Abstract: A system for enhancing the visibility of a ground surface adjacent to a land vehicle is provided. The system includes a mobile communication device, a hand-held communication device and control logic coupled to the mobile device and operative to determine if the hand-held device is an authorized device. An imaging assembly is supported on the vehicle to obtain an image of the ground surface. An image processor processes the image to detect an obstacle located on the ground surface. The control logic is operative to generate a display command signal. A display device is responsive to the signal to display in real time the detected obstacle or a welcome mat onto or adjacent the vehicle for enhanced viewing by an approaching pedestrian when the pedestrian carrying the authorized device is located within a predetermined range of the mobile device.

Abstract: A cabin monitoring system for a vehicle includes a video display screen disposed in a cabin of the vehicle so as to be viewable by a driver of the vehicle. A camera assembly is disposed at a ceiling of the cabin of the vehicle and includes a camera having an imager and a lens, with the camera having a field of view that encompasses a rear seat area of the vehicle. An illumination device is operable to illuminate the rear seat area encompassed by the field of view of the camera. The illumination device, when operated, illuminates the rear seat area and the camera captures image data representative of the illuminated rear seat area. The image data captured by the camera is provided to the video display screen for displaying video images for viewing by the driver of the vehicle.

Abstract: A method and system for a light source detection system, comprising an aircraft carrying at least one camera. The system includes a database for storing information about the aircraft's motion, direction, and position and ground location information, such as the onboard navigation system database or an remotely accessible database. The system also includes a processor that accesses the database and is connected to the camera. The processor uses image analysis and processing techniques to determine the ground location corresponding to the light source from an image of that light captured by the camera. It determines the path traveled by that light and estimates its location as being a pre-selected distance vertically above the ground along the path traveled by the light to the aircraft when the image of the light was captured.

Abstract: A method for monitoring a parking facility for motor vehicles, the parking facility being monitored by way of a monitoring device of a flying drone. A drone and a computer program are also described.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method of identifying a container number, including: arranging an image acquiring device along a passageway through which a container will pass, the image acquiring device comprising a trigger unit and a plurality of image acquiring units, at least two image acquiring units of the plurality of image acquiring units being adapted to respectively acquire images of the container numbers on at least two surfaces of a plurality of surfaces of the container passing through the passageway; acquiring the images of the container numbers on the at least two surfaces respectively by the at least two image acquiring units based on a signal from the trigger unit; and identifying the container number at least based on the images or data from the at least two image acquiring units about the container number. The present disclosure also relates to a system of identifying a container number.

Abstract: A recording system for an emergency response unit includes a first data collection device configured to record a first video, audio or data segment with an incident identifier and transmit a message including the incident identifier. A second data collection device may receive the message and, as appropriate, record at least a second video, audio or data segment with the incident identifier, allowing the first segment and the second segment to be associated using the incident identifier. In other embodiments, a first recording device may begin recording video, audio or legal evidence data with an incident identifier, and a control system may receive a message including the incident identifier from the first recording device, identify one or more additional recording devices located within a certain distance of the first recording device, and obtain recordings from the one or more additional recording devices.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments are directed to configurable demodulation of image data produced by an image sensor. In some aspects, a method includes receiving information indicating a configuration of the image sensor. In some aspects, the information may indicate a configuration of sensor elements and/or corresponding color filters for the sensor elements. A modulation function may then be generated based on the information. In some aspects, the method also includes demodulating the image data based on the generated modulation function to determine chrominance and luminance components of the image data, and generating the second image based on the determined chrominance and luminance components.

Abstract: A luminescent wheel includes a reflecting plate on which a diffuse plate and a luminescent material layer are provided in an end-to-end relationship with each other in a circumferential direction, a first supporting plate which is provided on one surface of the reflecting plate to support part of the diffuse plate, and a second supporting plate which is provided on the other surface of the reflecting plate to support part of the diffuse plate.

Abstract: The invention relates to a wavelength conversion element including: a substrate including a light-reflecting surface and rotatable around an axis of rotation; and a wavelength conversion layer supported by the light-reflecting surface. The wavelength conversion layer has a distribution of reflectance, along a circle centered on the axis of rotation, with respect to excitation light to excite the wavelength conversion layer. An average reflectance of the wavelength conversion layer with respect to the excitation light per the circle varies depending on a radius of the circle.

