system configured to pre-mix a gas containing fluorine atoms with the NO gas and supply the pre-mixed gas into the processing vessel, and a second cleaning gas supply system installed apart from the first cleaning gas supply system and configured to supply the fluorine-containing gas into the processing vessel.

Abstract: A device and a method for continuous chemical vapor deposition under atmospheric pressure on substrates. The device is hereby based on a reaction chamber, along the open sides of which the substrates are guided, as a result of which the corresponding coatings can be effected on the side of the substrates which is orientated towards the chamber interior.

Abstract: There is provided a substrate processing apparatus of performing a process by supplying a processing gas on a substrate while rotating the substrate mounted on a rotary table in a vacuum container, which includes: a container main body used as a part including a bottom portion of the vacuum container; a cover part configured to be detachably installed with respect to the container main body to open and close the container main body, the cover part being used as a part including a ceiling portion of the vacuum container; a pillar installed in one of the cover part and the container main body such that the pillar penetrates through a central portion of the rotary table when the cover part is installed on the container main body, and configured to support the cover part with respect to the container main body when the inside of the vacuum container is vacuum-exhausted.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus and nozzle head for processing a surface of a substrate. The apparatus includes a substrate support mechanism for supporting the substrate on a substrate support plane in a process zone, a nozzle head for subjecting the surface of the substrate to successive surface reactions of at least a first precursor and a second precursor and a nozzle head support mechanism for supporting the nozzle head at a predetermined distance from the substrate support plane. The nozzle head support mechanism includes a nozzle head support surface and, that the nozzle head is supported to the nozzle head support surface.

Abstract: A metal circuit structure is provided. The metal circuit structure includes a substrate, a first trigger layer and a first metal circuit layer. The first trigger layer is disposed on the substrate and includes a first metal circuit pattern. The first metal circuit layer is disposed on the first circuit pattern and is electrically insulated from the substrate. The composition of the first trigger layer includes an insulating gel and a plurality of trigger particles. The trigger particles are at least one of organometallic particles, a chelation and a semiconductor material having an energy gap greater than or equal to 3 eV. The trigger particles are disposed in the insulating gel, such that the dielectric constant of the first trigger layer after curing is between 2 and 6.5.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to the field of conversion coating. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to improved methods for improving efficiency of chromium conversion coat processing lines.

Abstract: A conversion coating composition comprising 0.01 wt % to 0.2 wt % of phosphorous (P); 0.01 wt % to 0.2 wt % of magnesium (Mg); 0.005 wt % to 0.15 wt % of zirconium (Zr); 0.005 wt % to 0.15 wt % of titanium (Ti); 0.005 wt % to 0.15 wt % of vanadium (V); 0.05 wt % to 1 wt % of phenol resin; the balance of water and other unavoidable impurities is provided. A surface treated steel sheet comprising a base steel sheet; a zinc or zinc alloy plated layer formed on the base steel sheet; a blackening layer formed on the zinc or zinc alloy plated layer; and an organic and inorganic complex conversion coating layer formed on the blackening layer, wherein the organic and inorganic complex conversion coating layer may satisfy the weight ratio of P:Mg:Zr:Ti:V=1:0.045 to 2:0.035 to 1.5:0.035 to 1.3:0.035 to 1.5 (based on the weight of P) is also provided. A method for manufacturing a steel sheet treated with the conversion coating composition is also provided.

Abstract: Provided herein is an apparatus, including a substrate; an etch stop layer overlying the substrate, wherein the etch stop layer is substantially resistant to etching conditions; and a patterned layer overlying the etch stop layer, wherein the patterned layer is substantially labile to the etching conditions, and wherein the patterned layer comprises a number of features including substantially consistent feature profiles among regions of high feature density and regions of low feature density.

