Abstract: A system and method for amplifying and detecting nucleic acids are disclosed. In one embodiment, the system includes: a microfluidic device comprising a channel for receiving a sample of solution containing real-time PCR reagents; a temperature control system configured to cycle the temperature of the sample; an excitation source for illuminating the sample; a fiber optic probe comprising (i) an optical fiber having a distal end and a proximal end and (ii) a probe head connected to the distal end of the optical fiber and positioned between the distal end of the optical fiber and the channel; and a detector configured to detect emissions exiting the proximal end of the optical fiber.

Abstract: A method of amplifying RNA template is provided. The method comprises reverse-transcribing a ribonucleic acid (RNA) template to form a cDNA using a first reaction mixture comprising RNA template, at least one primer capable of hybridizing to the RNA template, a reverse transcriptase and deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs); and amplifying the cDNA to form an amplified product using a second reaction mixture comprising at least one strand displacement DNA polymerase, at least one inosine-containing primer and a nuclease that is capable of nicking DNA 3? to an inosine residue of the primer. The method is accomplished under an isothermal condition without denaturing the cDNA template. A method of quantifying RNA template in a sample and a method of detecting RNA template in a sample are also provided.

Abstract: In various embodiments, the present invention provides fluorescent dyes that are linked to another species through an adaptor moiety. In an exemplary embodiment, the dye is linked to a polyphosphate nucleic acid through an adaptor. An adaptor can be a component of a linker. These conjugates find use in single molecule DNA sequencing and other applications. In various embodiments, the dye moiety is a cyanine dye. Cyanine dyes that are highly charged, such as those including multiple sulfonate, alkylsulfonate, carboxylate and/or alkylcarboxylate moieties are examples of cyanine dyes of use in the compounds of the invention.

Abstract: Embodiments encompass a single-molecule detection system and methods of using the detection system to detect an object. Further, embodiments encompass a detection system comprising a movable light coupler, a waveguide, and a light detector. Embodiments further encompass methods of single-molecule detection, including methods of single-molecule nucleic acid sequencing.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the detection of a target nucleotide sequence in a sample based on an oligonucleotide ligation assay wherein probes are used that contain (a combination of) sequence-based identifiers that can identify the sample and the target sequence (i.e. locus and/or allele combination) wherein after the ligation step, the ligated probes, or after amplification, the amplified ligated probes, are restricted using restriction enzymes to cut of part of the probes and continue with those parts (identifiers and target sequence) that contain the relevant information in the sequencing step.

Abstract: An assembly and a method are disclosed for analyzing nucleic acid sequences by way of so-called sequencing-by-synthesis. According to an embodiment of the invention, a chemical substance group that is released when a nucleotide bonds to a nucleic acid sequence to be sequenced is detected. The reagents are applied by way of a spraying device to a sensor that detects the released substance group. This has the advantage that no lateral flow occurs. The rate of false-negative and false-positive results is significantly reduced. Furthermore, a small amount of the reagent is sufficient to completely wet the sensor. Filling of the supply and discharge lines as for a flow cell is not necessary.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the high throughput discovery, detection and genotyping of one or more genetic markers in one or more samples, comprising the steps of restriction endonuclease digest of DNA, adaptor-ligation, optional pre-amplification, selective amplification, pooling of the amplified products, sequencing the libraries with sufficient redundancy, clustering followed by identification of the genetic markers within the library and/or between libraries and determination of (co-)dominant genotypes of the genetic markers.

Abstract: A fluidic system that includes a reagent manifold comprising a plurality of channels configured for fluid communication between a reagent cartridge and an inlet of a flow cell; a plurality of reagent sippers extending downward from ports in the manifold, each of the reagent sippers configured to be placed into a reagent reservoir in a reagent cartridge so that liquid reagent can be drawn from the reagent reservoir into the sipper; at least one valve configured to mediate fluid communication between the reservoirs and the inlet of the flow cell. The reagent manifold can also include cache reservoirs for reagent re-use.