Abstract: The discharge lamp lighting device for supplying alternating current to a discharge lamp includes: a power supply control part having a segment signal generation part, a peak value control part, and a frequency control part; and a power supply part. The peak value control part sets a specific segment period, which indicates a value where a value of integral corresponding to a product of the length of the segment period and a peak value set in a segment period is most deviated from an average value of the values of integral within the specific period, to a period other than a final segment period positioned at the final end of the specific period, among a plurality of segment periods belonging to the specific period.

Abstract: A position detection apparatus includes a first irradiation section and a second irradiation section that irradiate an operation surface with detection light, an imaging section that captures an image of the operation surface, and a detection section that detects a pointed position pointed with a pointing element based on the captured image. The first irradiation section is disposed in a position closer to the operation surface than the second irradiation section and emits light having intensity higher than the intensity of the light emitted from the second irradiation section. Instead, the position detection apparatus further includes an adjustment section that adjusts the intensity of the light emitted from at least one of the first irradiation section and the second irradiation section to adjust contrast between the pointing element and the operation surface to a value that exceeds a threshold.

Abstract: An optical micro-projection system comprising the following components: at least one laser light source (200, 400, 402, 600); at least one movable mirror (102, 103, 203) for deviating light from said light source to allow generation of images on a projection surface (104, 301, 303, 306, 603); a self mixing module for measurement of the distance (604) between the projection source and a projection surface, said self mixing module comprising:—at least one photodiode (401, 601) for monitoring the light emission power of the laser light source;—an optical power variation counter for counting optical power variations (605); successive displacements of said mirror allowing the self mixing module providing successive projection distance measurements of a plurality of points of said projection surface. A projection method for optical micro-projection system and a distance measurement method are also provided.

Abstract: An image sensor includes a plurality of non-color pixel sensors each configured to sense a non-color signal; and a color pixel sensing region including at least one color pixel sensor configured to sense a color signal, wherein the color pixel sensing region has an area physically greater than an area of each of the non-color pixel sensors.

Abstract: The invention relates to a medical inspection apparatus (1), such as a microscope or endoscope, and to a medical inspection method such as microscopy or endoscopy. Visible image data (11) representing a visible-light image (49) and fluorescence image data (12) representing a fluorescent-light image (51) and a pseudocolor (70, 71) are merged to give an improved visual rendition of an object (2) which comprises at least one fluorophore (6) to mark special features of the object (2). This is accomplished in that an image processing unit (18) of the microscope (1) or endoscope is configured to compute a color (ro, go, bo) of an output pixel (54) in the pseudocolor image (53) from at least one pseudocolor (rp, gp, bp), a color (ri, gi, bi) of a first input pixel (50) in the visible-light image (49) and an intensity (f) of a second input pixel (52) in the fluorescent-light image (51).

Abstract: A conversion method for converting luminance of a video, including a luminance value in a first luminance range, to be displayed on a display apparatus includes: acquiring a first luminance signal indicating a code value obtained by quantization of the luminance value of the video; and converting the code value indicated by the acquired first luminance signal into a second luminance value determined based on a luminance range of the display apparatus, the second luminance value being compatible with a second luminance range with a maximum value smaller than a maximum value of the first luminance range and larger than 100 nit. This provides the conversion method capable of achieving further improvement.

Abstract: An imaging system (500) includes an optical unit (100) that captures, from a scene (900), first images indifferent wavelength ranges when the scene (900) is illuminated with not-structured light and second images of different wavelength ranges when the scene (900) is illuminated with structured light. Thereby an imaging lens unit (112) with longitudinal chromatic aberration is arranged between the scene (900) and an imaging sensor unit (118). A depth processing unit (200) may generate depth information (DI) on the basis of the second images by using optical triangulation. A sharpness processing unit (300) uses the depth information (DI) to generate an output image (OImg) by combining the first images. The optical unit (100) of the imaging system (500) may be implemented in an endoscope, by way of example.

