Abstract: A power supply device for a high frequency treatment instrument includes an active side detection circuit that acquires a first signal output from a treatment instrument-connecting terminal to the treatment instrument and a second signal returned from the treatment instrument to the treatment instrument-connecting terminal, a passive side detection circuit that acquires a third signal output from the treatment instrument-connecting terminal to the treatment instrument and passing through a return electrode to a return electrode-connecting terminal, and a processor that calculates a return loss as the second signal to the first signal and a first insertion loss as the third signal to the first signal and determines an abnormality occurrence location based thereon.

Abstract: A power supply device for a high frequency treatment instrument to treat living tissue includes an output unit to supply high frequency power to the treatment instrument's electrode, a distance information acquisition unit to acquire a distance between the living tissue and the electrode, a determination unit to determine whether the distance satisfies a first condition, and an output control unit to control the output unit so that its output is placed in a controlled state if the distance satisfies the first condition and so that the output is set to a first output level higher than an output level in the controlled state if a second condition is satisfied after the output is placed in the controlled state.

Abstract: A power supply device for high frequency treatment instrument to treat living tissue includes an output unit to supply high frequency power to the treatment instrument's electrode, a distance information acquisition unit to acquire a distance between the living tissue and the electrode, a determination unit to determine whether the distance satisfies a first condition, and an output control unit to control the output unit so that its output is placed in a controlled state if the distance satisfies the first condition and so that the output is set to a first output level higher than an output level in the controlled state if a second condition is satisfied after the output is placed in the controlled state.

Abstract: An electrosurgical device coated an epoxy modified rigid silicone powder coating. This coating is applied to the surfaces of an electrosurgical device minimize the build-up of charred tissue (i.e., eschar) on the surfaces of the electrosurgical device.

Abstract: An electrosurgical bipolar probe with internal cooling for use in systems and methods for lesioning in bone and other tissue is disclosed. The bipolar probe includes tubular electrodes configured such that the inner surface of the electrodes are cooled, directly or indirectly, while keeping the electrodes electrically isolated. An exemplary disclosed method of using a bipolar probe having an active tip having at least two electrodes for delivering energy includes the steps of: advancing the active tip into a bone tissue; delivering energy substantially between the electrodes in a bipolar manner; and supplying cooling fluid to the active tip for internal cooling of the electrodes. Some versions of the method further include the steps of monitoring the temperature of tissue to which the energy is being delivered; and controlling the delivery of energy in suspense to the temperature of the tissue.

Abstract: A surgical instrument includes a housing, first, second, and third actuators operably coupled to the housing, an at least partially semi-rigid shaft extending distally from the housing, an end effector assembly disposed at a distal end of the shaft, and first, second, and third bars extending through the shaft in non-coaxial arrangement. The first bar is operably coupled between the first actuator and the end effector assembly such that actuation thereof effects manipulation of the end effector assembly. The second bar is operably coupled between the second actuator and a first deployable component such that actuation thereof effects deployment of the first deployable component relative to the end effector assembly. The third bar is operably coupled between the third actuator and a second deployable component such that actuation thereof effects deployment of the second deployable component relative to the end effector assembly.

Abstract: A dissecting device for dissecting tissue surrounding a blood vessel in a living body. The dissecting device includes a grasping section that includes an insertion lumen. The dissecting device includes a dissecting member at the distal portion of the grasping section. The dissecting member is insertable into the living body along the blood vessel to dissect the tissue surrounding the blood vessel in the living body. The dissecting member includes a treating section and a protruding section. The treating section performs a predetermined treatment of a branch vessel branching from the blood vessel. The protruding section protrudes from the treating section in the thickness direction of the treating section. The protruding section includes a guide section configured to guide the branch vessel toward the treating section.

Abstract: A treatment instrument includes: a first holding surface including a first high frequency electrode portion; a second holding surface configured to hold living tissue cooperatively with the first holding surface and including a second high frequency electrode portion; a blade configured to apply pressure to the living tissue held between the first and second holding surfaces by a projected surface; and a heater which is capable of heating the first holding surface to a second temperature higher than the first temperature and sufficient to incise the living tissue held between the first and second holding surfaces by the blade, upon receipt of energy supplied at the same time as or after energy supply to the first and second high frequency electrode portions.