Abstract: Galvanic anodes and barrier corrosion control for metal pipelines, tanks, and equipment under thermal insulation includes the use of pure aluminum and aluminum alloys in fresh water at high temperatures to protect steel elements in hot water without sufficient chlorides. Sacrificial aluminum and sacrificial zinc-aluminum powders in a mixed primer provide long-term, effective corrosion control of steel under thermal insulation can be achieved in all water temperature ranges regardless of the presence of sufficient chlorides. At temperatures below 75° C., the zinc particles in the primer act to protect the substrate steel. At temperatures above 75° C., the aluminum particles in the primer, and galvanic aluminum tape protect the substrate steel in chloride free neutral pH water and also reduce the consumption of zinc particles in the primer. When the electrolyte water for CUI is sufficiently contaminated with chlorides, the aluminum particles in the primer and the galvanic aluminum become active.

Abstract: A process for the production of energetically rich compounds comprising: using externally supplied thermal energy to heat an electrolyzable compound to a temperature greater than the ambient temperature; generating electricity from a solar electrical photovoltaic component; subjecting the heated electrolyzable compound to electrolysis with the solar generated electricity to generate an energetically rich electrolytic product.

Abstract: This invention relates to electrolysis apparatus 10 adapted to produce oxygenated and hydrogenated fluid, formed during the electrolysis of an electrolytic solution passed into the apparatus 10. The apparatus 10 comprises a first and second outer end members 12 and 14 and first and second permeable electrodes 16 and 18 spaced from one another. Each permeable electrode 16 and 18 are of a foraminous or perforated material. An inlet chamber 20 has two inlets 26 for allowing electrolytic solution to pass into said chamber 20. The apparatus 10 also has an oxygen outlet 28 as well as a hydrogen outlet 30. The flow of electrolytic solution through the permeable electrodes 16 and 18 will carry with it the oxygen and hydrogen gasses generated on the positive and negative (first and second) permeable electrodes respectively.

Abstract: Internally reinforced structural composites, suitable uses for such composites, and associated methods of manufacturing are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a method of making a reinforced structural component includes forming a precursor having a crystal structure with a plurality of lattice layers and exfoliating the precursor. As a result, a distance between adjacent pairs of the plurality of lattice layers is expanded. The method also includes wrapping the exfoliated precursor with a surface support material around at least a portion of a circumference of the individual lattice layers in the exfoliated precursor.

Abstract: A bipolar alkaline water electrolysis unit incorporated in an electrolytic cell for electrolyzing an electrolytic solution of alkaline water to obtain oxygen and hydrogen, the bipolar alkaline water electrolysis unit including an oxygen generating anode, a hydrogen generating cathode, a conductive partition wall that separates the anode and the cathode from each other, and an outer frame that surrounds the conductive partition wall, wherein a gas and electrolytic solution passage is provided at an upper portion of the conductive partition wall and/or the outer frame, and an electrolytic solution passage is provided at a lower part of the conductive partition wall and/or the outer frame.

Abstract: A golf club head is provided having a club body and a contact plate secured to the club body. The contact plate defines at least a portion of a striking surface having a plurality of striking surface grooves. The contact plate is formed using an electroforming process.

Abstract: A composition comprising a source of metal ions and at least one leveling agent comprising a linear or branched, polymeric imidazolium compound comprising the structural unit of formula L1 (L1) wherein R1, R2, R3 are each independently selected from an H atom and an organic radical having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, R4 is a divalent, trivalent or mutlivalent organic radical which does not comprise a hydroxyl group in the a or ? position relative to the nitrogen atom of the imidazole rings is an integer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a make-up solution for a galvanic bath comprising organometallic components, a wetting agent, a complexing agent and free cyanide, wherein the make-up solution further comprises copper in the form of copper II cyanide and potassium, and complex indium allowing, after addition of alkaline aurocyanide, to galvanically depositing a gold alloy.

Abstract: Disclosed is a resin-metal bonded body of an aluminum metal member and a thermoplastic resin member, which has improved bonding strength and good durability. Also disclosed is a method for producing such a resin-metal bonded body. Specifically disclosed is a resin-metal bonded body which is obtained by bonding an aluminum metal member with a thermoplastic resin member. In this resin-metal bonded body, the aluminum metal member and the thermoplastic resin member are bonded together by an anodic oxide coating having a film thickness of 70-1500 nm or an anodic oxide coating having a triazine thiol in the inner and upper portions. The anodic oxide coating has an infrared absorption spectrum peak intensity ascribed to OH group at 0.0001-0.16.