Abstract: A computing device may obtain an input image. The input image may have a white point represented by chrominance values that define white color in the input image. Possibly based on colors of the input image, the computing device may generate a two-dimensional chrominance histogram of the input image. The computing device may convolve the two-dimensional chrominance histogram with a filter to create a two-dimensional heat map. Entries in the two-dimensional heat map may represent respective estimates of how close respective tints corresponding to the respective entries are to the white point of the input image. The computing device may select an entry in the two-dimensional heat map that represents a particular value that is within a threshold of a maximum value in the heat map, and based on the selected entry, tint the input image to form an output image.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and an apparatus for transmitting and receiving a broadcast signal so as to adjust a colour range of content. The method for transmitting a broadcast signal according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises the steps of: encoding video data and signalling information including metadata with respect to the gamut of the video data; generating a broadcast signal including the encoded video data and signalling information; and transmitting the generated broadcast signal.

Abstract: An apparatus for capturing digital stereoscopic images of a scene. The apparatus comprises a first pair of separated camera lens oriented such that a first imaginary line between the first pair of lens is substantially parallel with a horizon line a scene, wherein digital image data is capturable through the first pair of camera lens and storable in two separate digital image data bases corresponding to a left-eye horizontal view and a right-eye horizontal view respectively. The apparatus comprises a second pair of separated camera lens oriented such that a second imaginary line between the second pair of lens is substantially non-parallel with the horizon line, wherein digital image data is capturable through the second pair of camera lens and storable in two separate digital image data bases corresponding to a left-eye off-horizontal view and a right-eye off-horizontal view respectively.

Abstract: A network-implemented video processing server (100) generates an immersive video sub-stream by processing video data from at least a portion of multiple video streams carrying video data for a full immersive video scene. The processing is performed based on information representing a user's current field of vision received over a control channel between the network-implemented server (100) and a user device (200). The immersive video sub-stream carries encoded video data corresponding to a sub-portion of the full immersive video scene.

Abstract: In various implementations, modifications and/or additions to the ISOBMFF can indicate that a file that has been formatted according to the ISOBMFF, or a format derived from the ISOBMFF, includes virtual reality content. The file can include a restricted scheme information box, written into a track box in the file. The restricted scheme information box can indicate a virtual reality scheme for the contents of the track. For example, the restricted scheme information box can include a scheme type box, where the type indicates a virtual reality scheme. As a further example, the restricted scheme information box can include a scheme information box that can provide parameters relating to the virtual reality scheme.

Abstract: The disclosure proceeds from a method for identifying objects, in particular three-dimensional objects, wherein digital scanning of at least one image portion of an image of at least one object to be identified is carried out in at least one method step for the purposes of the digital capture of points of the image. It is proposed that the digitally captured points of the at least one image portion of the image are combined to form an image data record in at least one method step, wherein a plurality of image data records are generated for the object to be identified, said image data records differing from one another at least in view of at least one image portion characteristic.

Abstract: The imaging device includes a multiple-property lens that includes a first area having a first property and a second area having a second property different from the first property, an image sensor in which a first light receiving element 25A having a first microlens and a second light receiving element 25B having a second microlens having a different image forming magnification from the first microlens are two-dimensionally arranged, and a crosstalk removal processing unit that removes a crosstalk component from each of a first crosstalk image acquired from the first light receiving element 25A of the image sensor and a second crosstalk image acquired from the second light receiving element to generate a first image and a second image respectively having the first property and the second property of the multiple-property lens.

Abstract: Scenes reconstruction may be performed using videos that capture the scenes at high resolution and frame rate. Scene reconstruction may be associated with determining camera orientation and/or location (“camera pose”) throughout the video, three-dimensional coordinates of feature points detected in frames of the video, and/or other information. Individual videos may have multiple frames. Feature points may be detected in, and tracked over, the frames. Estimations of camera pose may be made for individual subsets of frames. One or more estimations of camera pose may be determined as fixed estimations. The estimated camera poses for the frames included in the subsets of frames may be updated based on the fixed estimations. Camera pose for frames not included in the subsets of frames may be determined to provide globally consistent camera poses and three-dimensional coordinates for feature points of the video.

Abstract: The present application discloses a method for predicting stereoscopic depth comprising capturing object images of a target scene; generating a stereoscopic depth image associated with the object images; identifying a no-depth-data region in the stereoscopic depth image; identifying a depth-data region correlated to the no-depth-data region; and assigning a depth data to the no-depth-data region based on a depth data of the depth-data region correlated to the no-depth-data region.