Abstract: Systems and methods for treating a patient's mucus hypersecretion condition are disclosed herein. Certain implementations may involve a method for reducing mucus secretion in an upper airway of a patient to treat at least one of post nasal drip or chronic cough. The method may include advancing a treatment delivery portion of an energy-based treatment device into a nostril of the patient. The treatment delivery portion may contact mucosal tissue of the upper airway without piercing the mucosal tissue. The treatment delivery portion may deliver treatment to at least one tissue selected from the group of the mucosal tissue and another tissue underlying the mucosal tissue to modify a property of the at least one tissue and thus treat at least one of post nasal drip or chronic cough in the patient.

Abstract: Methods for therapeutic renal denervation are disclosed herein. One aspect of the present application, for example, is directed to methods that block, reduce and/or inhibit renal sympathetic nerve activity to achieve a reduction in central sympathetic tone. Renal sympathetic nerve activity may be altered or modulated along the afferent and/or efferent pathway. The achieved reduction in central sympathetic tone may carry several therapeutic benefits across many disease states.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for treating hypertension, e.g., via a pulsed electric field, via a stimulation electric field, via localized drug delivery, via high frequency ultrasound, via thermal techniques, etc. Such neuromodulation may effectuate irreversible electroporation or electrofusion, necrosis and/or inducement of apoptosis, alteration of gene expression, action potential attenuation or blockade, changes in cytokine up-regulation and other conditions in target neural fibers. In some embodiments, neuromodulation is applied to neural fibers that contribute to renal function. In some embodiments, such neuromodulation is performed in a bilateral fashion. Bilateral renal neuromodulation may provide enhanced therapeutic effect in some patients as compared to renal neuromodulation performed unilaterally, i.e., as compared to renal neuromodulation performed on neural tissue innervating a single kidney.

Abstract: A medical device includes an insertion tube, having a distal end for insertion into a body of a subject. A distal tip is fixed to the distal end of the insertion tube and is coupled to apply energy to tissue inside the body. The distal tip has an outer surface with a plurality of perforations through the outer surface, which are distributed circumferentially and longitudinally over the distal tip. A lumen passes through the insertion tube and is coupled to deliver a fluid to the tissue via the perforations.

Abstract: A sub-microsecond pulsed electric field generator is disclosed. The field generator includes a controller, which generates a power supply control signal and generates a pulse generator control signal, and a power supply, which receives the power supply control signal and generates one or more power voltages based on the received power supply control signal. The field generator also includes a pulse generator which receives the power voltages and the pulse generator control signal, and generates one or more pulses based on the power voltages and based on the pulse generator control signal. The controller receives feedback signals representing a value of a characteristic of or a result of the pulses and generates at least one of the power supply control signal and the pulse generator control signal based on the received feedback signals.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses and systems are provided for non-invasive delivery of microwave therapy. Microwave energy may be applied to epidermal, dermal and subdermal tissue of a patient to achieve various therapeutic and/or aesthetic results. In one embodiment, the microwave energy is applied to a target tissue via an energy delivery applicator connected to an energy generator. The energy delivery applicator may comprise one or more antennas, including monopole, dipole, slot and/or waveguide antennas (among others) that are used to direct the microwave energy to the target tissue. The energy delivery applicator may also comprise a cooling element for avoiding thermal destruction to non-target tissue and/or a suction device to localize thermal treatment at specific portions of a skin fold.

Abstract: A microwave ablation system includes a first cannula, a trocar insertable through the first cannula and configured to facilitate insertion of the first cannula into a target tissue, and a microwave antenna assembly configured to interlock with the first cannula, the microwave antenna assembly including a coaxial feedline having a radiating section formed thereon, the microwave antenna configured to be inserted into the first cannula. The microwave ablation system further includes an actuator operatively connected to one of the first cannula or microwave antenna assembly. Operation of the actuator between a first position and a second position exposes the radiating section of the microwave antenna assembly from a distal portion of the first cannula.

Abstract: An organ resection tool has a first conductor configured to apply microwaves, a second conductor configured to receive the microwaves, an insulator with which at least one of the first conductor and the second conductor is partially or entirely covered, and a brush structure connected directly or indirectly to the insulator or to at least one of the first conductor and the second conductor.