Abstract: A method of sequencing nucleic acids, which can include steps of (a) providing a substrate comprising a surface having a repeating pattern of features, wherein the features are spatially separated from each other on the surface of the substrate; (b) contacting the repeating pattern of features with a solution of different nucleic acids to seed a subset of the features that contact the solution, wherein each feature in the subset is seeded with a single nucleic acid from the solution, and a plurality of the features that contact the solution are not seeded with a nucleic acid from the solution; (c) amplifying the nucleic acids to form a nucleic acid colony at each of the features in the seeded subset; (d) repeating steps (b) and (c) to increase the number of features that are seeded with a nucleic acid, thereby making an array of different nucleic acid colonies; and (e) detecting sequencing reactions at the different nucleic acid colonies on the surface.

Abstract: Method of detection or diagnosis of abnormal gene expression in an individual comprising determining in a sample from the individual the presence or absence of a chromosome structure in which two separate regions of the gene have been brought into close proximity, to thereby detect or diagnose whether the individual has abnormal gene expression.

Abstract: The present methods are exemplified by a process in which maternal blood containing fetal DNA is diluted to a nominal value of approximately 0.5 genome equivalent of DNA per reaction sample. Digital PCR is then be used to detect aneuploidy, such as the trisomy that causes Down Syndrome. Since aneuploidies do not present a mutational change in sequence, and are merely a change in the number of chromosomes, it has not been possible to detect them in a fetus without resorting to invasive techniques such as amniocentesis or chorionic villi sampling. Digital amplification allows the detection of aneuploidy using massively parallel amplification and detection methods, examining, e.g., 10,000 genome equivalents.

Abstract: The present methods are exemplified by a process in which maternal blood containing fetal DNA is diluted to a nominal value of approximately 0.5 genome equivalent of DNA per reaction sample. Digital PCR is then be used to detect aneuploidy, such as the trisomy that causes Down Syndrome. Since aneuploidies do not present a mutational change in sequence, and are merely a change in the number of chromosomes, it has not been possible to detect them in a fetus without resorting to invasive techniques such as amniocentesis or chorionic villi sampling. Digital amplification allows the detection of aneuploidy using massively parallel amplification and detection methods, examining, e.g., 10,000 genome equivalents.

Abstract: Methods are provided for determining the methylation status of GC-rich templates. The methods include use of GC reference standards that allow simultaneous characterization of methylation status and CGG repeat length. The methods are useful for detecting genotypes associated with GC-rich repeats, including Fragile X Syndrome.

Abstract: Single nucleotide polymorphic sites of the bovine MAP1B, PPP1R11, and DDX4 genes are associated with improved bull fertility as measured by e.g. sire conception rates. Nucleic acid molecules, arrays, kits, methods of genotyping and marker-assisted bovine breeding methods based on these SNPs are disclosed.

Abstract: This invention provides methods and kits for diagnosing, ascertaining the clinical course of minimal residual disease associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Specifically the invention provides methods and kits useful in the diagnosis and determination of clinical parameters associated with diseases associated with ALL based on patterns of surface marker expression unique to ALL.

Abstract: The disclosure provides gene fusion variants and novel associations with disease states, as well as kits, probes, and methods of using the same.

Abstract: Compositions and methods for diagnosing an increased risk for the development of aggressive, invasive breast cancer are provided.

Abstract: The present invention describes novel SCCmec right extremity junction sequences for the detection of methicillin-resistant Staphyloccocus aureus (MRSA). It relates to the use of these DNA sequences for diagnostic purposes.

Abstract: A region of the Chlamydia trachomatis cytotoxin gene has been identified which is useful for performing amplification assays to determine specifically whether C. trachomatis is present in the sample being tested. Oligonucleotides useful for performing thermal Strand Displacement Assay (tSDA) reactions on this gene are disclosed. The disclosed oligonucleotides can be used in an assay which is specific for multiple strains of C. trachomatis and which does not show cross reactivity with the genomes of other microorganisms or with human DNA.

Abstract: Provided is a method for detecting analyte in a sample, which method comprises: (a) contacting the sample with a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe; (b) performing an electrochemical impedance spectrometry (EIS) measurement on the sample; (c) determining the presence, absence, quantity and/or identity of the analyte from the EIS measurement; wherein the analyte comprises nucleic acid; and wherein the quantity of analyte in the sample when the sample is taken is substantially the same as the quantity of analyte in the sample when the sample is subjected to the EIS measurement.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to methods for reducing cross-reactivity between species employed in multiplexed immunoassays.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the diagnostic methods for identification of the single causative agent or more than one causative agent of ocular and nervous system infections among many probable pathogens, which can cause the infection. All the pathogens affecting a discrete area of eye or nervous system generally cause same clinical manifestations or syndromes. The present invention relates to detection and discrimination of the pathogen among the set of probable pathogens in a single test without resorting to a battery of tests each being directed at detection of one pathogen. The current invention aims at the syndrome based diagnostic replacing the diagnostics based on detection of individual.