Abstract: Systems, devices, and methods disclosed herein may generate captured views and a plurality of intermediate views within a pixel disparity range, Td, the plurality of intermediate views being extrapolated from the captured views.

Abstract: A light-field camera system such as a tiled camera array may be used to capture a light-field of an environment. The tiled camera array may be a tiered camera array with a first plurality of cameras and a second plurality of cameras that are arranged more densely, but have lower resolution, than those of the first plurality of cameras. The first plurality of cameras may be interspersed among the second plurality of cameras. The first and second pluralities may cooperate to capture the light-field. According to one method, a subview may be captured by each camera of the first and second pluralities. Estimated world properties of the environment may be computed for each subview. A confidence map may be generated to indicate a level of confidence in the estimated world properties for each subview. The confidence maps and subviews may be used to generate a virtual view of the environment.

Abstract: A stereoscopic image display device including a display panel including a plurality of sub-pixels arranged in a matrix defined by a horizontal direction and a vertical direction, the display panel having a changeable display direction; and a parallax unit on the display panel and including a plurality of optical elements having a tilt angle of 30° to 60° relative to the vertical direction and a pitch corresponding to a multiple of a pitch of the sub-pixels. Among the sub-pixels located to correspond to each of the optical elements, at least two sub-pixels, adjacently arranged, display the same view image.

Abstract: A display device includes: a first substrate and a second substrate; and a plurality of pixel portions provided between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein the second substrate includes a plurality of lenticular lens portions, and each of the plurality of lenticular lens portions includes: a curved portion corresponding to a first pixel portion among the plurality of pixel portions; and a plane portion corresponding to a second pixel portion that neighbors the first pixel portion among the plurality of pixel portions.

Abstract: Methods and systems for reductions in switching between depth planes of a multi-depth plane display system are disclosed. The display system may be an augmented reality display system configured to provide virtual content on a plurality of depth planes using different wavefront divergence. The system may monitor the fixation points based upon the gaze of each of the user's eyes, with each fixation point being a three-dimensional location in the user's field of view. Location information of virtual objects to be presented to the user are obtained, with each virtual object being associated with a depth plane. In some embodiments, the depth plane on which the virtual object is to be presented is modified based upon the fixation point of the user's eyes. For example, where the user is switching their fixation between virtual objects on two different depth planes, the display system may be configured to modify the presentation of one of the objects such that both objects are placed on the same depth plane.

Abstract: The present application relates generally to a projection system and method for projecting content onto a moving performer. In one embodiment, the system includes a projector that projects light onto the performer, a position sensor, such as a camera and/or depth sensor that captures position information about the performer, and a computer that modifies original content based on the position information of the performer. The computer uses the position information to generate a mask, such as a silhouette, of the performer, and then modifies the original content based on the mask of the performer. The modified content is then projected by the projector onto the performer.

Abstract: Systems and methods for presenting and viewing a spherical video segment is provided. The spherical video segment including tag information associated with an event of interest may be obtained. The tag information may identify a point in time and a viewing angle at which the event of interest is viewable in the spherical video segment. An orientation of a two dimensional display may be determined based upon output signals of a sensor. A display field of view within the spherical video segment may be determined and presented on the display based upon the orientation of the display. The display field of view may be captured as a two dimensional video segment. If the viewing angle of the event of interest is outside the display field of view proximate the point in time, a notification may be presented within the display field of view.

Abstract: A head mount display for use with a virtual reality system allows for an automatic adjustment of an inter-lens distance based on a particular user's inter-pupillary distance (IPD). The IPD for the user is measured, for example by taking an image of the user in a controlled environment and calculating the distance between the user's pupils within the image. Once the IPD is known, a desired inter-lens distance for the particular user may be defined based on user IPD. A computing device in communication with a head mount display unit may automatically adjust the inter-lens distance to match the desired inter-lens distance. A user's IPD and desired inter-lens distance may be stored for the user in a user account. As such, whenever the user participates in the virtual reality system, a head mount display used by the user may be configured with the user's desired inter-lens distance.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for setting a reference picture index of a temporal merging candidate. An inter-picture prediction method using a temporal merging candidate can include the steps of: determining a reference picture index for a current block; and inducing a temporal merging candidate block of the current block and calculating a temporal merging candidate from the temporal merging candidate block, wherein the reference picture index of the temporal merging candidate can be calculated regardless of whether a block other than the current block is decoded. Accordingly, a video processing speed can be increased and video processing complexity can be reduced.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for setting a reference picture index of a temporal merging candidate. An inter-picture prediction method using a temporal merging candidate can include the steps of: determining a reference picture index for a current block; and inducing a temporal merging candidate block of the current block and calculating a temporal merging candidate from the temporal merging candidate block, wherein the reference picture index of the temporal merging candidate can be calculated regardless of whether a block other than the current block is decoded. Accordingly, a video processing speed can be increased and video processing complexity can be reduced.