Abstract: A microwave ablation system includes an antenna assembly configured to deliver microwave energy from an energy source to tissue and a coolant source operably coupled to the energy source and configured to selectively provide fluid to the antenna assembly via a fluid path. The system also includes a controller operably coupled to the energy source and a piezoelectric transducer operably coupled to the fluid path to detect a force of fluid flow through the fluid path. The piezoelectric transducer is configured to generate a signal based on the detected force of fluid through the fluid path. The controller is configured to control the energy source output based on the generated signal.

Abstract: An articulating instrument including a distal assembly having first and second configurations and intermediate configurations between them. At least one of the first and second configurations is substantially stable such that the distal assembly of the instrument has a tendency to remain in the stable configuration when placed in that configuration by a user of the instrument. Preferably, the distal assembly terminates in a distal tip unit defining at least one distal feature that is useful for manipulating tissue.

Abstract: Various embodiments of an eccentric balloon catheter are disclosed. In some embodiments, an eccentric balloon catheter includes an eccentrically positioned guidewire tube, with an interior lumen, that extends at least a portion of the length of the catheter body. Optical fibers may extend the length of the catheter body and may also be eccentrically positioned within the catheter body. An inflatable balloon may be positioned within a window within the catheter body near the distal end of the catheter. When inflated, the balloon and catheter may slide relative to one another. When used within a vessel, an inflated balloon may press against a vessel wall and bias the catheter toward an opposite vessel wall.

Abstract: A method for making a customized orthopedic surgical instrument for use in repairing a joint of a patient includes: obtaining image data associated with at least a portion of a bone corresponding to the joint of the patient; generating instructions to form a patient-specific orthopedic surgical instrument based at least in part on the image data; and forming the patient-specific orthopedic surgical instrument based on the instructions. The patient-specific orthopedic surgical instrument includes a resin composition, the resin composition including from about 50 wt % to about 90 wt % of a base thermoplastic and from about 10 wt % to about 50 wt % of a filler material. The base thermoplastic includes polyetherimide, polycarbonate, modified polyphenylene ether, polyamide, copolymers of these thermoplastics, and combinations thereof. The orthopedic surgical instrument includes at least one surface portion having a shape that substantially conforms to a corresponding surface portion of the bone.

Abstract: A method and a system for producing images of a subject, such as the heart of a human being. The method may comprise acquiring ultrasound images of the subject with a catheter comprising a position sensor. The method may also comprise capturing a plurality of 4D surface registration points in the acquired ultrasound images corresponding to points on the subject. The method may also comprise registering, in space and time, a high-resolution 4D model of the subject with the plurality of 4D surface registration points. The method may also comprise displaying high resolution, real-time images of the subject during a medical procedure based on the registration of the high resolution 4D model to the 4D surface registration points. Embodiments of the present invention are especially useful in left atrium ablation procedures.

Abstract: According to the invention, the process includes the steps of: a) taking a sagittal preoperative x-ray of the vertebral column of the patient to be treated, extending from the cervical vertebrae to the femoral heads; b) on that x-ray, identifying points on S1, S2, T12 et C7; c) depicting, on the said x-ray, curved segments beginning at the center of the plate of S1 et going to the center of the plate of C7; e) identifying, on that x-ray, the correction(s) to be made to the vertebral column, including the identification of posterior osteotomies to make; f) pivoting portions of said x-ray relative to other portions of that x-ray, according to osteotomies to be made; g) performing, on said x-ray, a displacement of the sagittal curvature segment extending over the vertebral segment to be corrected; h) from a straight vertebral rod (TV), producing the curvature of that rod according to the shape of said sagittal curvature segment in said displacement position.

Abstract: In a housing configured to mount thereon a biosensor in an attachable and detachable manner in which the biosensor is configured to have a liquid sample of a biological object deposited thereon, the medial measuring device includes a measuring component operable to measure biological information from the liquid sample of the biological object, a recording component operable to store a result measured by the measuring component, and an information protection component operable to determine an access limitation to personal information data stored in the recording component. With this configuration of the device, it is possible to properly protect personal information stored in the device.