Abstract: A surface treatment for metal surfaces can be used to create one or more desired effects, such as functional, tactile, or cosmetic effects. In one embodiment, the treatment involves selectively masking a portion of the surface using a photolithographic process. The mask can protect the masked portion of the surface during subsequent treatment processes such as texturizing and anodization. The mask can result in the creation of a surface having contrasting effects. A pattern can be formed by the contrasting effects in the shape of a distinct graphic, such as a logo or text.

Abstract: A method of forming a composite material is provided. The method may include: arranging a suspension in physical contact with a carrier, wherein the suspension may comprise an electrolyte and a plurality of particles of a first component of the composite material; causing the particles of the first component of the composite material to sediment on the carrier, wherein a plurality of spaces may be formed between the sedimented particles; and forming by electroplating a second component of the composite material from the electrolyte in at least a fraction of the plurality of spaces.

Abstract: A partial plating device includes a drum jig which has a plurality of positioning pins provided on the outer peripheral surface thereof, and which feeds a metal member around the outer periphery thereof by engaging the metal member with the positioning pins; a rotating shaft which rotatably supports the drum jig, a jet unit that supplies plating liquid to the metal member, and a brake unit that reduces the circumferential speed of the drum jig, and which is fitted to the rotating shaft. A plating device and a partial plating method in which plating is not carried out on the first region of a metal member on the carrying-in side of the drum jig, but in which plating is carried out on the second region of a metal member on the carrying-out side.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to methods for removing contaminants and native oxides from substrate surfaces. The methods generally include removing contaminants disposed on the substrate surface using a plasma process, and then cleaning the substrate surface by use of a remote plasma assisted dry etch process.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for electrospinning chitinous biomass solution to form chitin fibers, using ionic liquids or other ion-containing liquids as solvent. Chitin fibers produced thereby and articles containing such chitin fibers are also disclosed. The chitin fiber thus obtained has very high surface area and improved strength over currently commercially available chitin materials.

Abstract: There is provided a hollow fiber and method of making. The hollow fiber has an inner-volume portion having a first-core portion and one or more hollow second-core portions. The first-core portion has nanostructures and one or more first polymers. The nanostructures act as an orientation template for orientation of the first polymers in a direction parallel to a longitudinal axis of the fiber. The first-core portion is in contact with and encompasses the hollow second-core portions. The hollow fiber further has an outer-volume portion having one or more second polymers. The outer-volume portion is in contact with and completely encompasses the inner-volume portion. The inner-volume portion has at least one of a tensile modulus and a strength that are higher than at least one of a tensile modulus and a strength of the outer-volume portion.

Abstract: Heat-resistant, high strength fibers useful in a wide range of end-use applications are prepared using a polymeric composition containing polyetherketoneketone and mineral nanotubes.

Abstract: There is provided a fiber and method of making a fiber. The fiber has an inner-volume portion having a first outer diameter, a plurality of nanostructures, and one or more first polymers. The nanostructures act as an orientation template for orientation of the one or more first polymers in a direction parallel to a longitudinal axis of the fiber. The fiber has an outer-volume portion having a second outer diameter and one or more second polymers. The outer-volume portion is in contact with and completely encompasses the inner-volume portion. The inner-volume portion has at least one of a tensile modulus and a strength that are higher than at least one of a tensile modulus and a strength of the outer-volume portion.

Abstract: A method of making a carbon fiber includes heat treating a lignin precursor absent an active ingredient in an inert atmosphere to raise the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the precursor by at least five (5%) percent, forming a lignin precursor having an increased Tg (High Tg Lignin). The High Tg Lignin can be spun into a fiber. The fiber may then be stabilized to form a thermoset fiber. The time period for stabilizing the fiber is less than one hundred (100) hours.

Abstract: The invention relates to an oxygen and nitrogen co-doped polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber and a preparation method thereof. The oxygen and nitrogen co-doped polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber is prepared by electrochemical modification of a raw-material polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber, such that the surface thereof has an active layer formed by oxygen-containing active functional groups and nitrogen-containing active functional groups, wherein the nitrogen-containing active functional groups are obtained by activation of the doped nitrogen inherently contained in the raw-material polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber by means of electrochemical modification.