Abstract: Provided herein are compositions, methods, and kits for detecting human Pegivirus 2 (HPgV-2). In certain embodiments, provided herein are HPgV-2 specific nucleic acid probes and primers, and methods for detecting HPgV-2 nucleic acid. In other embodiments, provided herein are HPgV-2 immunogenic composition compositions, methods of treating a subject with immunogenic HPgV-2 peptides, and methods of detecting HPgV-2 subject antibodies in a sample.

Abstract: Described are methods for pretreating lignocellulosic biomass that comprise passing a hot aqueous biomass slurry through a heat exchange passage from an inlet to an outlet and locally regulating pressure in the passage by feed of a pressurized liquid medium to one or more intermediate locations of the passage. Also described are methods for producing ethanol from the pretreated biomass.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of separating and recovering xylose from a xylose-containing plant-based solution. The method is performed in a chromatographic separation system, which comprises one or more weak base anion exchange resins and optionally one or more other resins selected from strong acid cation exchange resins and weak acid cation exchange resins, by passing the solution through the separation system, followed by recovering at least one fraction enriched in xylose. Optionally, a rhamnose fraction may also be recovered.

Abstract: The present invention is steel for surface hardening for machine structural use which contains, by mass %, C: 0.3 to 0.6%, Si: 0.02 to 2.0%, Mn: 0.35 to less than 1.5%, and Al: 0.01 to 0.5%, is restricted to B: less than 0.0003%, S: 0.0001 to 0.021%, N: 0.003 to 0.0055%, P: 0.0001 to 0.03%, and O: 0.0001 to 0.0050%, has a ratio Mn/S of Mn and S satisfying 70 to 30,000, has a balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities, and, when nitrided, then induction hardened, has a surface hardenability of a Vicker's hardness when tempered at 300° C. of 650 or more.

Abstract: Provided is a ferrite-based stainless steel having superior moldability when molding a fuel cell divider sheet from a material by controlling yield point elongation in accordance with alloy components. The ferrite-based stainless steel comprises, in weight percentages: no more than 0.02% of C; no more than 0.02% of N; no more than 0.4% of Si; no more than 0.2% of Mn; no more than 0.04% of P; no more than 0.02% of S; 25.0-32.0% of Cr; 0-1.0% of Cu; no more than 0.8% of Ni; no more than 0.01-0.5% of Ti; no more than 0.01-0.5% of Nb; no more than 0.01-1.5% of V; and residual Fe and inevitable elements, wherein the content of Ti, Nb, V, C, and N in terms of weight % of steel uses Formula (1) to render a yield point elongation of the material of no more than 1.1%, and wherein a steel material has superior moldability. 9.1C?1.76V+5.37(C+N)/Ti?1.22Nb?0.7.

Abstract: A method is provided for leaching the metals while granulating molten matte, comprising the steps of feeding a molten matte as a falling stream into a granulation chamber, spraying a liquid jet on the stream of molten matte to atomize the matte, and cooling the matte particles thus formed. The liquid jet comprises an acid solution containing water and sulfuric acid so that the acid solution starts leaching metals from the molten matte when the liquid jet contacts the molten matte. Part of product solution from granulation can be circulated to liquid jets to increase the metal content in the solution and to reduce its acid con-tent.