Abstract: Service can be offered free of charge and the cost of a skin condition measuring device can be reduced by effectively using data on the occasion of obtaining an analysis result by transmitting measurement data by the skin condition measuring device to a server of a company providing a service of analyzing the measurement data. When a request is made from a contractor client to acquire data registered in a measurement data database, authentication is executed based on a contractor ID input from the contractor client. Additionally, when the measurement data database is searched from a contractor database based on the contractor ID, a search level and an access level are obtained. The contractor client is permitted to search the measurement data database within a range of the search level and the access level.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided in which local tissue diagnostic measurements are correlated with archival local tissue diagnostic data from prior tissue analyses to supplement diagnostic measurements with tissue analysis data from prior tissue analyses having similar local tissue diagnostic data. The tissue analysis data may include information such as pathology data, outcome data, and diagnosis data. The archived local tissue diagnostic data and the tissue analysis data may be stored in a database, and employed for a wide variety of methods, involving preoperative, intraoperative, and/or postoperative phases of a medical procedure. Methods and systems are also provided for displaying, on a medical image shown in a user interface, hyperlinked reference markers associated with tissue analyses, where the reference markers are shown at locations corresponding to local tissue analyses, and where associated diagnostic data and/or tissue analysis may be viewed by selecting a given reference marker.

Abstract: A system for tracking a medical device includes an introducer (20). Two or more sensors (22) are disposed along a length of the introducer and are spaced apart along the length. An interface (32) is configured to connect to the introducer such that the introducer and the interface operatively couple to and support the medical device wherein the two or more sensors are configured to provide feedback for positioning and orienting the medical device using medical imaging.

Abstract: A computerized visual orientation surgery assist system and method receives initial anatomic image information of a patient scan, which may be taken at a registration position of the patient; receives initial surgical instrument positional information from a first positional sensor positioned on a surgical instrument, where the positional sensor senses three-dimensional spatial position transmits the surgical instrument positional information; establishes the initial surgical instrument positional information as a surgical instrument origin in three-dimensional space for the initial anatomic image information; displays a visual representation of the initial anatomic image information on a computerized display, the visual representation including a surgical instrument representation based on the initial surgical instrument positional information; receives subsequent surgical instrument positional information from the first sensor associated with movement of the surgical instrument; and updates the computerized

Abstract: A system for providing a real-time indication of a location of the distal tip of a medical device in living tissue. The system may include an injection scanning printer that provides a visual indication of detected features to improve the injecting process. Safety needles configured to detect nerves, arteries, veins, or other physiological features upon needle placement but prior to injecting are also provided.

Abstract: A medical robot system, including a robot coupled to an effectuator element with the robot configured for controlled movement and positioning. The system may include a transmitter configured to emit one or more signals, and the transmitter is coupled to an instrument coupled to the effectuator element. The system may further include a motor assembly coupled to the robot and a plurality of receivers configured to receive the one or more signals emitted by the transmitter. A control unit is coupled to the motor assembly and the plurality of receivers, and the control unit is configured to supply one or more instruction signals to the motor assembly.

Abstract: An optical tracking system includes at least one tracking array for generating and optically transmitting data between 1 and 2,000 MB/s. At least one tracker for optically receiving the optically transmitted data between 1 and 2,000 MB/s is also provided. The tracking system is used not only for tracking objects and sending tracking information quickly but also providing the user or other components in an operating room with additional data relevant to an external device such as a computer assisted device. Orthopedic surgical procedures such as total knee arthroplasty (TKA) are performed more efficiently and with better result with the optical tracking system.

Abstract: Systems and processes are provided that utilize the accuracy and adaptability of an optical tracking system to track an object by maintaining a line of sight (LOS) between the optical signals from the tracked object and the optical receivers regardless of the position and orientation of the object being tracked. LOS is maintained without having to manually adjust a tracked device or the optical receivers, or be limited to a specified working volume. Instead, whenever the tracked device moves, an active controller device calculates new values for the degrees of freedom of a series of joints holding a tracking array to the tracked object to position and orient the tracking array to maintain visibility to the optical receivers. A computer-assisted or robotic device that decreases operating times, and improves surgical accuracy, without additional user requirements or adjustments to maintain the LOS of the optical tracking system is provided.