Abstract: Disclosed are technical fibers and yarns made with partially aromatic polyamides and a fiber having vapor phase action such as an FR cellulosic fiber. Fabrics made from such fibers and yarns demonstrate superior flame retardancy over traditional flame retardant nylon 6,6 fabrics. Further, the disclosed fibers and yarns, when blended with other flame retardant fibers, do not demonstrate the dangerous “scaffolding effect” common with flame retardant nylon 6,6 blended fabrics.

Abstract: A warping system for reducing tension in a plurality of yarn ends wound by the warping system onto a beam. The warping system minimizes the number of contact points as yarn is pulled off of yarn packages in a creel and wound onto the beam. After exiting a tube, yarn passes over a roller and an expansion comb before being wound onto the beam. The yarn extends between the roller and the beam substantially in a yarn plane. The yarn can contact the warping system at only one contact point between the roller and the beam.

Abstract: A penetration-resistant article includes at least one woven structure that has thermoplastic fibers and high-strength fibers, wherein the high-strength fibers have a strength of at least 100 MPa according to ASTM D-885, and a second weave of the woven structure has high-strength fibers. The thermoplastic fibers lie on the second weave and are connected to the second weave by way of at least one warp and/or weft thread. The thermoplastic fibers account for a proportion by weight with respect to the weight of the double weave of 5 to 35%. A method for producing such a woven structure is also described.

Abstract: A textile substrate (1A) includes a warp and a weft and containing several different disposable and/or usable materials. A first subset of the totality of all warp threads and weft threads contains one or more warp threads (K1(1), K2(1), K3(1)) and one or more weft threads (S1(1)), wherein each warp thread of the first subset and each weft thread of the first subset is made of a first of the different disposable materials. A second subset of the totality of all warp threads (K1(2), K2(2), K3(2)) and weft threads contains one or more warp threads and/or one or more weft threads, wherein each warp thread of the second subset and each weft thread of the second subset is made of a second of the different disposable materials.

Abstract: The present invention provides fabrics with cut loop pile comprising a rayon core yarn and covering yarn of a split microfiber yarn and a manufacturing method thereof. The rayon core yarn at the section where said loops are cut is outwardly protruded from the covering yarn, wherein the rayon core yarn is separated into multiple filaments to function as hooks. The fabrics with cut loop pile show superior characteristics in polishing properties, sliding properties, water absorption properties, rapid drying properties and feeling of touch since polishing can be performed while easily catching foreign substances such as extremely minute dust particles or human hairs and the like by the hook-shaped rayon core yarn. Thus the fabrics with cut loop pile according to the present invention can be used usefully in products such as various kind of mats, towels, bathroom products, and the like including dishcloths and mops.

Abstract: The present invention provides fabrics with cut loop pile comprising a core yarn of a synthetic multifilament yarn and covering yarn of a split microfiber yarn and a manufacturing method thereof. The core yarn at the section where said loops are cut is outwardly protruded from the covering yarn, wherein the synthetic multifilament core yarn has been separated into multiple filaments to function as hooks. The fabrics with cut loop pile show superior characteristics in polishing properties, sliding properties, water absorption properties, rapid drying properties and feeling of touch since polishing can be performed while easily catching foreign substances such as extremely minute dust particles or human hairs and the like by the hook-shaped multifilaments of the core yarn. Thus the fabrics with cut loop pile according to the present invention can be used usefully in products such as various kind of mats, towels, bathroom products, and the like including dishcloths and mops.

Abstract: A circular knitting machine (1) for knitwear or hosiery, comprising a bearing structure (2), a needle cylinder (C), a plurality of needles and a plurality of thread feeding points, or feeders (3), positioned circumferentially about the needle cylinder, in which the thread is supplied to the needles. Each feeder is provided with at least a thread guide group (4), comprising a body (5), a pneumatic supply inlet (6), a plurality of feeders, a plurality of pneumatic actuators able to move the feeders, and a plurality of solenoid valves (8) mounted and connected directly to the body (5), wherein each solenoid valve activate or deactivates the pneumatic supply to a respective pneumatic actuator of the thread guide group.