Abstract: A method of recovering metals from electronic waste comprises providing a powder comprising electronic waste in at least a first reactor and a second reactor and providing an electrolyte comprising at least ferric ions in an electrochemical cell in fluid communication with the first reactor and the second reactor. The method further includes contacting the powders within the first reactor and the second reactor with the electrolyte to dissolve at least one base metal from each reactor into the electrolyte and reduce at least some of the ferric ions to ferrous ions. The ferrous ions are oxidized at an anode of the electrochemical cell to regenerate the ferric ions. The powder within the second reactor comprises a higher weight percent of the at least one base metal than the powder in the first reactor. Additional methods of recovering metals from electronic waste are also described, as well as an apparatus of recovering metals from electronic waste.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a process that includes: (a) providing a powder blend comprising (1) one or more hydrogenated titanium powders containing around 0.2 to around 3.4 weight % of hydrogen, and (2) one or more master alloys, comprising Al, V, or a combination thereof, (b) consolidating the powder blend by compacting the powder blend to provide a green compact, (c) heating the green compact to a temperature ranging from around 400° C. to around 900° C.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a copper alloy is provided, including melting and casting a copper alloy having a composition expressed, in atomic percent, by a formula of Cu100?(a+b)ZraBb, wherein 1.0?a?8.0, 0?b?4.0, and a+b?8.0, by a nonrefractory melting method. A cold working with a reduction of about 50% or more for the copper alloy without a solution treatment is performed to provide the copper alloy a dual phase structure having a layered structure including a Cu matrix phase having a plurality of grain particles having an average diameter of about 10 ?m or less, and an eutectic phase around the Cu matrix phase. At least part of each grain particle contacts another grain particle within the eutectic phase, and the eutectic phase includes at least one of a Cu—Zr compound and a Cu—Zr—B compound.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of making a cemented carbide or a cermet body comprising the steps of first forming a powder blend comprising powders forming hard constituents and metal binder. The powder blend is then subjected to a mixing operation using a non-contact mixer wherein acoustic waves achieving resonance conditions to form a mixed powder blend and then subjecting said mixed powder blend to a pressing and sintering operation. The method makes it possible to maintain the grain size, the grain size distribution and the morphology of the WC grains.

Abstract: A high strength interstitial free low density steel and method for producing the steel.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for heat treatment of hypereutectoid steel rail, including the following steps: holding the temperature of the steel rail of which temperature is above 900° C. after finish rolling, conducting a first cooling stage for the steel rail at the first cooling speed after the temperature holding to reduce the temperature of railhead surface layer of the steel rail to 700-750° C., conducting a second cooling stage for the steel rail at the second cooling speed to reduce the temperature of railhead surface layer of the steel rail to 550° C., conducting a third cooling stage for the steel rail at the third cooling speed to reduce the temperature of railhead surface layer of the steel rail to 450° C. or less, and continuing to cool the steel rail in the air.

Abstract: To provide an oil-well steel pipe having excellent SSC resistance. The oil-well steel pipe according to the present invention contains, by mass percent, C: 0.15 to 0.35%, Si: 0.1 to 0.75%, Mn: 0.1 to 1.0%, Cr: 0.1 to 1.7%, Mo: 0.1 to 1.2%, Ti: 0.01 to 0.05%, Nb: 0.010 to 0.030%, Al: 0.01 to 0.1%, P: at most 0.03%, S: at most 0.01%, N: at most 0.007%, and O: at most 0.01%, the balance being Fe and impurities. The Ti content and the Nb content in a residue obtained by bromine-methanol extraction satisfy equation (1): 100×[Nb]/([Ti]+[Nb])?27.5??(1) where the Ti content (mass %) and the Nb content (mass %) in the residue are substituted for [Ti] and [Nb].

Abstract: A hot-rolled steel sheet for nitriding or a cold-rolled steel sheet for nitriding, in which a dislocation density within 50 ?m in the sheet thickness direction from the surface is not less than 2.0 times nor more than 10.0 times as compared to a dislocation density at the position of ¼ in the sheet thickness direction; and a method of manufacturing the same. The manufacturing method comprises, on a hot-rolled steel sheet or a cold-rolled steel sheet, performing pickling, and then performing skin pass rolling under the condition that a reduction ratio is 0.5 to 5.0% and FIT, defined as a ratio of a line load F (kg/mm) of a rolling mill load divided by a sheet width of the steel sheet and a load T (kg/mm2) per unit area to be applied in the longitudinal direction of the steel sheet, is 8000 or more.