Abstract: Methods of removing tissue from a patient during a surgical procedure, such as for preparing a spine of a patient to receive an implant during a fusion procedure. A working portion of an instrument is moved with actuators relative to a hand-held portion in at least three degrees of freedom including pivoting in pitch and yaw about a pivot. The working portion is translated while the hand-held portion is manually grasped and moved during the surgical procedure. The working portion is rotated with a drive mechanism to remove a volume of the tissue of the patient with a cutting accessory of the working portion. The actuators may move the working portion to substantially maintain the cutting accessory in a desired relationship to a virtual boundary defining the volume of the tissue to be removed. A position of the cutting accessory relative to the virtual boundary may be determined and tracked.

Abstract: A synthetic representation of a tool for display on a user interface of a robotic system. The synthetic representation may be used to show force on the tool, an actual position of the tool, or to show the location of the tool when out of a field of view. A three-dimensional pointer is also provided for a viewer in the surgeon console of a telesurgical system.

Abstract: A surgical robotic component comprising an articulated terminal portion, the terminal portion comprising: a distal segment having an attachment for a surgical tool; a basal segment for attaching the terminal portion to the remainder of the surgical robotic component; and an intermediate compound joint between the distal segment and the basal segment, the intermediate compound joint permitting relative rotation of the distal segment and the basal segment about first, second and third axes; the terminal portion being arranged such that, in at least one configuration of the intermediate compound joint: (i) the axial direction of the basal segment is parallel to the axial direction of the distal segment, and (ii) the first, second and third axes are transverse to the axial directions of the basal and distal segments.

Abstract: A system and method for transferring power includes a power transmitting unit for transmitting power and a power receiving unit for receiving power from the power transmitting unit. The power transmitting unit may be positioned outside a human body and the power receiving unit is located on an intrabody instrument adapted to be movable from the outside of the human body to inside the human body. The intrabody instrument may be a medical instrument connected to or incorporated within a robotic arm. The power transmitting unit may wirelessly transfer power to the power receiving unit in a continuous, non-interrupted manner.

Abstract: A medical robot system, including a robot coupled to an effectuator element with the robot configured for controlled movement and positioning. The system may include a transmitter configured to emit one or more signals, and the transmitter is coupled to an instrument coupled to the effectuator element. The system may further include a motor assembly coupled to the robot and a plurality of receivers configured to receive the one or more signals emitted by the transmitter. A control unit is coupled to the motor assembly and the plurality of receivers, and the control unit is configured to supply one or more instruction signals to the motor assembly.

Abstract: A surgical stapling instrument. Various embodiments include an actuation system for selectively generating a plurality of control motions. A surgical end effector is operably coupled to the actuation system. The actuation system interfaces with an actuation member configured to operably engage rotatable camming members to fire staples within the end effector into forming contact with an anvil portion of the end effector.

Abstract: A surgical stapling instrument. Various embodiments include an actuation system for selectively generating a plurality of control motions. A surgical end effector is operably coupled to the actuation system. The actuation system interfaces with an actuation member configured to operably engage rotatable camming members to fire staples within the end effector into forming contact with an anvil portion of the end effector.

Abstract: This system is composed by mechanical telemanipulators, with master-slave configurations, working together with suitable solutions for image acquisition and display, which are able to transmit, with optional magnification, images from the surgical area to the surgeon. Therefore, the surgeon's capacities and comfort are increased by enhancing the surgeon's motor and visual skills as well as the ergonomics while doing different surgical tasks through access incisions on the patient body. Aside from offering improved performance during procedures involving microsurgical techniques, this system also brings safety, intuitiveness, and cost-effectiveness advantages over current alternatives.

Abstract: Robotic system and method for positioning an energy applicator extending from a surgical instrument. The robotic system includes a surgical manipulator operable in a manual mode or a semi-autonomous mode. The surgical manipulator moves the energy applicator along a tool path in the semi-autonomous mode and reorients the surgical instrument.

Abstract: A temperature controlled case to store and manage the time-sensitive management of personal eye drops or similar medicine. The case may include a first row of dispenser holding compartments for holding dispensers for the drops ‘to be taken’ and a second row of dispenser holding compartments for holding the dispensers for the drops ‘already taken’. A clock timer to manage the required time intervals during which the drops must be taken may also be included. The case may include side compartments for holding other items (e.g., cotton balls, cotton swabs) that are typically required when a person uses eye drops.