Abstract: Entropy coding of transform partitioning information may include decoding a current block by determining a probability for entropy decoding a transform partitioning flag based on a transform block size of an adjacent block that is available for decoding, entropy decoding the transform partitioning flag for the current block using the probability, generating a reconstructed block based on the current block by, on a condition that the transform partitioning flag indicates that transform partitioning is omitted for the current block, inverse transforming the current block using a current block size inverse transform, and, on a condition that the transform partitioning flag indicates transform partitioning for the current block, identifying sub-blocks from the current block, wherein each sub-block from the sub-blocks has a sub-block size smaller than the current block size, inverse transforming the sub-blocks using sub-block size inverse transforms, and generating the reconstructed block based on the residual blo

Abstract: An example device for filtering a decoded block of video data includes one or more processing units configured to construct a plurality of filters for classes of blocks of a current picture of video data. To construct the plurality of filters for each of the classes, the processing units are configured to determine a value of a flag that indicates whether a fixed filter is used to predict a set of filter coefficients of the class, and in response to the fixed filter being used to predict the set of filter coefficients, determine an index value into a set of fixed filters and predict the set of filter coefficients of the class using a fixed filter of the set of fixed filters identified by the index value.

Abstract: In one example, a device includes a memory configured to store video data, and one or more processing units implemented in circuitry configured to construct a plurality of filters for classes of blocks of a current picture of the video data, wherein to construct the plurality of filters, the one or more processing units are configured to generate a plurality of sets of filter coefficients, and for a subset of the plurality of filters, determine respective indexes that identify one of the sets of filter coefficients for the corresponding filter of the subset; decode a current block of the current picture, determine a class for the current block, select a filter of the plurality of filters that corresponds to the class for the current block, and filter at least one pixel of the current block using the selected filter.

Abstract: Systems and methods for providing video content using spatially adaptive video encoding. Panoramic and/or virtual reality content may be viewed by a client device using a viewport with viewing dimension(s) configured smaller than available dimension(s) of the content. Client device may include a portable media device characterized by given energy and/or computational resources. Video content may be encoded using spatially varying encoding. For image playback, portions of panoramic image may be pre-encoded using multiple quality bands. Pre-encoded image portions, matching the viewport, may be provided and reduce computational and/or energy load on the client device during consumption of panoramic content. Quality distribution may include gradual quality transition area allowing for small movements of the viewport without triggering image re-encoding. Larger movements of the viewport may automatically trigger transition to another spatial encoding distribution.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for frame coding in adaptive raster scan order. The method includes encoding at least one of image or video utilizing input frames and at least one of a data related to the input frame to produce bitstream with raster scan order information and displacement information for producing compressed video bitstream, at decoding time, decoding at least one of the encoded bitstream with raster scan order information and displacement information for producing compressed video bitstream.

Abstract: A method of decoding a video through symbol decoding includes parsing symbols of image blocks from a received bitstream; classifying a current symbol into a prefix bit string and a suffix bit string based on a threshold value determined according to a size of a current block; performing arithmetic decoding of the prefix bit string and the suffix bit string by using respective arithmetic decoding methods determined for each of the prefix bit string and the suffix bit string; performing inverse binarization of the prefix bit string and the suffix bit string by using respective binarization methods determined for each of the prefix bit string and the suffix bit string; and restoring the image blocks by performing an inverse transformation operation and a prediction operation on the current block by using the current symbol restored through the arithmetic decoding and the inverse binarization.

Abstract: A video encoding method and an electronic device adapted to the method are provided.