Abstract: Printer driver systems and methods for automatic generation of embroidery designs are disclosed. An example method to convert image data to embroidery data, includes converting image data representing an image to first vector data, converting the first vector data into component data structures that specify regions within the image, converting a first one of the component data structures into a fill shape including second vector data, converting a second one of the component data structures into a stroke shape including third vector data, and generating embroidery data structures using the fill shape and the stroke shape.

Abstract: A steam generator includes a generator body including an inlet through which fluid is introduced and or outlet through which the fluid is discharged, a first flow channel providing a flowing path for the fluid is introduced into the generator body through the inlet, a second flow channel to guide the fluid from the first flow path to the outlet, and a heater to heat the generator body, the heat of the generator body being exchanged with the fluid guided through the first and second flow channels, and greater amount of heat being provided at the first flow channel than the second flow channel.

Abstract: A fans-motor assembly for condenser laundry dryer machine, of unusually low cost and overall dimensions, comprising: a drive shaft which can be associated in a rotating manner with a frame of a laundry dryer machine and designed to be connected by means of a transmission belt to a rotating drum thereof; a fan for the hot air and a fan for the cold air integral in rotation with said drive shaft and designed to convey respectively a flow of hot air and a flow of cold air along separate paths of said laundry dryer machine; a synchronous permanent magnet electric motor comprising an internal stator traversed by said drive shaft and an external rotor integral during rotation with said drive shaft.

Abstract: Provided is a clothes treating apparatus that includes a cabinet that defines an outer appearance of the clothes treating apparatus, a clothes receiving device provided in the cabinet and configured to receive clothes therein, a hot air supply device provided with a heat exchanger to heat air supplied into the clothes receiving device and a compressor connected to the heat exchanger to compress a refrigerant, and a bracket assembly provided in the cabinet to support the compressor. The bracket assembly may include a main bracket having a compressor accommodation region in which the compressor is accommodated and a sub-bracket that extends from the main bracket.

Abstract: A prepreg is formed by impregnating sizing agent-coated carbon fibers coated with a sizing agent with a thermosetting resin composition. The sizing agent contains an aliphatic epoxy compound (A) and an aromatic compound (B) at least containing an aromatic epoxy compound (B1). The sizing agent-coated carbon fibers has an (a)/(b) ratio of 0.50 to 0.90 where (a) is a height (cps) of a component at a binding energy (284.6 eV) assigned to CHx, C—C, and C?C and (b) is a height (cps) of a component at a binding energy (286.1 eV) assigned to C—O in a C1s core spectrum of a surface of the sizing agent applied onto the carbon fibers analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy using AlK?1,2 as an X-ray source at a photoelectron takeoff angle of 15°.

Abstract: A cutting and double-face leather integrated dyeing process for Tan sheep skin, which comprises the following steps: cutting?washing with water?retanning?primary dyeing?primary color fixing?secondary dyeing?fatliquoring?secondary color fixing?bleaching?drying?a finished product. Tan sheep skin leather boards and fleeces dyed by the process of the invention have no cross color and color fading with each other, a high color fastness, and uniform dyeing; the prepared Tan sheep skin products such as clothing, etc., not only have the characteristics of a high added value and good practicability, but also can more largely increase product benefits and lower the production cost.

Abstract: Polycarbon biofuels may be made from feedstock such as wood waste, agricultural wastes and waste paper. The feedstock may be cooked under acidic conditions to convert cellulose and similar material in the feedstock into a biofuel that is hydrophobic, readily pelletized, and has a high energy density. The biofuel may be blended with coal or other fuels to provide blended fuels that may be burned in conventional burners. One process forms a slurry of the feedstock, sparges carbon dioxide through the slurry to achieve a pH below 5 and cooks the slurry at temperatures in the range of 170 C to 300 C until conversion of the feedstock to polycarbon biofuel has occurred. The biofuel may be separated from liquids in the slurry by filtration.