Abstract: Disclosed is a dental treatment instrument including a bridge unit configured to be gripped by a user; a plurality of tip units configured to be replaceable with respect to the bridge unit; and a coupling unit configured to selectively couple the tip unit with the bridge unit. The coupling unit is configured to couple the tip unit with the bridge unit by inserting and thereby rotating a portion of the tip unit relative to the bridge unit. Through this configuration, various types of dental tips may be easily replaced based on a selection of a user.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a dental bur includes a proximal shank, an intermediate cutting section, and a smooth, rounded distal tip. The cutting section includes (i) a frustum-shaped portion connected at its larger-diameter end to the shank and (ii) a curved portion that provides a transition between the smaller-diameter end of the frustum-shaped portion and the rounded tip, where the outer surfaces of the frustum-shaped portion and the curved portion are both sufficiently abrasive to remove bone tissue due to the presence of surface grit and/or flutes that provide bone-cutting edges. The dental bur reduces and flattens the bone tissue of the maxillary and mandibular bones for surgical dental implants without unwanted soft tissue damage.

Abstract: Provided is a vibrator for attaching composite resin to a tooth, the vibrator including a housing; a vibration motor accommodated in the housing and configured to generate vibration; a micro-computer configured to control an operation and a vibration frequency of the vibration motor; and a vibration tip configured to couple with one side of the housing to be exposed to an outside of the housing, and to transfer the vibration to the composite resin.

Abstract: An endodontic handpiece including a handpiece body defining a neck portion extending to a head portion which defines a chamber with an opening therefrom. A chalk is positioned in the chamber and includes a cylindrical body having a longitudinal axis, a retainer for holding an endodontic tool co-axially with the cylindrical body, and a pin receiving bore defined in the cylindrical body transverse to the longitudinal axis. A shaft is rotatably supported within the neck portion and having a pin extending from an end thereof and received in the pin receiving bore of the chalk. The pin is offset from a central axis of the shaft such that rotation of the shaft causes the chalk to move downwardly, rotate in a clockwise direction, move upwardly and rotate in a counter-clockwise direction over each 360° rotation of the shaft.

Abstract: A core for obturating a root canal includes a body that has a pre-formed contour that closely matches a contour of the root canal. When the core is inserted in the root canal with or without sealer, there are essentially no voids in the root canal. A method of making a customized root canal obturation core includes generating a three-dimensional image of a root canal. The method also includes manufacturing the customized root canal obturation core based on the three-dimensional image of the root canal. The customized root canal obturation core has a preformed contour that closely matches a contour of the root canal such that when the core is inserted in the root canal with or without sealer there are essentially no voids in the root canal.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides engineered surfaces that exhibit reduced specular reflection and gloss while still providing a high intensity of reflected light at multiple incident angles. The structured metal surfaces include engineered topography that increases diffuse reflection, leading to a greater intensity of light perceived at multiple viewing angles. A viewer engaging such surfaces is likely to perceive a stronger ‘white’ reflection of the incident light and an improvement, particularly in orthodontic and other oral applications, of aesthetic appearance. Methods of creating the engineered surfaces and orthodontic articles incorporating the engineered surfaces are also disclosed.

Abstract: An orthodontic bracket has a base configured for attachment to a tooth surface, a bracket element with an arch wire slot attached to one side of the base, and a clip for securing the arch wire in the slot. The bracket element has a wall portion extending upward along one side of the arch wire slot. This wall portion has three indentations in a line parallel to the mesiodistal direction. There is a channel running entirely through the bracket element underneath the arch wire slot. The clip is substantially U-shaped and has three parallel protrusions shaped to fit within the three indentations of the wall portion, and a locking element. The clip is securable to the bracket by placing the clip through the channel and engaging the locking element onto the bracket element, and placing the protrusions into the indentations of the bracket element.

Abstract: A hybrid temporary anchorage device implant system and method of use is disclosed. A temporary anchorage device (TAD) implant includes an external hex head, a cupped inner portion, a threaded core, a platform, and an implant portion. A first abutment is installed on the implant portion. The first abutment may include a graduated portion, a screw-retained healing collar, and a threaded portion. A second abutment may be installed over the first abutment. The second abutment may include a graduated head, a bulbous base, and an inner canal.

Abstract: An implant for anchoring a tooth replacement includes an endosseous part comprising a ceramic sleeve at a first end of the endosseous part. The endosseous part is configured to be embedded to a full height of the endosseous part in a bone.