Abstract: A case hardening steel material having a chemical composition consists of, by mass percent, C: 0.15 to 0.23%, Si: 0.01 to 0.15%, Mn: 0.65 to 0.90%, S: 0.010 to 0.030%, Cr: 1.65 to 1.80%, Al: 0.015 to 0.060%, and N: 0.0100 to 0.0250%, further containing, as necessary, one or more kinds selected from Cu and Ni of predetermined amounts, the balance being Fe and impurities; 25?Mn/S?85, 0.90?Cr/(Si+2Mn)?1.20, and 1.16Si+0.70Mn+Cr?2.20; P, Ti and O in the impurities being P?0.020%, Ti?0.005%, and O?0.0015%; and having a structure consisting of 20 to 70% in an area ratio being ferrite; and the portion other than the ferrite being one or more kinds of pearlite and bainite. The steel material is used suitably as a raw material of the carburized part such as a CVT pulley shaft.

Abstract: There are provided a precipitation strengthening type martensitic steel having both a tensile strength of a 1500 MPa class and a high Charpy absorption energy of 30 J or higher, and a manufacturing process thereof. The precipitation strengthening type martensitic steel includes, in terms of mass %, 0.05% or less of C, 0.2% or less of Si, 0.4% or less of Mn, 7.5 to 11.0% of Ni, 10.5 to 13.5% of Cr, 1.75 to 2.5% of Mo, 0.9 to 2.0% of Al, less than 0.1% of Ti, and a remainder of Fe and impurities, and contains 0.1 to 6.0% of austenite in terms of a volume fraction.

Abstract: An austenitic Fe—Ni—Cr alloy comprises C: 0.005˜0.03 mass %, Si: 0.17˜1.0 mass %, Mn: not more than 2.0 mass %, P: not more than 0.030 mass %, S: not more than 0.0015 mass %, Cr: 18˜28 mass %, Ni: 21.5˜32 mass %, Mo: 0.10˜2.8 mass %, Co: 0.05˜2.0 mass %, Cu: less than 0.25 mass %, N: not more than 0.018 mass %, Al: 0.10˜1.0 mass %, Ti: 0.10˜1.0 mass %, Zr: 0.01˜0.5 mass %, and the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities; wherein Cr, Mo, N and Cu satisfy PRE=Cr+3.3×Mo+16×N?20.0 and PREH=411-13.2×Cr-5.8×Mo+0.1×Mo2+1.2×Cu?145.0 and wherein Al, Ti, and Zr satisfy 0.5?Al+Ti+1.5×Zr?1.5, and has an excellent corrosion resistance in air or under a wet environment even at a surface state having an oxide film formed by an intermediate heat treatment.

Abstract: According to aspects of the invention, provided are an Fe—Cr—Al-based stainless steel sheet which has improved manufacturability by improving the toughness of a hot-rolled steel sheet and a cold-rolled steel sheet without deteriorating oxidation resistance at a high temperature and shape stability when used at a high temperature, and a stainless steel foil which is manufactured by rolling the stainless steel sheet. V and B are added in combination to Fe—Cr—Al-based stainless steel in amounts within specified ranges. Specifically, V content is controlled to be 0.010% or more and 0.050% or less and B content is controlled to be 0.0001% or more and 0.0050% or less, in which the relationship {V content (V %)}/{B content (B %)}>10 is satisfied.

Abstract: A thick-walled high-strength steel plate with excellent low-temperature toughness (Charpy impact and CTOD properties of a weld bond) in a multilayer weld zone, and a method for manufacturing the steel plate.

Abstract: Ferrous metal alloys including Fe, Co and optionally Ni with metalloids Si, B and P are provided that are substantially close to the peak in glass forming ability and have a combination of both good glass formability and good ferromagnetic properties. In particular, Fe/Co-based compositions wherein the Co content is between 15 and 30 atomic percent and the metalloid content is between 22 and 24 atomic percent at a well-defined metalloid moiety, have been shown to be capable of forming bulk glassy rods with diameters as large as 4 mm or larger. In addition, incorporating a small content of Ni under 10 atomic percent and additions of Mo, Cr, Nb, Ge, or C at an incidental impurity level of up to 2 atomic percent are not expected to impair the bulk-glass-forming ability of the present alloys.

Abstract: A method for heat-treating a cast component composed of an aluminum base alloy, in which method the cast component is annealed at a predetermined annealing temperature for a predetermined annealing period in a first heat transfer medium and then transferred into a water bath. Between being annealed and transferred into the water bath, the cast component is transferred into a second heat transfer medium at a predetermined intermediate cooling temperature, where it is held for a predetermined intermediate cooling period.