Abstract: A method of statistical multiplexing digital video is provided enabling use of an encoder pool. The method includes loading a mapping curve into memory at a statistical multiplexor controller (SMC) for each of a plurality of encoders in a heterogeneous encoder pool, each mapping curve being specific to a type and/or configuration of encoder and associating target bitrates with need parameter values, receiving a need parameter value at the SMC from each encoder in the heterogeneous encoder pool, determining a target bitrate associated with each need parameter value received at the SMC, by looking up target bitrates for each need parameter on mapping curves specific to each encoder in the heterogeneous encoder pool, and sending the target bitrate from the SMC to each encoder in the heterogeneous encoder pool in a bitrate assignment.

Abstract: Decoder, system and method for decoding multimedia data at the level of a terminal by managing the energy available for decoding comprising a decoder of the multimedia data, characterized in that said decoder comprises at least one low-consumption decoding chain comprising an activation module suitable for activating a first low-consumption decoding chain or loop filter and a low-consumption interpolation chain as a function of at least one parameter representative of constraints of user energy and/or of the mobile terminal and of one or more metadata Md associated with a decoding complexity and/or with a decoding energy.

Abstract: A prediction set determining section selects a prediction set from a prediction set group including a plurality of prediction sets having different combinations of prediction modes corresponding to different prediction directions. Further, a prediction mode determining section selects a prediction mode from the prediction set thus selected. An entropy encoding section encodes the prediction set thus selected, the prediction mode thus selected, and residual data between an input image and a predicted image formed on the basis of the prediction set and the prediction mode. This allows an image encoding device to carry out predictions from more various angles, thereby improving prediction efficiency.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an apparatus configured to code video data includes a processor and a memory unit. The memory unit stores video data associated with a first layer having a first spatial resolution and a second layer having a second spatial resolution. The video data associated with the first layer includes at least a first layer block and first layer prediction mode information associated with the first layer block, and the first layer block includes a plurality of sub-blocks where each sub-block is associated with respective prediction mode data of the first layer prediction mode information. The processor derives the predication mode data associated with one of the plurality of sub-blocks based at least on a selection rule, upsamples the derived prediction mode data and the first layer block, and associates the upsampled prediction mode data with each upsampled sub-block of the upsampled first layer block.

Abstract: System and method embodiments for image coding are disclosed. In an embodiment, a method in a data processing system for image encoding includes determining a sparsity constraint according to a dimension of an input image signal. The method also includes iteratively determining a plurality of approximations to the input image signal. Each iteration provides an approximation of the input image signal. Each approximation includes a set of dictionary element indices and coefficients. The dictionary is an over-complete dictionary. Iterations of the determining step are terminated when a number of iterations is equal to the sparsity constraint. The method also includes selecting one of the plurality of approximations according to a minimum rate-distortion cost. The method also includes determining an encoded image signal according to non-zero coefficients and corresponding indices for each non-zero coefficient in the selected approximation.

Abstract: A method for rotating macro-blocks of a frame of a video stream. A degree of rotation for the video stream is accessed. A macro-block of the video stream is accessed. The macro-block is rotated according to the degree of rotation. The macro-block is repositioned to a new position within the frame, wherein the new position is based on the degree of rotation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for setting a reference picture index of a temporal merging candidate. An inter-picture prediction method using a temporal merging candidate can include the steps of: determining a reference picture index for a current block; and inducing a temporal merging candidate block of the current block and calculating a temporal merging candidate from the temporal merging candidate block, wherein the reference picture index of the temporal merging candidate can be calculated regardless of whether a block other than the current block is decoded. Accordingly, a video processing speed can be increased and video processing complexity can be reduced.

Abstract: The described embodiments relate to methods and systems for detecting the blockiness of a video signal comprised of a number of pixels. The method includes the steps of determining if the pixel forms a part of at least one visible horizontal transition along a macroblock border, at least one visible vertical transition along a macroblock border, at least one flat area or at least one flat macroblock; calculating a horizontal border transitions count, a vertical border transitions count, a flat area count and a macroblock flat area count; and generating at least one blockiness indicator for the region of interest selected from the group consisting of a block border indicator, a flat area indicator and a flat block indicator, wherein the at least one blockiness indicator is based on at least one of the horizontal border transitions count, the vertical border transitions count, the flat area count and the macroblock flat area count.