Abstract: One embodiment of a method of refining alpha-phase grain size in an alpha-beta titanium alloy comprises working an alpha-beta titanium alloy at a first working temperature within a first temperature range in the alpha-beta phase field of the alpha-beta titanium alloy. The alloy is slow cooled from the first working temperature. On completion of working at and slow cooling from the first working temperature, the alloy comprises a primary globularized alpha-phase particle microstructure. The alloy is worked at a second working temperature within a second temperature range in the alpha-beta phase field. The second working temperature is lower than the first working temperature. The is worked at a third working temperature in a third temperature range in the alpha-beta phase field. The third working temperature is lower than the second working temperature. After working at the third working temperature, the titanium alloy comprises a desired refined alpha-phase grain size.

Abstract: A time for doping an electrode material on an electrode sheet with a lithium ion can be reduced. The electrode manufacturing apparatus includes a processing chamber 200 to and from which the electrode sheet is loaded and unloaded; and a lithium thermal spraying unit 210 configured to dope a carbon material C with the lithium ion by forming a lithium thin film on the carbon material of the electrode sheet W loaded into the processing chamber while melting and spraying lithium-containing powder. Further, the lithium thermal spraying unit 210 includes a lithium-containing powder supply unit 250 configured to discharge the lithium-containing powder toward the electrode material of the electrode sheet, and at least one heating gas supply unit 260 configured to supply a heating gas that melts the lithium-containing powder discharged from the lithium-containing powder supply unit.

Abstract: Providing improved wear resistance to a metal material by hardening a surface layer and a surface layer hardening method. A base material is nitrided so that a metal material (40) has a surface layer hardened. The surface layer of the base material is formed with no nitrogen compound layer (40C), and the base material includes a region from a surface thereof to a depth of 78 ?m, the region having a Vickers hardness higher than the base material by not less than 5%.

Abstract: An organic layer deposition apparatus, and a method of manufacturing an organic light-emitting display device using the organic layer deposition apparatus. The organic layer deposition apparatus includes: an electrostatic chuck that fixedly supports a substrate that is a deposition target; a deposition unit including a chamber maintained at a vacuum and an organic layer deposition assembly for depositing an organic layer on the substrate fixedly supported by the electrostatic chuck; and a first conveyor unit for moving the electrostatic chuck fixedly supporting the substrate into the deposition unit, wherein the first conveyor unit passes through inside the chamber, and the first conveyor unit includes a guide unit having a receiving member for supporting the electrostatic chuck to be movable in a direction.

Abstract: This disclosure describes a module web coating system and components thereof including a more uniform atmospheric control pumping mechanism and gas curtain separation system. A modular web coating system may include an unwind module, any number of process modules, and a rewind module. The process modules are interchangeable and independently operable. In addition, this disclosure describes a more uniform pumping system in which process gas is removed from multiple locations or slits spaced around a process chamber and, in an example, around a process device such as a deposition source. The gas curtain system utilizes a zone between process chambers into which separation gas is injected. Gas from the chambers is continuously removed thereby operating the chambers under negative pressure and preventing process gas from one chamber bleeding into an adjacent chamber.

Abstract: A thin film forming method which forms a seed film and an impurity-containing silicon film on a surface of an object to be processed in a processing container configured to be vacuum exhaustible, the thin film forming method includes: performing a first step which forms the seed film formed of a compound of silicon, carbon and nitrogen on the surface of the object by supplying a seed film raw material gas comprising an aminosilane-based gas into the processing container; and performing a second step which forms the impurity-containing silicon film in an amorphous state on the seed film by supplying a silane-based gas and an impurity-containing gas into the processing container.

Abstract: A surface coated member having improved stability and a longer service life is provided. The surface coated member of the present invention includes a base member and a hard coating formed on a surface thereof. The hard coating is constituted of one or more layers. At least one of the layers is formed by a CVD method and includes a multilayer structure having a first unit layer and a second unit layer being layered alternately. The first unit layer includes a first compound containing Ti and one or more kind of element selected from the group consisting of B, C, N, and O. The second unit layer includes a second compound containing Al and one or more kind of element selected from the group consisting of B, C, N, and O.